澳洲坚果果壳解吸等温线与吸附等温线拟合模型

采用非线性回归方法,分析评价了6种模型与试验得到的澳洲坚果果壳在25℃下的解吸等温线与吸附等温线的拟合程度,以确定最佳拟合模型及其参数。结果表明,根据国际理论和应用化学联合会（IUPAC）的分类,解吸等温线与吸附等温线都属于第Ⅰ种类型。解吸吸附滞后现象属于H3型。GAB 模型是最佳的解吸等温线和吸附等温线拟合方程。GAB模型拟合解吸等温线的参数A、B、C分别为9.693、0.605、8.378,拟合吸附等温线的参数分别为9.695、0.635、3.268。     

纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附-解吸效果研究

为研究纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附-解吸效果,以稻草秸秆为原料制得本体生物炭,并采用球磨法制备纳米生物炭,通过室内吸附-解吸试验与模型模拟相结合的方法开展研究。结果表明：相对于本体生物炭,纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附-解吸效果均表现出极显著的优势。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附量随其投加量和初始溶液氮浓度的增大呈增加趋势,随后趋于平衡;其在pH为7的条件下对铵态氮的吸附效果最好;吸附时间为210 min时,吸附反应达到动态平衡。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的最大吸附量为6.91 mg/g,是相同条件下本体生物炭吸附量的2倍。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附等温线和吸附动力学过程更适合用Langmuir方程和准二级动力学方程描述。纳米生物炭在解吸时间为240 min时,解吸反应达到动态平衡。纳米生物炭最大解吸量为6.051 mg/g,是相同条件下本体生物炭解吸量的1.9倍。准二级动力学方程能更好地描述纳米生物炭对铵态氮的动态解吸过程。纳米生物炭对铵态氮的吸附主要为单分子层吸附,以化学吸附方式为主,解吸过程可以看作是吸附反应的逆向过程。研究结果可为田间施用纳米生物炭减少氮素流失、提高氮肥利用率提供理论依据。     

豌豆种子吸附等温线与热力学性质研究

采用静态称量法测量30、40、50℃时豌豆种子的吸附等温线,对实验数据进行非线性拟合,并通过对净等量吸附热、微分熵、焓熵补偿、扩张压力、净积分焓和净积分熵等热力学性质参数的研究,分析种子吸附特性和进一步揭示吸附机理,为选择和优化种子干燥和贮藏条件提供理论依据。实验结果表明,温度恒定时,平衡含水率随水分活度升高而升高,吸附等温线属于类型Ⅱ且GAB模型拟合效果最佳(R2=0.998 9,误差平方和为4.52×10-5);净等量吸附热和微分熵随着平衡含水率升高而降低的规律符合焓熵补偿理论,该理论反映出吸附过程是非自发反应,属于焓驱动,而当干基含水率达到25%时,净等量吸附热值接近纯水的汽化潜热(43.30 k J/mol);种子吸附过程的扩张压力随水分活度升高而升高,随温度升高而降低,当扩张压力一定时,净积分焓和净积分熵随着平衡含水率升高而降低,净积分熵达到最小值后逐渐升高,此最小值在30、40、50℃温度条件下分别为-137.79、-140.29、-137.74 J/(mol·K),对应的水分活度和平衡含水率分别为0.017、0.045、0.062和2.7%、2.5%、2.4%,这些条件可作为豌豆种子贮藏的最稳定条件。     

NKA—9大孔树脂对苹果多酚的动态吸附工艺优化

为了提高对苹果多酚的分离效率,以实现工业化生产,在单因素试验得出的工艺基础上,采用响应曲面法建立了NKA-9大孔树脂对苹果多酚(AP)动态吸附和动态解吸的二次多项数学模型,验证了模型的有效性.考察了上样速率、样液质量浓度、样液pH值对AP动态吸附量以及洗脱速率、洗脱剂体积分数和洗脱剂用量对AP动态解吸的影响.优化出NKA-9大孔树脂的动态吸附工艺参数为:上样速率1.10mL/min,样液质量浓度2.50mg/mL,pH值4.83;动态解吸工艺参数为:洗脱速率0.61 mL/min,洗脱剂体积分数59.48%,洗脱剂用量125.73 mL.     

再生水灌溉条件下典型土壤铵氮吸附解吸试验研究

采用批平衡试验方法,研究了再生水灌溉条件下北京3种典型土壤对NH4+-N短期动态吸附解吸规律。结果表明,NH4+-N在3种典型土壤中易被吸附,吸附量随添加液浓度升高而增加,吸附过程中初期NH4+-N浓度变异性较大,同时NH4+-N在解吸试验后期浓度变异性也较大。对NH4+-N的吸附能力从强到弱依次为壤土A>壤土B>砂壤土,通过等温吸附平衡模型模拟,拟合效果较好。试验结果分析表明,再生水灌溉带来的NH4+-N远未达到土壤的吸附容量,不会迁移至地下水层,不会污染地下水。     

青钱柳叶三萜大孔吸附树脂纯化工艺

为研究大孔吸附树脂纯化青钱柳三萜的工艺,筛选了适宜的大孔吸附树脂,并通过静态和动态的吸附与解吸试验,确定了纯化工艺参数。结果表明,在供试的3种大孔吸附树脂中,D-101型大孔吸附树脂适合分离青钱柳叶三萜,其吸附量和解吸率分别为57.5mg/g和96.51%;动态吸附青钱柳叶三萜时的最适宜进样流速与进样质量浓度分别为 2BV/h和1.5mg/mL;动态解吸时洗脱剂的最适宜体积分数与洗脱速度分别为50%乙醇和2BV/h。经大孔吸附树脂分离纯化后三萜的纯度是粗提物的4.1倍,得率为74.66%,表明D-101型大孔吸附树脂纯化青钱柳三萜效果较佳。     

阴离子交换树脂对米糠植酸的吸附解吸性能

通过静态和动态试验研究了6种阴离子交换树脂对植酸的吸附与解吸性能.结果表明,D201树脂对植酸的吸附交换作用较好,且在pH值为2.2时吸附能力最强,静态吸附量达到94.54 mg/g,1.5 mol/L的NaOH溶液利于植酸解吸;Freundlich吸附等温方程可以较好地描述D201树脂对植酸的等温吸附,表明吸附在常温下进行即可;D201树脂对植酸的吸附过程符合Lagergren一级速率方程,表观吸附速率常数k与植酸起始植酸浓度呈负相关关系,与温度呈正相关关系.在D201树脂对植酸的动态吸附与解吸过程中,层析柱管径、上样液浓度、上样液流速和洗脱剂流速对吸附与解吸效果影响较大.     

芒果玻璃化转变与状态图研究

研究了25℃下芒果的吸附等温线,实验数据采用GAB模型进行非线性拟合,结果表明芒果的吸附等温线呈"J"型,其单分子层干基含水率为0.107 g/g。芒果的状态图由冻结曲线、玻璃化转变温度曲线和最大冻结浓缩状态组成,其中冻结温度和玻璃化转变温度由差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测量得到。冻结温度和玻璃化转变温度的实验数据,分别采用Clausius-Clapeyron方程和Gordon-Taylor方程进行非线性拟合。实验结果显示,最大冻结浓缩状态时的固形物湿基质量分数为84%,在此状态下的玻璃化转变温度为-52.9℃。状态图的建立能够预测芒果贮藏过程的稳定性,并且能够提供最适干燥或冷冻加工条件。     

基于水滑石的全蛋液中磷吸附与解吸及动力学模型研究

全蛋液营养全面,含有人体所需的蛋白质、脂类、糖类和维生素等多种成分。基于肾病患者低磷饮食的需求,采用水滑石(Layered double hydroxide,LDH)吸附法减少全蛋液中磷的含量,开发一款低磷型液蛋制品,为肾病患者提供专用型饮食。实验研究了不同吸附温度下,吸附时间、磷初始质量浓度及LDH添加量对LDH磷吸附量及蛋白质溶解度的影响,并对其动力学模型进行分析;同时探究了解吸液体积、解吸时间对LDH解吸特性的影响以及LDH重复利用情况。实验结果表明:在1～7 h内,吸附量与吸附时间成正比;各温度下(20～45℃)吸附量和溶解度均随磷初始质量浓度的增加而升高;当LDH添加量为10 g/L时,各温度下吸附效果均较好。在模型分析中,Langmuir等温式和准二级动力学模型拟合度较高,尤其吸附温度在25℃和30℃时拟合效果最佳。解吸实验中,最佳条件为解吸时间5 h,液料比1. 00 L/g,且循环利用前2次可维持较好吸附效果。脱磷后必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的质量分数大于40%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的质量百分比大于60%,对蛋白质营养性的影响较小。综上可知,LDH是一种适于去除全蛋液中磷的吸附材料,可用于专用型液蛋制品的开发。     

混合改性芦苇生物炭对水中磷酸盐的吸附特性研究

以芦苇秸秆为原料制备生物炭,对生物炭进行超声共沉淀混合改性,优化制备改性炭的条件,探究改性炭对水体中磷酸盐吸附特性。结果表明:氯氧化锆和氯化铁混合溶液改性芦苇生物炭吸附性能最好,最优改性条件为锆铁质量比1∶1,锆铁总浓度为0.03 mol/L。溶液pH对该材料吸附磷有比较大的影响,随着溶液pH的增大吸附量随之降低。在磷溶液浓度为10 mg/L和投加量为0.8 g/L时,去除率达90%以上,剩余磷浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B排放标准。溶液中阴离子对磷的吸附有所影响,抑制作用顺序为HCO_3~-NO_3~-SO_4~(2-)Cl~-F~-。不同温度的吸附等温线拟合更符合Freundlich模型,温度升高有利于吸附。动力学实验数据拟合更符合准二级方程。     

生物炭吸附水体中重金属机理与工艺研究进展

生物炭因其良好的表面特性和孔隙结构,广泛的原料来源和广阔的产业化发展前景,已成为当今环境、农业和能源等领域的研究热点。针对生物炭对水体重金属的吸附研究,本文基于生物炭原料和制备工艺的多样性,综合分析了国内外生物炭重金属吸附机理的研究成果,详细阐述、分析了5种吸附作用机制(物理吸附、静电作用、离子交换、络合反应和化学沉淀)及其相关表征手段;同时评述了吸附工艺条件和重金属种类对生物炭吸附重金属的影响;指出生物炭重金属吸附领域未来的研究中,应开展针对重金属吸附的生物炭原料特性及吸附产物的多维、微纳尺度表征方法研究。     

温室滴灌条件下NH_4~+-N转化迁移规律研究

在试验基础上 ,分析讨论了温室滴灌条件下铵态氮的转化迁移规律。研究表明滴灌条件下铵态氮主要在扩散机理作用下迁移速度缓慢 ,迁移距离小 ,在近离滴头附近的表层土壤中显著聚集。就吸附作用和硝化作用对铵态氮转化迁移规律的影响作了定量讨论。     

磺胺嘧啶在不同类型土壤中的吸附研究

通过静态吸附试验,研究了不同类型土壤对磺胺嘧啶的吸附行为,考察了温度、溶液pH值和土壤粘土矿物含量对磺胺嘧啶吸附的影响.结果表明,3种土壤对磺胺嘧啶的吸附等温线均能较好地符合Freundlich吸附模式;粘土矿物含量是影响磺胺嘧啶土壤吸附的最重要因子;25℃时磺胺嘧啶有机质吸附常数平均值为0.10257,吸附Gibbs自由能函数变为4.771～6.440kJ/mol.温度升高和pH值过高或过低均不利于磺胺嘧啶的吸附.     

Mechanism of improved phosphate uptake efficiency in banana seedlings on acidic soils using fertigation

Fertigation improves nutrient uptake efficiency greatly, while the mechanism of increased nutrient uptake efficiency remains unclear. In this study, the effects of conventional phosphate (P) fertilization (by mixing fertilizer with soils) and fertigation (by dissolving fertilizer in water) on P uptake were compared in banana (Musa sapientum) seedlings. Results indicated that, compared with conventional fertilization, fertigation increased the concentration of available P by 108% and decreased the P sorption index by 31% in the 0-8 cm surface soil of banana roots. Fertigation enhanced the transformation of different P fractions, increased the concentrations of aluminum-bound P (Al-P), iron-bound P (Fe-P) and occluded-P (O-P), and decreased the pH value by 0.3 units. However fertigation did not influence the activity of acid phosphatase, but increased microbial biomass and root activity by 25.5-67.8%. Furthermore, fertigation increased the root distribution in the 0-8 cm soil layer by 7.8-9.4% compared with conventional fertilization. These results suggest that fertigation increases P uptake efficiency as the result of increased root activity, root distribution, microbial biomass and reduced P sorption index in the surface soil of banana seedlings.     

菊粉吸湿特性与晶体转变规律研究

为了探索菊粉的贮藏环境及其吸湿后晶体结构变化规律,采用静态吸附法考察菊粉在25℃、30℃和45℃条件下的吸湿特性,并利用X-射线衍射仪分析了菊粉晶体转变过程。实验发现菊粉具有良好的吸湿能力,并随着环境相对湿度和温度的提高而增强。当相对湿度为98%时,菊粉在30℃和45℃的吸湿率分别为40.5%和45.0%。菊粉在25℃、30℃和45℃时临界相对湿度分别为75.73%、87.54%和87.78%。X-射线衍射分析发现菊粉无吸湿时为无定形态结构,当吸湿率在6.50%～11.25%时,菊粉开始由无定形态结构向半晶体转变,且在2θ=9.1°时有一个衍射峰,当吸湿率大于11.25%时,晶体态的菊粉含量随吸湿率的增大而增加。     

Modeling flow and transport in heterogeneous,dual-porosity drained soils

A finite element solution of the equations for coupled flow of water and transport of chemicals in slowly permeable soils containing macropores is presented. Two example solutions are presented for the condition of a horizontal soil profile with a drainage ditch. The first is for steady state saturated flow while the second is for transient water flow produced by time varying rainfall. Through these examples it is found that the characteristic leaching time of a chemical from the soil matrix is determined by the rate of transfer of chemical mass between the pore domains. When the rate of transfer is zero, the rate of leaching is greatly retarded compared to the case where the rate of transfer is nonzero. The chemical outflow from the macropore domain is very rapid when the rate of transfer is zero, while the chemical outflow is greatly delayed, but increased in magnitude when the rate of chemical transfer is nonzero.

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Résumé Une solution par éléments finis des équations régissant lécoulement de l'eau et son influence sur le transport des composés chimiques à l'intérieur de sols à perméabilité lente contenant des macropores est présentée.Deux solutions sont citées en exemple, traitant le cas d'un sol sans pente avec un fossé d'évacuation.La première solution est pour un écoulement saturé en régime permanent alors que la seconde traite de l'écoulement variable résultant de pluies d'intensités changeantes.Ces exemples ont permis de déterminer que le temps caractéristique nécessaire à la désorption d'un composé chimique donné de la matrice du sol est fonction du taux de transfert de ce composé entre les domaines de macropores.Lorsque le taux de transfert est nul, le taux de désorption est considérablement ralenti par rapport aux cas où le taux de transfert n'est pas nul.Le composé chimique s'évacue très rapidement des domaines des macropores lorsque le taux de transfert est nul, alors que l'évacuation est considérablement retardée mais beaucoup plus volumineuse lorsque le taux de transfert du composé chimique n'est pas nul.

     

集排式大豆精量排种器设计与试验

为了简化播种单体结构,提高播种质量,适应大豆窄行密植农艺对播种机的要求,设计了一种集排式大豆精量排种器。阐述了该排种器滑落吸种、碰撞清种工作方式,通过对充种区域的种子进行受力分析,确定了种子吸附时排种器所需气压范围;分析下落种子相对滚筒的速度及其通过吸孔的次数;对多自由度密封结构进行了受力分析,确定了气室铰接的结构参数;应用高速摄像技术,选取合格指数A、重播指数D、漏播指数M为试验指标,气压、作业速度为试验因素进行了双因素重复试验。试验结果表明:当气压为3、4 k Pa,作业速度为4~12 km/h时,合格指数随作业速度增大呈下降趋势;当气压为5、6、7 k Pa,作业速度为4~12 km/h时,合格指数随作业速度增大呈先上升后下降趋势;漏播指数随气压增大呈下降趋势,且随作业速度增大呈上升趋势;当气压为5 k Pa,作业速度为4~12 km/h时,合格指数大于95%,漏播指数小于2%,该排种器能够满足播种要求。     

Phosphorus availability in sediments from a tidal river receiving runoff water from agricultural fields

Eutrophication of surface water is a worldwide concern. Sediments may play an important role in buffering phosphorus (P) concentration in the overlying water column. However, information on the spatial variation of sediment P availability as affected by agricultural water discharge and hydrological conditions is limited. In this study river sediments were sampled in spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively from seven locations along a main tributary (Ten Mile Creek, TMC), which receives surface runoff water from agricultural lands and discharges into the Indian River Lagoon, south Florida, USA, and analyzed for P availability. Simultaneously, hydrological variables were measured on the spot and river water samples were collected for analyses of water quality. The results demonstrated that available P in the sediments of TMC as measured by several commonly used extraction procedures had a large spatial variation. The downstream locations had a greater amount of available P in the sediments than the upstream locations, which is attributable to the settlement of finer particles due to slower water flow and increased influence from salt water in the downstream locations where the fresh river water gradually mixed with salt water from the Indian River Lagoon. Phosphorus availability in the sediments appeared to be related to P sorption by iron and aluminum oxides and the competition for adsorbing sites between SO₄²⁻ and PO₄³⁻. This spatial variation of P availability agrees with the elevation of chlorophyll a (Chla) in overlying water body in the downstream locations of TMC, indicating that the internal P source plays an important role in triggering an algal boom in surface water systems.     

Multi-method assessment of nitrate and pesticide contamination in shallow alluvial groundwater as a function of hydrogeological setting and land use

In this study deterministic, multivariate and stochastic methods are applied to a combined temporal and spatial monitoring data set, in order to assess nitrate and pesticide levels and contamination risk in shallow groundwater. The case study involves an area in the Mondego River alluvial body in central Portugal, where agriculture is the main land use, with predominantly maize, rice and some vegetable crops supported by river water irrigation. Factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), reducing the original data matrix to a small number of independent orthogonal factors, is applied to detect associations between nitrate levels, land use (crop type), lithology and groundwater depth. Indicator-geostatistical techniques are used to create maps indicating the probability of nitrate concentrations in groundwater exceeding predetermined threshold values, including the drinking water standard (98/83/EC) and vulnerable zone designation criterion (91/676/EEC) of 50 mg/l NO₃⁻. For pesticides the leaching potential is determined by calculating the Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS), based on the sorption coefficient and soil half-life for each pesticide compound. Results for nitrate show an overall very low risk of exceeding 50 or 25 mg/l, whereas the risk of exceeding 9.5 mg/l (third data quartile) is particularly high in areas where FCA shows correlation of nitrate contamination with vegetable and maize crops, aerobic conditions, lower groundwater levels and to some extent, coarser grained sediments. On the contrary, nitrate levels under rice are lowest and correlated to a reduced environment, finer-grained sediments and a higher water table. Denitrification is found to be an important attenuation process, as well as dilution by surface water irrigation and precipitation. Crop type and irrigation source are seen to have a large influence on the nitrate contamination potential of groundwater. Total concentrations of the analysed pesticide compounds above the regulatory limit of 0.5 μg/l are observed in 32% of the analysed water samples, with a maximum value of 16.09 μg/l. The probability maps provide a particularly interesting example of how multiple-well monitoring results over a certain period can be condensed into single maps and used by water engineers, managers and policy-makers.     

Farm-scale stormwater losses of sediment and nutrients from a market garden near Sydney,Australia

Agricultural runoff contributes to water quality problems in the Hawkesbury–Nepean River near Sydney, Australia. This paper presents a case study of sediment, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses from a market garden in the Hawkesbury–Nepean catchment. Event-based runoff sampling and flow and rainfall monitoring were carried out at the boundary of an 8-ha commercial market garden near Richmond, NSW, over two years (1995–1997). A record of fertiliser use and soil management was compiled during the runoff monitoring period. Soil management practices were similar to other market gardens on duplex soils in the area. Farm practices were consistent with ‘traditional’ industry practices.Over the 2-year period, stormwater runoff losses from the farm were equivalent to 19 t ha⁻¹ per year of suspended sediment, 11 kg of P ha⁻¹ per year, and 127 kg of N ha⁻¹ per year. Sixty percent of soil loss occurred in summer (December, January and February), reflecting both seasonal climatic changes and soil management practices. Soil erosion was the major mechanism for P mobilisation and transport; however, a significant increase in the event mean concentration (EMC) of soluble P was observed over the 2 years. During this period, we measured an increase in extractable soil P (Bray) in surface soil from 174 to 304 mg kg⁻¹ and a concomitant decrease in P sorption. The highest concentrations of N in runoff occurred after applications of poultry manure and during an extensive fallow period (late spring through to the end of summer). The results show that, in the Sydney region, market gardening on duplex soils using traditional practices is environmentally unsustainable, and may provide economic incentive to bring about change.