Cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs and cats. Part 2]

Three groups of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells can be formed: 1. cells of the normal CSF, such as monocytes, small lymphocytes and occasionally cells of the ventricle system, 2. cells found in dogs and cats with neurologic disorders, such as reactive monocytes and lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils in addition to cells of the first group, 3. neoplastic cells. The different cells are introduced and their origin, function and occurrence are discussed. Mitotic figures, degenerated cells and artefacts are also mentioned.     

Experiences with a sedimentation technique for the enrichment of cerebrospinal fluid cells in the dog and cat. Part 1.]

The differentiation of cells of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gives valuable information about certain neurologic diseases. The sedimentation technique of Sayk modified by K?lmel is introduced and its application described. Cells of 300 samples of CSF from dogs and cats are evaluated. There were very good to reasonable results in 88% (263 of 300) of the samples. A comparison between cell number, morphology and protein content in 150 samples was performed. 90 CSF samples with normal cell count (less than or equal to 5/mm3, determined in the Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber) were compared with the cell yield after sedimentation. In 58% (52 of 90) of the samples more than 200 cells were found, in 13% (12 of 90) more than 800 could be differentiated. The results are compared with those of other methods mentioned in the literature.     

Pathological changes of the endocrine pancreas in dogs and cats in comparison with clinical data]

In a retrospective study concerning the functional morphology of the endocrine pancreas the files of the Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University of Munich, of the last 12 years were reviewed. Cases of diabetes mellitus as well as developmental disorders and tumors of the endocrine pancreas were examined by routine histological and immunohistological methods. Cases are discussed together with clinical data and the relevant literature. The forms of diabetes mellitus were categorized according to the classification used in human pathology.     

Pilot study of the relationship of free amino acids in serum and in the cerebrospinal fluid of horses

In a blind study serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of control horses and of horses in hepatic coma after chronic food intoxication with Senecio alpinus were collected simultaneously and the composition of free amino acids was determined. The hepatic encephalopathy index in serum (less than 1.65) and in CSF (less than 1.11) of liver patients was distinctly less than to the control values in serum (greater than 2.42) and in CSF (greater than 1.49). The serum concentrations of glutamic acid in hepatic coma were elevated five-fold in comparison to the controls. An indication of ammonia decontamination was that nearly ten-fold higher values of glutamine were found in the cerebrospinal fluids of patients than in serum. In comparison to controls the serum levels of glutamine in horses with hepatic encephalopathy were decreased by the factor 0.7.     

Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases in birds. Part 2]

Among the representatives of the class aves, ocular lesions may be a particularly strong indicator of systemic disorders. A causative diagnosis of ocular lesions may be vital for the avian patient, not only as a basis for effective therapy of the primary disease, but also for saving the vision, as birds orientate themselves primarily by vision. The following paper presents a synopsis of important ocular disorders in avian patients that are either pathognomonic for certain disorders or, when considered in conjunction with other organic diseases, enable a specific diagnosis. Bacterial and parasitic infections were already described in part 1 of this paper. Part 2 gives outlines of possible viral etiologies and noninfectious diseases.     

Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases in birds. Part 1]

Among the representatives of the class Aves ocular lesions may be a particularly strong indication of systemic disorders. A causative diagnosis of ocular lesions may be vital for the avian patient, not only as a basis for effective therapy of the primary disease, but also for saving the vision, as birds orientate themselves primarily by vision. The following paper presents a synopsis of important ocular disorders in avian patients that are either pathognomonic for certain disorders or, when considered in conjunction with other organic diseases, enable a specific diagnosis to be arrived at. In part 1 bacterial and parasitic etiologies will be described. Part 2 deals with viral infections and noninfectious etiologies.     

Restraint methods in avian patients. Theoretical basis and practical execution. Part 2]

In avian medicine a correct diagnostic and therapeutic procedure requires restraint. Incidents during restraint result most frequently from the ignorance of certain bird-specific physiological and anatomical characteristics. On the basis of theoretical fundamentals, outlined in part 1, the different restraint techniques are described and demonstrated in detail by figures.     

Rumen fluid studies in calves with abnormal and normal sucking behavior]

Ruminal fluid and blood samples were analysed in 39 calves with poor suckling behaviour and reduced milk intake (group 1) and in 21 calves with normal suckling behaviour (group 2). The pH level and chloride concentration was determined in the ruminal fluid as well as in the blood. In addition Gram stains and subsequent microscopical examinations of the ruminal fluids were carried out. Blood samples were submitted for blood gas analysis. Notable differences were found between the two groups. The pH level of the ruminal fluid was less than 5.5 in 29 of the 39 calves in group 1 (74.4%); in contrast, the pH was always above 5.5 in group 2. In group 1, 22 calves with a pH of less than 5.5 also revealed a metabolic acidosis of the blood. Mainly gram-positive bacteria were found in the ruminal fluid of 74.4% of the calves in group 1. On the other hand, 76.2% of the calves in group 2 revealed a mainly gram-negative flora. There was no difference in the chloride concentration, either in the blood or in the ruminal fluid and the values showed a high range of scatter.     

The therapy of chronic diseases of the respiratory tract in dogs and cats]

Chronic conditions of the respiratory system are a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge to the veterinarian. In the majority of cases the protective structures, e.g. the vibrating epithelium, have already been irreversibly damaged, so that therapy can only relieve the trouble, but not lead to a full recovery. Prior to initiating a long-term therapy that requires a lot of patience from the veterinarian as well as the owner, it is therefore crucial to carry out a thorough diagnostic procedure. This is a review of the pathophysiological basis and the resulting diagnostic consequences of chronic diseases of the respiratory system. A few selected cases are discussed and recommendations for medical treatment are given.     

Tumors of the hypophysis as the cause of both Cushing's syndrome and diabetes insipidus in dogs]

Invasive tumors of the pituitary gland associated with Cushing's disease and diabetes insipidus are described in ten dogs. All patients showed typical clinical symptoms including polyuria/polydipsia and acanthosis nigricans. All tumors led to compression und partial destruction of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the infundibular stalk; two of them infiltrated the hypothalamic region. All tumors produced ACTH and caused hyperadrenocorticism. In six cases, additional expression of beta-lipoprotein and MSH were found: in pars intermedia adenomas many cells stained strongly for MSH and/or beta-lipoprotein, whereas in tumors of the pars distalis only occasional cells stained positive. The purpose of the present study was to describe the neuropathological findings and the immunohistochemistry of hormone excretion in pituitary tumors in dogs resulting in Cushing's disease associated with D.i., to review the literature and to discuss the pathogenesis.     

Ultrasonic studies of the liver in dogs and cats

Sonography of the liver is an easy and safe method for the evaluation especially of circumscribed liver lesions. The criteria for diagnosis and some indications are described. The findings of different liver diseases are discussed.     

Multiple enchondromatosis in dogs. Pathologico-anatomic and histologic findings, discussion of pathogenesis

Data is presented of the post-mortem macroscopic and microscopic examination of two Toy Poodles with multiple enchondromatosis (Ollier syndrome). In both animals opening and maturation disorders of the growth plates were found in several skeletal locations. Due to the dogs' age difference at necropsy (14 and 4 months), some variation was also present in occurrence and appearance of primary and secondary alterations, which gave rise to some conclusions regarding development and progression of the disease. Chondrodysplasia, a characteristic of several breeds, is considered to be the essential factor in the pathogenesis of multiple enchondromatosis in the described cases.     

The concentration of ionized and total calcium in the blood of female dogs with uterine inertia

Blood values of calcium, inorganic phosphate and magnesium were estimated in 26 bitches one day before parturition, on the day of parturition and daily for 6 days post partum. In 17 of these 26 animals the diagnosis was dystocia because of uterine inertia. A comparison of calcium levels between those bitches giving birth spontaneously and those requiring assistance gave no indication that blood calcium deficiency was the cause of uterine inertia.     

The need for clear and comparable terminology in benthic ecology. Part II. Application of the European Directives

• 1. Problems with the classification system for marine ‘habitats’ are highlighted, which, ideally, should combine both comprehensibility and scientific rigour, being neither too simplistic nor so complicated that the system is accessible to only a few experts.
• 2. The European Union's Habitats Directive has created multiple difficulties owing to the varied interpretations of the different European Community members trying to apply it. The problem is even more complex in the marine domain, where the difficulty of application has been greatly underestimated.
• 3. Several areas for future applied research in the field of benthic ecology are proposed.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experiences with the intraocular silicon prosthesis as an alternative to enucleation in dogs and cats

The intraocular implantation of a silicone prosthesis fulfills all important requirements to be used in dogs and cats. Given the appropriate indication including glaucoma in the first place, this method should be preferred to enucleation. The operation procedure is described and clinical observations in 14 dogs and 6 cats are reported. All animals tolerated the implant well and appeared to be pain-free. The cosmetic results depended on the correct size of the implant and on the nature of the corneal response. Final evaluation of the cosmetic effect was only possible one year or even more after operation.     

Use of the Reflotron system for the determination of creatine kinase (CK) in the blood of swine, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs]

The Reflotron-CK test was evaluated with blood samples of healthy and diseased pigs, sheep, cattle, horses and dogs in relation to the standard CK-NAC test (UV-method). The precision within the series on the day of blood sampling was better than VK = 7.5% (coefficient of variation) with both methods. The day to day precision was estimated by using deep frozen plasma and was in the same order of magnitude with the Reflotron-CK and the UV-method (CV less than 10%). While fresh whole blood of sheep, cattle, horses and dogs respectively should be applied directly onto the dry reagent carrier with the Reflotron-pipette (32 microliters), the blood samples of pigs must be diluted (200 microliters 0.9% NaCl-solution and 32 microliters blood, factor 7.25) before determination with Reflotron-CK. In the five species mentioned the correlation between Reflotron-CK and CK values obtained with the standard UV-method was satisfactory (r greater than 0.96). Systemic deviations of the Reflotron-CK values should be corrected by calculation formulae, given in the paper.     

东海北部及日本海西南部底鱼资源评估

<正> 我国对五岛对马渔场底鱼资源的开发利用始于1979年冬季,主要捕捞对象是绿鳍马面鲀。为了进一步了解该海域马面鲀等底鱼资源的分布洄游和资源状况,1985年中国水产科学研究院向东海所下达了“东海北部及毗邻海区绿鳍马面鲀等底鱼资源调查与探捕”课题。在这之前,东海所和上海市海洋渔业公司合作,于1983年12月、1984年12月和1985年1月进行了三个航次的第一阶段调查。本文用这三个航次的调查资料,对调查海域内马面鲀等底鱼(包括部分头足类和上层鱼类)的现存资源量和年可捕量进行估算,供合理利用该渔场资源参考。