Postulation of Seedling Resistance Genes in 20 Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust （ Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticl）

The gene postulation, cluster analysis and pedigree analysis of 20 wheat cultivars to 28 physiological races of yellow rust （Puccinia striiformis） were conducted under greenhouse conditions, The spectrum of their resistance were compared each other. None of the 20 cultivars were resistant to all the test pathogens. The cultivars containing resistance genes Yr5 and Yr24 were not find and genes Yr8, Yrl9 and Yr27 could not be postulated from cultivars tested due to the susceptibility to all isolates used. A total of 6 probale seedling yellow rust resistance genes or gene combinations （Yrl, Yr2, Yr2 ＋ YrHVII, Yr3 ＋ unknown, Yr3 ＋ Yr4, YrAlba） were postulated in the wheat cultivars （Atou, Flanders, Maris Huntsman, Bouquet, Holdfast, Elite Lepeuple, and Vilmorin 27）. The gene combination Yr2＋YrHVII with the highest frequency （35%） was present in 7 cultivars. The Yr genes present in some wheat cultivars could not be postulated because of non-matching virulence combinations with any of known genes. Cluster result showed that Yr2 and Yr3 are the most important genes in the cultivars. The 13 cultivars are believed to have the pedigree of Noe, which was selected from South Russian wheat. These results will be useful for wheat breeding and provide information about genetic control of wheat yellow rust.     

Classification of Chinese Wintersweet （Chimonanthus praecox） Cultivars Supported by Pollen Morphology

To classify the Chinese wintersweet（Chimonanthus praecox） cultivars and to study their evolution based on pollen morphology.Pollens of 12 representative wintersweet cultivars were examined by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）.Q-cluster analysis was carried out based on the observation results.Results are as follows：（1） The pollen grains were 2lobed circular in polar view,elliptic in equatorial view.The pollen shapes were spheroidal or super-spheroidal by P/E（polar axis length/equatorial axis length） criteria.（2） According to pollen exine ornamentation,it was indicated that white wintersweet is most original.Yellow floral group could be classified into three subgroups：purple-hearted,halo-hearted and yellow-hearted type.Their evolutionary relationship was purple-hearted halo-hearted yellow-hearted.（3） Different wintersweet cultivars showed a different exine sculpture.Palynological analysis could be used in the classification of wintersweet cultivars.The result of cluster analysis indicated that the cultivars could be classified into three groups with a similarity coefficient of 0.41.Each group had similar pollen exine sculpture.It was found that the palynological classification coincided well with morphological classification.Our results support the suggestion that purple streaks or patches of inner-petals should be served as the first-order criteria in wintersweet classification.     

Molecular Identification and Cultivar Fingerprints of Prunus persica （L.） Batsch Germplasms

[Objective] The aim was to study the molecular identification and cultivar fingerprints of Prunus persica （L.） Batsch germplasms.[Method] Sixty peach genotypes,representing China common local cultivars and European samples were screened by microsatellites （simple sequence repeats,SSRs） and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat （ISSR） markers.[Result] 26 reproducible bands were amplified by Nine SSR primers,and 24 of which were polymorphic; 236 bands were amplified by 30 ISSR primers,and 113 of which were polymorphic.31 genotypes were discriminated with 1-3 distinct polymorphic bands generated from the primers ISSR and SSR.Seven cultivar-specific ISSR fragments and two SSR unique alleles obtained from this study were available to be converted into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region （SCAR） markers.The genetic similarity coefficient （GS） estimated from these molecular data averaged were 0.939 （ranged from 0.856 to 0.983） for ISSR and 0.646 （ranged from 0.240 to 1.000） for SSR,respectively.The combined grouping association indicated that most local Chinese peach cultivars and exotic accessions were clustered together.This could be related to the mode of introduction and maintenance of the peach cultivars involving limited foundation germplasm,exchange of cultivars between plantations,and periodic development of new recombinant cultivars following sexual reproduction.[Conclusion] The results obtained in this work would help to improve the conservation,molecular identification and management of peach germplasm in breeding.     

Assessment of the Genetic Relationship and Diversity of Mango and Its Relatives by cplSSR Marker

Chloroplast inter-simple sequence repeat markers in mango were developed and used to analyze the genetic relationship and diversity of mango and its relatives. Thirty-six mango cultivars （Mangifera indica L.） and its relative species collected from the fruit germplasm collection in the Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, were examined by ISSR-PCR with chloroplast DNA （cpDNA）. Eight better primers for chloroplast DNA that provided reproducible, polymorphic DNA amplification patterns were screened from 50 ISSR primers and used for UPGMA analysis. According to the band patterns with 8 primers for chloroplast DNA, all cultivars tested were distinguished from each other and these showed ample genetic diversity; the average percentage of polymorphism was 77.2%. The 36 samples could be clustered into four groups by UPGMA analysis at the coefficient 0.74. The results indicated that the cplSSR marker was a new powerful tool for the identification of mango cultivars or its relative species, and their genetic relationship analysis and diversity evaluation.     

Identification of S-RNase genotype and analysis of its origin and evolutionary patterns in Malus plants

Identification of the S genotype of Malus plants will greatly promote the discovery of new genes, the cultivation and production of apple, the breeding of new varieties, and the origin and evolution of self-incompatibility in Malus plants.In this experiment, 88 Malus germplasm resources, such as Aihuahong, Xishuhaitang, and Reguanzi, were used as materials.Seven gene-specific primer combinations were used in the genotype identification.PCR amplification using leaf DNA produced a single S-RNase g...     

Cultivar and Environmental Effects on β-glucanase Activity in Both Barley Grain and Malt and Its Function in β-glucan Degradation

Eight two-rowed barley cultivars were grown at seven locations in the southern winter-barleyzone of China. Mean grain β-glucanase activity ranged from 39.89 U kg-1 for Suyin2 to 49.75 U kg-1 for Xi-umai3 in 8 cultivars grown at 7 locations, and from 38.74 U kg-1 in Zhengzhou to 57. 96 U kg-1 in Putianamong 7 locations on an average of all cultivars. Correspondingly, mean malt β-glucanase activity of 8 culti-vars ranged from 313.33 U kg-1 for ZAU3 to 489.89 U kg-1 for Daner Barley, and of 7 locations from 330.40U kg-1 in Yancheng to 418.24 U kg-1 in Putian. There were significant differences among cultivars and loca-tions in malt β-glucanase activities. The locations showed much larger variation in malt β-glucanase activitiesthan cultivars. The reduction of total β-glucan content after malting varied in both cultivars and locations,with a mean of 78.31%. The analysis of correlations showed that malt β-glucan content was significantly posi-tively and negatively correlated with grain β-glucan content and malt β-glucanase activity, respectively, andmalt β-glucanase activity was significantly positively correlated with grain β-glucanase activity.     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Balsam Pear （Momordica charantia L.） by ISSR Marker

[Objective] The aim was to explore the relationship between the classification and regional distribution of balsam pear.[Method] In the research,30 varieties of balsam pear were analyzed by ISSR marker.[Result] The research showed that 172 bands were amplified by 18 primers,in which,132 bands were polymorphism and the polymorphic proportion was 76.7％.All of the samples can be divided into four categories by UPGMA analysis.[Conclusion] The results indicated that the classification of balsam pear is similar as varieties＇ regional distribution,which will be useful for genetic relationships analysis and parents selection in hybridization breeding.     

黄淮麦区小麦资源中高温抗条锈性品种的筛选(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to screen wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust from the wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area. [Method] Seedlings of 165 wheat cultivars from Huanghuai growth area were identified by wheat stripe rust under high temperature; then the wheat cultivars showing stripe rust at seedling stage were further used to identify the same resistance in field. [Results] 13 cultivars were proved to be stripe rust resistant under high temperature, and the expression stages of stripe rust in the 13 cultivars were revealed. The field identification results confirmed the identification results at seedling stage via inoculation of mixed stripe rust of physiological races. The stripe resistances of wheat cultivars were also proved to be non-race-specific. [Conclusion] Wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area are abundant in wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust.     

7个早熟梨品种叶面积回归方程的建立

以7个早熟梨成熟叶片为材料,研究了不同品种叶片长、叶片宽、叶片长×叶片宽与叶面积的关系.建立了7个早熟梨品种叶面积回归方程,所有叶面积回归方程的相关系数和复相关系数均呈极显著水平,均可作为测算不同梨品种叶面积的回归方程,在具体应用时可根据所要求的精确度和测定时的工作量进行选择.7个早熟梨品种早酥、鄂梨1号、鄂梨2号、华...     

授粉品种对华梨2号果实品质的影响

以翠冠、清香、金水2号及华梨2号为试材,探讨前3个品种对华梨2号梨授粉的亲和性及对华梨2号梨外观性状和内在品质的影响.结果表明:3个授粉品种与华梨2号梨杂交,坐果率均大于60%,表现为亲和,都可作为华梨2号梨的授粉品种.不同授粉品种对华梨2号梨果形指数及可溶性同形物含量的影响差异不显著,其他指标如硬度、还原糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量则以翠冠授粉后华梨2号梨最佳.     

六个中晚熟梨品种叶面积回归方程的建立

以6个中晚熟梨品种黄花、金水1号、玉绿、华梨1号、湘南、黄金梨的成熟叶片为材料,研究了不同梨品种叶片长(x1)、叶片宽(x2)、叶片长×叶片宽与叶面积(y)的关系.建立了6个中晚熟梨品种叶面积回归方程.结果显示,所有叶面积回归方程的相关系数和复相关系数均呈极显著水平,均可作为测算不同梨品种叶面积的回归方程,不过在具体应用时可根据所要求的精确度和测定时的工作量进行选择.6个中晚熟梨品种测算较为精确的叶面积回归方程分别为黄花y=58.20x1-1 135.00、金水1号y=28.066x2+0.535 x1x2-1 122.320、玉绿y=0.645 5x1x2+27.092 0、华梨1号y=0.640 0x1x2+121.790 0、湘南y=-25.129x1+0.816x1x2+1 517.810、黄金梨y=-17.753x1+0.765x1x2+994.680.     

5个中国砂梨品种S基因型的确定

果树雌蕊自交不亲和基因（S基因）产物能降解具有相同S基因型的花粉管核糖核酸，导致自然授粉结实率低，果实品质差。确定不同梨品种S基因型，为配置授粉树和杂交育种提供重要科学依据，并为遗传改良梨品种奠定基础。实验以5个砂梨Pyrus pyrifolia品种基因组脱氧核糖核酸为实验材料，根据S基因一级结构特征，设计合成特异引物，采用PCR-RFLP系统检测和TA克隆测序等方法，分离鉴定了这些品种扩增片段大小差异很小的2条5基因，确定了它们的S基因型，分别为晶玉Pyrus pyrifolia‘Jingyu’S4S24，金水2号P．pyrifolia‘Jinshui No．2’S3S21，新雅P．pyrifolia‘Xinya’S4S24，西子绿P．pyrifolia‘Xizilv’S4S13，青魁P．pyrifolia‘Qingkui’S1S13，并且对各品种测序结果进行了初步的生物信息学分析。图4表1参27     

南疆扁桃品种自交不亲和S-Rnase基因型鉴定

[目的]鉴定南疆扁桃品种自交不亲和S-RNase基因型,可为科学合理地配置授粉品种提供依据,有效提高南疆扁桃的产量.[方法]以南疆10个扁桃品种的叶片为试材,利用蔷薇科通用引物PaConsⅡ-F+PaConsⅡ-R、EM - PC2consFD+ EM - PC3consRD对叶片基因组DNA进行S-RNase特异性扩增,将克隆测序结果在GenBank上进行同源性比对.[结果]显示10个扁桃品种均获得2条带,共20条带,包含16种不同的S基因核苷酸序列,其中4个为GenBank上登录的已知S -RNase基因序列,分别为S1(1 370 bp)、S12(2 479bp)、S14(740bp)、S52(1 626bp),12个为新的S-RNase基因序列,暂时分别命名为SA(780bp)、SB(530bp)、SC(1261 bp)、SD(432 bp)、SE(1266bp)、5F(270 bp)、SG(1263 bp)、SH(272 bp)、SI(690 bp)、SJ(1 523bp)、SK(755bp)、SL(1 486bp).[结论]鉴定出10个品种的S- RNase基因型.     

‘翠冠’梨2个后代品种S基因型鉴定及杂交亲和性强度观察

以‘西子绿’ב翠冠’梨组合的2个F1代品种‘初夏绿’与‘翠玉’为材料,利用S基因PCR-RFLP(聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性)检测技术与PCR产物转质粒测序技术鉴定其基因型,并综合应用花粉原位萌发动态的荧光显微观察与田间授粉试验研究其杂交亲和性强度。结果表明:‘初夏绿’与‘翠玉’的S基因型皆为S3S4;‘初夏绿’和‘翠玉’的自交不亲和强度中等,二者相互间授粉不完全亲和,而与‘翠冠’间的相互授粉均表现为完全亲和。     

新疆地方梨品种S基因型的鉴定

【目的】鉴定与研究9个新疆地方梨品种S基因型,为库尔勒香梨授粉品种的筛选及其遗传改良提供理论依据。【方法】设计特异性引物对9 个新疆地方梨品种的基因组DNA 进行PCR扩增,片段回收、克隆、测序,使用生物信息学软件对各序列进行分析。【结果】褐色句句梨、轮台句句梨、霍城冬黄梨、八月梨、库尔勒黄酸梨、句句梨、奎克阿木特1号等7个品种的S基因型分别是:S28S4、S28S4、S28S1、S28S4、S22S35、S28S4、S36S34S22;可特阿木特和棋盘梨各鉴定出一条基因,S基因型分别是 S8Sx和 S28Sx。【结论】确定了7个新疆地方梨品种S基因型,可特阿木特和棋盘梨中各有 1条 S 基因没有被鉴别出。丰富了我国梨资源的S基因型信息,为库尔勒香梨的丰产栽培和遗传改良提供了依据。     

砂梨品种资源有机酸含量及发育期变化

 【目的】对70份砂梨品种资源成熟果实中有机酸含量特点（包括47个地方品种和23个选育品种）及其在果实发育期的动态变化（4个品种）进行研究,比较砂梨品种资源间的差异和特点。【方法】用毛细管气相色谱－氢火焰离子化检测器进行糖组分的测定。【结果】（1）砂梨果实中有机酸主要由苹果酸、柠檬酸组成,可明显分为苹果酸优势型和柠檬酸优势型两类。（2）苹果酸含量变化范围在1.30～4.16 mg?ml-1,平均值为2.32 mg?ml-1,选育品种的苹果酸含量与比率变化幅度较地方品种小,且含量显著高于地方品种;柠檬酸含量变化范围在0.43～6.20 mg?ml-1,平均值为2.03 mg?ml-1,选育品种的含量与比率都显著低于地方品种。成熟砂梨果实中奎宁酸含量较少,平均0.74 mg?ml-1,选育品种与地方品种无明显差异。（3）总有机酸含量随果实增长呈下降趋势,主要是奎宁酸下降幅度很大;苹果酸呈先上升后下降的抛物线变化趋势;所测的两类含酸优势型品种中,初期柠檬酸含量低且没有差异,柠檬酸优势型品种从花后8周开始迅速积累并维持在较高的含量,苹果酸型品种则升幅极少,一直处于较低的水平,两类品种在果实发育中后期差异明显。【结论】砂梨果实存在苹果酸型和柠檬酸型两类品种;选育品种基本上是苹果酸型的,柠檬酸型的基本是地方品种;柠檬酸在苹果酸开始下降时上升。     

梨S基因与S基因型鉴定的研究进展

梨是由单一位点S等位基因控制的典型配子体自交不亲和性果树,其自交授粉结实率低,品质差,需配置授粉品种。因此,对梨品种S基因及品种授粉树合理配置进行深入研究具有重要意义。有鉴于此,详细介绍了梨S等位基因的研究现状,并对迄今国内外鉴定出的500多个梨品种的S基因型进行汇总,对应用较为广泛的PCR-RFLP技术和S基因DNA序列分析法以及梨S基因芯片杂交技术进行系统介绍。     

金珠果梨S基因型的确定

大多数梨属于配子体自交不亲和果树,自然授粉结实率低、品质差。通过确定梨品种S基因型可寻找简便快速克服自交不亲和性的方法。金珠果梨是从野生砂梨中选育出来的新种质。以金珠果梨幼叶为试验材料,对其基因组DNA进行S基因特异扩增、克隆、DNA序列测定及生物信息学分析等,结果表明：金珠果梨S基因型为S₃S₁₉。