H5N1亚型禽流感病毒起源及演化关系的探讨

通过综述感染人类的H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒起源及演化关系,表明感染人的A/Hongkong/97(H5N1)株及目前流行的高致病性禽流感病毒可能起源于禽源的A型流感病毒株(A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96)。自1996年以来,H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的基因型经Gs/Gd,A,B,C,D,E,V,W,X0-X3,Y,Z和Z 不断的演化为目前流行的基因型Z。高致病性禽流感病毒(H5,H7和H9亚型)在禽,特别是水禽体内的重组或重配而相互传播,并随候鸟的迁徙而传播不易消灭,H5N1亚型的禽流感在不同地区的不断暴发与流行已严重威胁着养禽业的发展及人类的健康,需要进行长期监控。     

从貉中分离到的高致病性H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分子特性

高致病性H5N1亚型禽流感病毒可以感染各种动物,并对动物和人类健康造成持续性威胁。虽然在鸡体内发现H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的许多种基因型,但是只有为数不多的几种基因型可以感染哺乳动物。鉴定动物种群中病毒株基因型,这对了解不同病毒株在各种宿主中的分布十分重要。当特定基因型的高致病性毒株出现在之前未报道的携带有该基因型的未知宿主中,有利于对其进行监控和检测。从2只死于呼吸道疾病的貉的肺样品中分离得到2株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒。病原性检测显示所分离到的病毒对鸡是高致病性的。为了分析这些病毒基因型的特性,将其基因组序列进行测定和分析。这些分离到的病毒的遗传物质是相同的,并且它们可能来自与同一个病毒祖先。系统进化树分析结果表明,分离到的病毒在遗传上与2003年第一次在中国分离得到的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的V基因型十分相近,与近年来占主导位置的病毒基因型（如Z基因型）不同。分离到的病毒在其HA剪切位点还包含了一个多基的氨基酸基序,在PB2蛋白的627位存在一个谷氨酸残基,这与之前经证实的禽病毒相似。本试验首次发现H5N1亚型禽流感病毒V基因型存在于与哺乳动物相关的宿主中。研究结果有力的揭示了H5N1病毒V基因型能跨越种间障碍而感染哺乳动物。这些发现进一步显示出H5N1亚型禽流感病毒对哺乳动物和人类造成的危害。     

禽流感H5N1亚型不同株抗原抗体相互检测相关性试验

禽流感病毒（Avian Influenza Virus,AIV）是禽流行性感冒（简称禽流感,Avian Influenza,AI）的病原。其中高致病性的H5N1亚型AIV可以造成鸡群的大批死亡,对家禽养殖业影响严重,并可引起人的感染和死亡。通过接种疫苗能有效地控制禽流感的传播,在禽流感疫苗免疫效力的评价过程中,监测免疫鸡血清抗体是最常用、最可行的方法。2009年农业部批准重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-5株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-5株+Re-4株）制造,2012年重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-6株）及重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-6株+Re-4株）取代以上两个产品,2014年,北方出现了新的7.2分支毒株,而禽流感Re-4株疫苗和Re-6株疫苗对这种新型流行株的保护效力并不佳。2014年4月11日,农业部发布“中华人民共和国农业部公告第2093号”,制定了重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型, Re-7株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（Re-6株+Re-7株）2种兽药产品制造及检验规程,全国将主要以Re-6与Re-7两种疫苗联合免疫为新的趋势。本试验分别用不同毒株的禽流感试验抗原与不同毒株禽流感疫苗免疫鸡的血清通过HI试验相互检测,对抗体效价进行分析,从而得出不同毒株的相关性。     

禽流感H5N1亚型不同株抗原抗体相互检测相关性试验

禽流感病毒（Avian Influenza Virus,AIV）是禽流行性感冒（简称禽流感,Avian Influenza,AI）的病原。其中高致病性的H5N1亚型AIV可以造成鸡群的大批死亡,对家禽养殖业影响严重,并可引起人的感染和死亡。通过接种疫苗能有效地控制禽流感的传播,在禽流感疫苗免疫效力的评价过程中,监测免疫鸡血清抗体是最常用、最可行的方法。2009年农业部批准重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-5株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-5株＋Re-4株）制造,2012年重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-6株）及重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-6株＋Re-4株）取代以上两个产品,2014年,北方出现了新的7．2分支毒株,而禽流感Re-4株疫苗和Re-6株疫苗对这种新型流行株的保护效力并不佳。2014年4月11日,农业部发布“中华人民共和国农业部公告第2093号”,制定了重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-7株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（Re-6株＋Re-7株）2种兽药产品制造及检验规程,全国将主要以Re-6与Re-7两种疫苗联合免疫为新的趋势。本试验分别用不同毒株的禽流感试验抗原与不同毒株禽流感疫苗免疫鸡的血清通过HI试验相互检测,对抗体效价进行分析,从而得出不同毒株的相关性。     

H5N8亚型禽流感研究进展

H5N8亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus, AIV)于2010年在我国江苏省的一个农场中首次被分离到。H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感随着候鸟的不断迁徙已经传播至亚洲、美洲、欧洲、中东、非洲等近50个国家和地区，疫情最为严重的是欧洲。2021年2月18日在俄罗斯联邦阿斯特拉罕州的一个家禽农场中发生了H5N8亚型禽流感疫情，值得注意的是农场员工也发生了感染，这是首例报告的人类感染H5N8亚型AIV。此亚型近几年暴发率较高，不仅对家禽养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失，而且也威胁公共健康和安全。本文对H5N8亚型禽流感的病原学、致病性、传播途径以及国内外流行特点等方面进行综述，为H5N8亚型禽流感的防控提供理论参考，保障公共卫生安全。     

1株黑天鹅源H5N8亚型禽流感病毒遗传演化分析

为分析1株黑天鹅源H5N8亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的遗传演化特征,对2021年从北京圆明园遗址公园送检的黑天鹅样品中鉴定出的1株H5N8亚型禽流感病毒(A/Wild swan/China/Beijing0201/2021)的全基因组进行扩增、克隆与序列测序,并应用分子生物学软件对其进行遗传演化及关键氨基酸位点分析。结果显示,该H5N8亚型禽流感病毒株属于clade2.3.4.4b进化分支,其PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NA、NP、MP、NS基因均与H5N8亚型AIV的相应基因片段具有较高同源性,且与2020-2021年越南、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯、柬埔寨、法国等地的H5N8毒株密切相关。氨基酸位点分析显示,该毒株HA蛋白裂解位点呈现高致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征,且出现S137A、T160A、T192I、S227R氨基酸突变,158位缺失糖基化位点,这些位点的突变均能够增强H5亚型禽流感病毒对人源唾液酸受体结合的能力;该毒株的PB2蛋白、NP蛋白、M1蛋白和NS1蛋白均存在多个可以增强流感病毒在哺乳动物体内的复制能力和致病性的关键氨基酸位点。研究结果可为H5N8亚型禽流感病毒的进化规律研究及...     

一株鸭源H1N6亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA和NA基因序列分析

为了解禽流感病毒（AIV）在广西中越边境地区的流行情况，本研究在该地区活禽市场开展禽流感病原监测。监测过程中分离鉴定出1株H1N6亚型禽流感病毒，命名为A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6），对其HA和NA基因进行序列测定，并与GenBank中下载的相关参考序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示，分离株HA基因与A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012（H1N2）的核苷酸同源性最高（96.9%），NA基因与A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016（H5N6）的核苷酸同源性最高（98.2%）。HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF，符合低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征；与部分N6亚型禽流感病毒一样，分离株NA基因有11个氨基酸缺失。此外，本研究还对分离毒株的受体亲和性进行了测定，结果显示该病毒优先结合唾液酸α-2，3-Gal受体。本研究结果表明A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6）是一株重组低致病性禽流感病毒。     

3株H3N2亚型禽流感病毒的基因组特征与演化分析

旨在了解浙江地区家禽H3N2亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）的流行变异情况,采用RT-PCR技术对2021年浙江923份样品进行检测,对AIV分离株进行分子特征及遗传演化分析。结果表明,AIV样品阳性率为7.69%（71/923）;共分离到2株鸡源和1株鸭源H3N2亚型AIVs,其HA和NA基因相似性分别为93.4%～100%和94.0%～99.9%,分离株内部基因片段来源复杂,与H1N2、H1N4、H10N7等亚型亲缘关系密切;遗传进化分析显示,H3N2亚型AIV主要流行于华东地区,鸭是其主要宿主,3株H3N2亚型分离株 HA和NA基因均属于禽源进化分支;分离株HA蛋白裂解位点均为PEKQTR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒特征,HA蛋白与受体结合相关位点为226Q和228G,PB2蛋白与哺乳动物适应性相关的氨基酸位点为627E,均不同于人流感病毒对应蛋白的相关位点（226L、228S和627K）,推测其跨种传播至人的潜力较低;分离株PB1蛋白的66位氨基酸突变为S,提示其对哺乳动物的致病性可能增强。综上所述,本研究分离的H3N2亚型AIV符合低致病性禽流感病毒特征,基因片段来源复杂,跨种传播至人的潜力较低,但是否影响对宿主的致病性仍需进一步探究。     

我国部分地区H1亚型禽流感病毒分子流行病学分析

[目的] 国内外对于H1亚型禽流感病毒缺乏系统的流行病学调查,对其流行状况和风险知之甚少。本研究旨在通过根据流行病学调查,分析该病毒流行状况和风险。[方法] 2011–2013年间,在中国系统地开展了7次H1亚型禽流感病毒流行病学调查,共从24省（自治区、直辖市）949个场点采集38435份禽拭子样品,进行病毒分离、RT-PCR、序列测定等。[结果] 共检出H1亚型禽流感病毒12株（5株H1N2、3株H1N3和4株H1N8）,样品总阳性率为0.03%,鸡、鸽、鸭、鹅样品阳性率分别为0.00%（0/28786）、0.00%（0/646）、0.19%（11/5793）和0.06%（1/1131）。基因序列表明,这些病毒均属于东半球分支,均为低致病性禽流感病毒,且仅结合禽型受体。[结论]中国H1亚型禽流感病毒在家禽中感染率较低,主要分布在水禽中,未发现易于结合人型受体的突变,提示H1亚型禽流感病毒对中国家禽和公共卫生威胁较小。     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒对鸽的致病性分析

为评估H5N1亚型禽流感病毒对鸽的致病性,用我国2004年分离的一株H5NI亚型禽流感病毒A/pigeon/GD/C2/2004( H5NI)人工感染4周龄鸽,进行了致病性试验.结果表明,该株病毒以106EID50/I00μL剂量感染能致死鸽,致死率为22.2％,病毒能在感染鸽体内广泛分布,其中肺脏和肾脏中病毒含量达到...     

(Highly pathogenic) avian influenza as a zoonotic agent

Zoonotic agents challenging the world every year afresh are influenza A viruses. In the past, human pandemics caused by influenza A viruses had been occurring periodically. Wild aquatic birds are carriers of the full variety of influenza virus A subtypes, and thus, most probably constitute the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses. Whereas avian influenza viruses in their natural avian reservoir are generally of low pathogenicity (LPAIV), some have gained virulence by mutation after transmission and adaptation to susceptible gallinaceous poultry. Those so-called highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) then cause mass die-offs in susceptible birds and lead to tremendous economical losses when poultry is affected. Besides a number of avian influenza virus subtypes that have sporadically infected mammals, the HPAIV H5N1 Asia shows strong zoonotic characteristics and it was transmitted from birds to different mammalian species including humans. Theoretically, pandemic viruses might derive directly from avian influenza viruses or arise after genetic reassortment between viruses of avian and mammalian origin. So far, HPAIV H5N1 already meets two conditions for a pandemic virus: as a new subtype it has been hitherto unseen in the human population and it has infected at least 438 people, and caused severe illness and high lethality in 262 humans to date (August 2009). The acquisition of efficient human-to-human transmission would complete the emergence of a new pandemic virus. Therefore, fighting H5N1 at its source is the prerequisite to reduce pandemic risks posed by this virus. Other influenza viruses regarded as pandemic candidates derive from subtypes H2, H7, and H9 all of which have infected humans in the past. Here, we will give a comprehensive overview on avian influenza viruses in concern to their zoonotic potential.     

我国H5和H7N9亚型高致病性禽流感的监测及疫情暴发分析

禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）是一种重要的人兽共患病病原,严重制约养禽业的健康发展,并对公共卫生安全构成极大威胁。其中,H5（H5N1、H5N2、H5N6、H5N8等）和H7N9亚型高致病性禽流感病毒（highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV）引起的高致病性禽流感（highly pathogenic avian influenza,HPAI）对我国养禽业危害巨大。通过实施强制免疫,疫情得到了控制,但在禽群中仍散状暴发,并出现多种新型病毒,防控形势依然严峻。本文总结了截至2021年9月我国禽类暴发H5和H7N9亚型HPAI的所有官方公布的疫情暴发事件以及监测数据,分析了其流行特点,以期为禽流感的预警和防控提供参考。     

Novel reassortant H5N6 highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in Vietnamese quail outbreaks

Avian influenza A H5N6 virus is a highly contagious infectious agent that affects domestic poultry and humans in South Asian countries. Vietnam may be an evolutionary hotspot for influenza viruses and therefore could serve as a source of pandemic strains. In 2015, two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses designated as A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI01/2015 and A/quail/Vietnam/CVVI03/2015 were isolated from dead quails during avian influenza outbreaks in central Vietnam, and the whole genome sequences were analyzed. The genetic analysis indicated that hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and polymerase basic protein 2 genes of the two H5N6 viruses are most closely related to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Zhejiang/727079/2014) and H10N6 virus (A/chicken/Jiangxi/12782/2014) from China and an H6N6 virus (A/duck/Yamagata/061004/2014) from Japan. The HA gene of the isolates belongs to clade 2.3.4.4, which caused human fatalities in China during 2014–2016. The five other internal genes showed high identity to an H5N2 virus (A/chicken/Heilongjiang/S7/2014) from China. A whole-genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that these two outbreak strains are novel H6N6-like PB2 gene reassortants that are most closely related to influenza virus strain A/environment/Guangdong/ZS558/2015, which was detected in a live poultry market in China. This report describes the first detection of novel H5N6 reassortants in poultry during an outbreak as well as genetic characterization of these strains to better understand the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses.     

Serological evidence of avian influenza virus and canine influenza virus infections among stray cats in live poultry markets,China

From January 2010 to January 2012, we collected sera samples from 700 stray cats living in close proximity to poultry farms or poultry markets in 4 provinces in China. A number of cats had evidence of avian and canine influenza virus infection: avian H9N2 [24 by HI ≥1:20 and 16 by microneutralization (MN) assay ≥1:80]; avian H5N1 (9 by HI ≥1:20 and 3 by MN assay ≥1:80) and canine H3N2 (32 by HI ≥1:20 and 18 by MN ≥1:80). Bivariate analyses revealed that cats sampled near live poultry markets and cats with influenza-like-illness were at increased risk of having elevated antibody titers by HI against avian H9N2, avian H5N1, or canine H3N2 viruses. Hence, cats may play a very important role in the ecology of novel influenza viruses and periodic epidemiological surveillance for novel influenza infections among stray cats could serve as an early warning system for human threats.     

Molecular epidemiology of avian influenza viruses circulating among healthy poultry flocks in farms in northern Vietnam

Repeated epizootics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus subtype H5N1 were reported from 2003 to 2005 among poultry in Vietnam. More than 200 million birds were killed to control the spread of the disease. Human cases of H5N1 infection have been sporadically reported in an area where repeated H5N1 outbreaks among birds had occurred. Subtype H5N1 strains are established as endemic among poultry in Vietnam, however, insights into how avian influenza viruses including the H5N1 subtype are maintained in endemic areas is not clear. In order to determine the prevalence of different avian influenza viruses (AIVs), including H5N1 circulating among poultry in northern Vietnam, surveillance was conducted during the years 2006-2009. A subtype H5N1 strain was isolated from an apparently healthy duck reared on a farm in northern Vietnam in 2008 and was identified as an HPAI. Although only one H5N1 virus was isolated, it supports the view that healthy domestic ducks play a pivotal role in maintaining and transmitting H5N1 viruses which cause disease outbreaks in northern Vietnam. In addition, a total of 26 AIVs with low pathogenicity were isolated from poultry and phylogenetic analysis of all the eight gene segments revealed their diverse genetical backgrounds, implying that reassortments have occurred frequently among strains in northern Vietnam. It is, therefore, important to monitor the prevalence of influenza viruses among healthy poultry between epidemics in an area where AIVs are endemic.     

Influenza virus surveillance in waterfowl in Pennsylvania after the H5N2 avian outbreak

During the latter stages of the lethal H5N2 influenza eradication program in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania in 1983-84, surveillance of waterfowl was done to determine if these birds harbored influenza viruses that might subsequently appear in poultry. From late June to November 1984, 182 hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 2043 wild birds, primarily ducks, in the same geographical area as the earlier lethal H5N2 avian influenza outbreak. The virus isolates from waterfowl included paramyxoviruses (PMV-1, -4, and -6) and influenza viruses of 13 antigenic combinations. There was only one H5N2 isolate from a duck. Although this virus was antigenically related to the lethal H5N2 virus, genetic and antigenic analysis indicated that it could be discriminated from the virulent family of H5N2 viruses, and it did not originate from chickens. Many of the influenza viruses obtained from wild ducks were capable of replicating in chickens after experimental inoculation but did not cause disease. These studies show that many influenza A virus strains circulating in waterfowl in the vicinity of domestic poultry in Pennsylvania did not originate from domestic poultry. These influenza viruses from wild ducks were capable of infecting poultry; however, transmission of these viruses to poultry apparently was avoided by good husbandry and control measures.     

H9N2亚型禽流感流行现状

低致病性禽流感主要是由H9N2亚型禽流感病毒所引起,近几年在世界上许多国家都暴发了H9N2亚型禽流感疫情.研究表明,H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在陆禽中至少可分为北美和欧亚两个种系,该病毒在自然环境中很容易发生变异,通过混合基因组分而形成不同的病毒亚型.H9N2亚型禽流感病毒已经能传播至哺乳动物,包括猪和人类,从而引发对其是...     

中国H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒抗原变异株的鉴定分析

对引起中国2006年山西、宁夏2省(区)H5N1亚型禽流感疫情的代表毒株——A/chicken/Shanxi/2/2006(H5N1)(CK/SX/06)进行了全面研究。结果表明该病毒具有高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)特征,基因组序列分析发现其8个基因片段与中国传统H5N1亚型禽流感病毒GS/GD/1/96(H5N1)存在较大差异,属于新的基因型——山西鸡型;抗原性分析结果表明其在抗原性方面与GS/GD/1/96同样存在较大变异,将其命名为"山西鸡型"抗原变异株;以106EID50.0.1 mL-1剂量将该病毒经鼻腔接种4周龄SPF鸭以评价其对水禽的感染能力,结果表明其不感染鸭;常规方法接种BALB/c小鼠以评价其对哺乳动物的感染和致病能力,结果表明其能感染小鼠,但不引起死亡,呈低致病力。说明该类型高致病性H5N1 HPAIV目前仅危害鸡,不具备感染水禽的能力,感染哺乳动物但不致死。该类型病毒的出现与流行为中国禽流感的免疫与防制提出新的课题。     

Serologic surveillance of swine H1 and H3 and avian H5 and H9 influenza A virus infections in swine population in Korea

Influenza A is a respiratory disease common in the swine industry. Three subtypes, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 influenza A viruses, are currently co-circulating in swine populations in Korea. An outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus occurred in domestic bird farms in Korea during the winter season of 2003. Pigs can serve as hosts for avian influenza viruses, enabling passage of the virus to other mammals and recombination of mammalian and avian influenza viruses, which are more readily transmissible to humans. This study reports the current seroprevalence of swine H1 and H3 influenza in swine populations in Korea by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. We also investigated whether avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission occurred in pigs from Korea using both the HI and neutralization (NT) tests. 51.2% (380/742) of serum samples tested were positive against the swine H1 virus and 43.7% (324/742) were positive against the swine H3 virus by HI assay. The incidence of seropositivity against both the swine H1 virus and the swine H3 virus was 25.3% (188/742). On the other hand, none of the samples tested showed seropositivity against either the avian H5 virus or the avian H9 virus by the HI and NT tests. Therefore, we report the high current seroprevalence and co-infectivity of swine H1 and H3 influenza viruses in swine populations and the lack of seroepidemiological evidence of avian H5 and H9 influenza transmission to Korean pigs.