油松刺槐混交林土壤生物学特性研究

通过对油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L．)混交林、油松纯林及刺槐纯林多种土壤微生物种群数量、酶活性及其季节变化的对比分析。结果表明,油松刺槐混交显著改善了林地土壤生物学特性,土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌以及固氮菌、磷细菌、钾细菌的种群数量较纯林均明显增多,土壤质量明显改善。油松刺槐混交提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性。此外,研究还显示,混交林土壤生物学特性的改变与生长季土壤含水量密切相关。     

蔬菜大棚土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤养分的关系

以山东省寿光市蔬菜大棚土壤为供试材料,运用相关和通径分析,分析了土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤养分的关系.结果表明,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性与其有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量之间呈显著或极显著正相关,可以作为土壤肥力指标.土壤全氮、碱解氮、速效磷对脲酶活性的影响主要表现在直接作用上,是影响脲酶活性的主要...     

施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响

采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了连续4 a施氮磷钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地枣园土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:连续4 aNPK1施肥处理能够明显增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;在土壤剖面中总的趋势是土壤酶活性和土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随土层深度加深而降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,在0~20 cm土层,磷酸酶与有机质、速效磷,过氧化氢酶与有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著性正相关。在20~40 cm,脲酶与有机质、全氮、速效氮,磷酸酶与速效钾,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、速效钾呈显著或极显著性正相关。在40~60 cm,脲酶与全氮、速效磷,磷酸酶与有机质、速效氮,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、全氮、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关。     

生物有机肥对土壤养分和土壤微生物的影响

采用盆栽实验,分析了木霉菌和北虫草废弃培养基生物有机肥对小白菜的增产效果、土壤养分、土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响.结果表明:生物有机肥能够显著提高盆栽小白菜的产量,且随着施肥量增加,产量呈显著增加趋势,其中15 t·hm-2的常量生物有机肥将产量提高了85.06％.小白菜产量在常量生物有机肥处理下比等氮量化肥处理显著低了32.03％,而比常量牛粪处理高了49.07％.生物有机肥能够显著提高土壤有机质、总氮磷钾和速效氮磷钾含量,同时还能够显著提高土壤木霉菌、细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,且随着施肥量的增加而增大.常量生物有机肥处理的土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于等氮量化肥处理,高于或相当于常量牛粪处理;土壤木霉菌、细菌、真菌数量高于等氮量化肥和常量牛粪处理;土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性高于等氮量化肥处理,相当于常量牛粪处理,过氧化氢酶则比两个处理都高.相关性分析表明,土壤木霉菌、细菌、真菌数量与土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、速效磷、速效钾之间呈显著正相关关系.综合而言,由木霉菌和北虫草废弃培养基堆肥制备的生物有机肥,能够提高小白菜产量和土壤质量,是一种具有良好效果的生物有机肥.     

陕北黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下刺槐群落的土壤质量评价

以陕北黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域不同立地条件下的刺槐林为对象,采用综合评价法对其土壤质量进行评价。结果表明:24 a刺槐林的土壤含水量、酶活性大于14 a刺槐林;14 a刺槐林的土壤有机质、全氮、速效养分含量大于24 a刺槐林。阴坡刺槐林的土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、酶活性大于阳坡,但阳坡刺槐林的速效养分含量大于阴坡。随土层深度增加,刺槐林土壤含水量、全氮、速效养分以及酶活性降低,土壤p H升高。土壤质量综合指数为:24 a阴坡24 a阳坡14 a阳坡14 a阴坡,表明林龄越大,土壤质量越好。选择土壤生态环境较好的立地营造植被,更有利于生态恢复。     

黄土高原南部植被恢复对土壤理化性状与土壤酶活性的影响

利用退耕区域不同植被恢复类型为试点,研究不同植被恢复年限、不同恢复类型土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性动态变化。结果表明,随着恢复年限增加,土壤容重先增加后逐渐下降;pH降低,降幅为1.47%~5.52%;土壤有机质、全氮逐渐增加,增幅分别为9.76%~71.54%、17.39%~62.32%;全磷含量除30 a刺槐比对照增加了12.92%外,其它植被类型均低于对照;速效养分略有增加,趋势不明显;酶活性逐渐增强,尿酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶增幅分别为39%~229%、34%~96%、25%~149%、74%~250%。相关性分析表明,各种酶活性与有机质及全氮含量显著相关。因此,实施退耕还林植被恢复有利于土壤理化性状改善,酶活性增强。     

不同种植年限蔬菜日光温室土壤养分与生物活性研究

2004~2005连续2 a对陕西省杨凌区不同种植年限蔬菜大棚土壤的养分含量和生物活性进行观测,以分析其变化情况。结果表明,在1~6 a与2~7 a的大棚中,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等含量均比同区位农田有所增加,而土壤pH值下降明显;土壤硝酸盐含量随棚龄的增加而增加;且硝态氮沿土壤剖面(尤其是种植2 a以上的大棚)垂直方向有向下迁移的趋势。蔬菜大棚土壤微生物数量多少为:细菌>放线菌>真菌,使用年限高的土壤,微生物总含量一般较高,细菌和真菌的含量随棚龄的增加有所增加;放线菌在0~40cm处的总含量比露地要高,而在棚龄大的棚中(7 a)的值并不是很高;磷酸酶,脲酶和过氧化氢酶含量均大于露地,脲酶含量在3 a棚龄大棚中的含量达到高峰然后随棚龄增加减少。过氧化氢酶在2004年随棚龄逐渐增大,而在2005年则相反,碱性磷酸酶含量随着棚龄的增加而增加。     

水土保持植物——芨芨草对土壤养分影响的研究

以自然植被下土壤为对照，通过对芨芨草地土壤全氮，全磷、全钾、速效磷、钾、土壤有机质及阳离子交换量的测定，了解芨芨草对土壤养分的影响，结果表明，芨芨草对土壤有机质及全量养分影响不大，但能明显提高土壤速效养分的含量，并能提高土壤阳离子代换量及降低土壤pH值。     

干旱胁迫下灰色链霉菌对桔梗幼苗根际土壤酶活性、养分及微生物的影响

以不同浓度的灰色链霉菌发酵液处理干旱胁迫的桔梗根际土壤为研究对象,将不同浓度的灰色链霉菌发酵液(原液,原液稀释10倍,原液稀释50倍,原液稀释100倍(菌数1×10~8cfu·mL~(-1)),原液稀释150倍)200m L分别与花盆0~20 cm的土搅拌,无菌水作为对照(CK),土壤的持水量控制在45%左右,待桔梗生长至四叶期时,分别于7、14、21、28、35 d取其根际土壤(0~20 cm)。采用比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法测定桔梗根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性的变化,稀释平板计数法测定微生物数量。结果表明,随着灰色链霉菌发酵液稀释倍数增加,桔梗根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性均逐渐升高,发酵液稀释到100倍时,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶活性均达到峰值,比CK的峰值分别提高了68%、12.63%、11.53%、128.24%、43.51%。在第35天时,用灰色链霉菌发酵液稀释100倍处理干旱胁迫的桔梗根际土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量比CK分别升高了280.13%、99.15%、60%和60.12%;灰色链霉菌发酵液处理的土壤中细菌不断增加,在第35天时比CK增加了355.43%,而土壤中放线菌和真菌先增加后降低,但高于CK。土壤酶活性、土壤养分因子和土壤微生物数量的相关性分析表明,脲酶与有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾和细菌呈极显著正相关(P0.01),纤维素酶与有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、细菌和放线菌呈极显著或显著正相关,蛋白酶与有效磷、速效钾、细菌、放线菌和真菌呈极显著或显著正相关,蔗糖酶和过氧化物酶与有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾和细菌呈负相关且不显著,与放线菌、真菌正相关且不显著。     

高原沟壑区套作苹果幼儿园土壤养分及酶活性研究

对黄土高原沟壑区塬面不同套种作物的幼树苹果园土壤养分和酶活性状况的研究表明：土壤有机质、全Ｎ、水解Ｎ和速效Ｐ含量在套作行和果树行是不均衡的。套种烤烟对土壤速效性养分的消耗最大,地有机质和全Ｎ的积累最小。土壤的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶以及中性磷酸酶活性在套种小麦的果园中以套作行高于果树行,而套种烤烟则使脲酶和中性磷酸知性有所降低。豆类作物有利于土壤肥力的均衡发展。     

不同耕作方式对枣园土壤温度、养分 和果实品质的影响

为了探明甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园不同耕作方式对土壤温度、养分状况和果实品质的影响,连续2年设置清耕 (CK)、覆盖玉米秸秆 (YMG)、覆黑膜 (HM)和种植黑麦草 (HMC)等耕作方式,测定不同土层（0、20、40、60 cm）土壤温度、养分以及果实品质等指标;并采用主成分分析综合评价,筛选最佳土壤管理模式。结果表明： 8月份HMC对不同土层土壤温度均具有明显的降温作用,在20 cm土层,分别较CK、HM、YMG降低了5.93%、5.93%、2.86%。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能显著提高各土层的土壤速效K、N、P以及硝态氮和有机质含量,其中HMC效果最显著,在20 cm土层处,与CK相比分别提高了12.35%、10.11%、15.48%、23.11%、19.00%。随着土层深度的增加,速效养分含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,地表0~20 cm处的含量最高,在20 cm土层处,HMC土壤速效K、N、P含量分别为122.24 mg·kg^-1、32.67 g·kg^-1、0.76 mg·kg^-1。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能不同程度地提高枣果品质,其中HMC对Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、枣果纵径、单果重、含水量、可食率的影响显著大于YMG和HM,HMC的Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、含水量较YMG分别增加了10.18%、25.23%、9.06%、6.04%、3.73%,较HM分别增加了1.28%、23.01%、1.07%、2.50%、1.71%。主成分分析将16个指标综合分析,提取3个主成分因子6.614、5.485、3.901,代表4种不同耕作方式100%的原始数据信息量。综上所述,不同土壤耕作方式的效果由高到低依次为HMC、HM、YMG和CK,种植黑麦草（HMC）是甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园土壤管理的推荐模式。     

Effects of different mulching patterns on soil moisture,temperature, and maize yield in a semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau,China

A study was conducted in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in China to identify an alternative material for use instead of plastic film under maize crops. Plastic film (PMW), straw (SMW), and biodegradable film (BMW) were used for mulching throughout the whole season (fallow and growth periods), in addition to straw for mulching (SMF) only during the fallow period. The results showed that PMW and BMW treatments retained 17 mm and 11 mm more water, respectively, than the mean value of both SMW and SMF treatments, and 53 mm and 38 mm more water than nonmulching (NM) treatment during the fallow period. PMW and BMW treatments increased the soil water and temperature during the early growth stage of maize and significantly improved the dry matter accumulation. Under PMW and BMW treatments, the yield improved by 4.6–6.4 Mg ha^?1 and 2.3–2.8 Mg ha^?1, and the net income increased by 1166 USD ha^?1 and 372 USD ha^?1 compared with NM treatment, respectively. SMW treatment led to poor growth and yield reductions of 3.7 Mg ha^?1 due to the lower temperature, whereas SMF treatment had no significant effects on the yield (P > 0.05). High water consumption with PMW treatment reduced the water supply capacity at the end of the season, and resulted in soil water deficit during 2015, indicating that high yields might not be sustained in the long-term. Therefore, BMW treatment is recommended as an effective method for increasing the maize yield and maintaining the balance of soil water in semi-arid areas.     

放牧对荒漠灌丛草地土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性的影响

以内蒙古阿拉善盟荒漠草地为研究对象,分析了不同放牧强度对土壤理化性质、团聚体组成、养分含量及其稳定性的影响.结果表明:与轻度放牧相比,重度放牧使0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10～20 cm土层土壤有机C和全N含量显著降低,土壤容重显著增加;各土层中土壤团聚体以0.053～0.25 mm粒径为主,放牧强度的增加造成土壤...     

3种保水措施影响下的风沙土水盐及地温特征

对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同保水措施(覆膜、覆沙、喷施Guilspare)和裸地(对照)土壤水分、盐分分布及耕作层温度的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:夏季采取保水措施能够抑制土壤蒸发,提高土壤的蓄水保墒能力.同时,还能起到抑制土壤盐分表聚的作用,明显地改变了风沙土水盐空间分布,降低表层盐分被淋溶至林木根系层的概率.保水措施...     

棉粕腐植酸肥对土壤团聚体、酶及养分的影响

采用田间试验方法,以小麦新春38号作为供试品种,设置3个处理:空白对照、等养分复合肥和等养分棉粕腐植酸复合肥,研究了棉粕开发的腐植酸水溶性肥料对土壤团聚体、酶和养分的影响。结果表明:与不施肥处理相比较,腐植酸肥处理使土壤团聚体含量向2~0.25 mm和2 mm粒级有显著转移;土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高,对蔗糖酶活性差异不明显;可显著提高碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷含量,腐植酸肥处理能平均提高全生育期0~20 cm土层碱解氮37.27%、速效磷42.24%、速效钾37.02%,20~40 cm土层碱解氮提高15.55%、速效磷提高61.52%、速效钾提高57.36%。与等养分复合肥处理相比,腐植酸肥处理使不同土层土壤团聚体百分含量向2~0.25 mm和2 mm粒级均有转移;前期抑制土壤脲酶活性,后期提高壤脲酶活性,提高过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,蔗糖酶活性差异不明显;可提高土壤中碱解氮含量,显著提高速效钾和速效磷含量,腐植酸肥处理可平均提高全生育期0~20 cm土层碱解氮5.92%、速效磷8.8%、速效钾4.29%,20~40 cm土层碱解氮提高1.9%、速效磷提高15.39%、速效钾提高8%。     

博斯腾湖西岸湖滨带土壤剖面盐分特征分析

以博斯腾湖西岸湖滨带为研究区,采集三个时期不同土壤剖面样品,结合样品实验分析,探究土壤盐分特征。研究结果表明：(1) 0～10 cm土层中平均盐分含量为3.919 g·kg^-1,土壤盐分表聚现象强烈; (2) 垂直方向上盐分离子中Mg²⁺变异系数为1.034,变化程度较大,HCO₃^-变异系数为0.080,变化程度较小; (3) 通过相关分析,硫酸盐与氯化物在表土中积聚强烈,其中SO₄^2-与Na⁺+K⁺之间相关系数为0.96,Cl^-与Mg²⁺相关系数为0.79;Cl^-和Na⁺+K⁺相关系数为0.72; (4) 通过对比柽柳剖面下土壤盐分含量,夏秋两个季节土壤剖面土壤盐分呈现明显的表聚现象,0～10 cm土层中盐分含量占总体的27.37%和21.88%,春季盐分在剖面上呈现强烈的底聚现象,90～100 cm土层盐分含量占总体的21.53%; (5) 对比不同植被下土壤盐分特征,裸地、草地、林地、耕地四种地表类型土壤中(Na⁺+K⁺)∶Mg²⁺∶Ca²⁺含量之比依次为85∶2.5∶1,16∶2.5∶1,9∶0.9∶1,10∶1.3∶1,裸地中Ca²⁺含量为0.104 g·kg^-1,明显高于其它植被类型中Ca²⁺含量;Na⁺+K⁺含量差异不大,平均含量为1.181 g·kg^-1;草地中Mg²⁺平均含量为0.081 g·kg^-1,是裸地中Mg²⁺含量的4.4倍。     

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake,Qaidam Basin

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na⁺,K⁺,and Cl^-.Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na⁺,K⁺,Ca2+,Mg²⁺,Cl^-,CO₃^2-,SO₄^2-,and HCO₃^-)were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.     

乌鲁木齐市雅玛里克山污水灌溉土壤肥力的空间变异研究

本文选取了干旱区有代表性的污水灌溉地区—乌鲁木齐市雅玛里克山,结合GIS,采用地统计学方法研究了污水灌溉区域土壤中的pH、有机质、CEC、总盐、全N、全P、全K7种土壤肥力指标的空间变异性,并采用普通克立格法绘制了各种土壤肥力要素含量的空间分布格局图。结果表明:有机质、总盐、全N、全K的理论模型为指数模型;CEC、全P的理论模型为高斯模型;pH的理论模型为球状模型;pH、有机质、总盐、全N、全K的块金值与基台值之比都在25%以下,说明空间自相关作用强,其含量分布受结构性因素控制;CEC、全P的块金值与基台值之比在25%~75%之间,为中等强度的空间相关性,其分布是由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用的结果。土壤肥力的相关距变化范围为246.0~2100.0m。     

Pesticide soil sorption parameters: theory, measurement, uses, limitations and reliability

The soil sorption coefficient Kd and the soil organic carbon sorption coefficient KOC of pesticides are basic parameters used by environmental scientists and regulatory agencies worldwide in describing the environmental fate and behavior of pesticides. They are a measure of the strength of sorption of pesticides to soils and other geosorbent surfaces at the water/solid interface, and are thus directly related to both environmental mobility and persistence. KOC is regarded as a 'universal' parameter related to the hydrophobicity of the pesticide molecule, which applies to a given pesticide in all soils. This assumption is known to be inexact, but it is used in this way in modeling and estimating risk for pesticide leaching and runoff. In this report we examine the theory, uses, measurement or estimation, limitations and reliability of these parameters and provide some 'rules of thumb' for the use of these parameters in describing the behavior and fate of pesticides in the environment, especially in analysis by modeling.     

Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization in a Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Determining soil N mineralization response to soil temperature and moisture changes is challenging in the field due to complicated effects from other factors. In the laboratory, N mineralization is highly dependent on temperature, moisture and sample size. In this study, a laboratory incubation experiment was carefully designed and conducted under controlled conditions to examine the effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization using soil samples obtained from the Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Five temperature(i.e. 9°C, 14°C, 22°C, 30°C and 40°C) and five moisture levels(i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% WHC, where WHC is the soil water holding capacity) were included in a full-factorial design. During the 71-day incubation period, microbial biomass carbon(MBC), ammonium nitrogen(NH4 +-N) and nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N) were measured approximately every 18 days; soil basal respiration for qCO2 index was measured once every 2 days(once a week near the end of the incubation period). The results showed that the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were positively correlated with temperature; the strongest correlation was observed for temperatures between 30°C and 40°C. The relationships between moisture levels and both the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were quadratic. The interaction between soil temperature and moisture was significant on N mineralization, i.e. increasing temperatures(moisture) enhanced the sensitivity of N mineralization to moisture(temperature). Our results also showed a positive correlation between the net nitrification rate and temperature, while the correlation between the NH4 +-N content and temperature was insignificant. The net nitrification rate was negatively correlated with high NH4 +-N contents at 80%–100% WHC, suggesting an active denitrification in moist conditions. Moreover, qCO2 index was positively correlated with temperature, especially at 80% WHC. With a low net nitrification rate and high soil basal respiration rate, it was likely that the denitrification concealed the microbial gross mineralization activity; therefore, active soil N mineralization occurred in 60%–80% WHC conditions.