深圳大沙河生态景观建设的实践与思考

随着深圳城市的快速发展,城市河流作为城市生态长廊,不仅具有防洪和排涝的水利功能,以及维持自然生态平衡的生态功能,还具有展示城市空间的景观功能。结合深圳大沙河工程实例进行综合分析研究,从项目建设周期和建设阶段内容方面,探讨了城市河流生态景观实践的途径和方式;从生态功能维护与修复、高品质城市景观设计和建设等方面,探讨了城市河流“河与城”的关系及其生态与景观价值。同时基于对城市河流生态景观建设的现状及问题,提出一系列应对思考,以便在实际运用中更具科学性与可行性。     

浅析林—草结合型生态林业建设在盐池发展中的地位

从生态适应性、结构调整以及生态功能等方面,论述了林—草结合型生态林业在盐池生态环境建设和经济建设中的地位,进一步提出林—草结合,林—草—畜结合的5条途径。     

城市湿地景观的生态设计

湿地是指介于陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的过渡生态系统。论述了湿地的生态和景观功能,城市湿地的生态设计应保持湿地的连续性、完整性和生物多样性,从植物选择、构筑物和驳岸设计方面具体论述了生态设计的理念和方法。     

贵阳市第二环城林带森林资源评价

本文从森林资源现状、森林覆盖率、单位面积蓄积、林龄结构、林种结构、森林生态功能及景观功能等6个方面对贵阳市第二环城林带森林资源进行了评价。针对第二环城林带森林资源总量处于较高水平,森林资源质量不高、生态功能差、景观功能不高及森林资源有较强持续状态等特点,从技术、经济和机制等不同角度提出了保护和管理森林资源的建议。     

森林资源生态功能质量评价因子探讨

从群落结构稳定性、生物多样性、林分和林地生产力、生态因子及生态环境因子、林分健康水平及稳定性指数等几个方面,探讨了森林资源生态功能评价因子及相应的等级划分标准。初步确立了森林资源生态功能评价体系框架及各评价因子等级划分标准,以便为评价标准和评价指标的完善提供参考。     

生态足迹法在煤炭矿区规划环评中的应用及对策探讨

从数据统计不合理、参数选取的针对性不足、忽略土地质量和功能的复杂性等几个方面分析了生态承载为评价方法存在的问题。针对这些问题,提出了合理确定生态足迹评价范围,根据矿区实际情况修正相关参数,增强生态足迹动态预测功能,结合其他方法对比印证提出了相应的对策与建议。     

辽宁省生态公益林、天然林保护成就及经验分析

该文从生态公益林和天然林的面积和蓄积、生态功能和生态效益、资源和社会保障能力、产业调整和涉林收入、管护体系和政策体系、基础设施等方面,总结生态公益林、天然林保护所取得的成就；从资源管理、资金管理、管护队伍方面总结在生态公益林和天然林保护上的作法和经验.     

重庆市生态保护红线区域划分与管控

重庆市特殊的生态区位对整个长江流域和我国生态安全具有重要作用。重庆市生态保护红线的划分是维护生态安全的需要,是不断改善环境质量的关键举措,有助于增强经济社会可持续发展能力,能给予重要生态功能区域、重要生态系统及关键物种更有效的保护。本文从范围识别、划分方法、区域类型及重庆五个功能区域的分布格局等方面阐述了重庆市生态保护红线区域的划分,并对生态保护红线区域的项目准入、预警监管、绩效考核及生态补偿等方面的管控进行了探讨。     

辽宁省生态公益林生态质量评价标准

该文从生态公益林生态脆弱性、生态重要性、生态功能、森林健康度、土壤侵蚀度等方面建立生态公益林的质量评价体系,以期为生态公益林质量评价提供参考。     

城市湿地景观的生态设计

湿地是指介于陆地生态系统和水生生态系统之间的过渡生态系统.论述了湿地的生态和景观功能,城市湿地的生态设计应保持湿地的连续性、完整性和生物多样性,从植物选择、构筑物和驳岸设计方面具体论述了生态设计的理念和方法.     

基于森林认证的环境影响评估应用指南研究

近年来森林认证在我国取得了较大进展,逐步成为我国森林资源管理制度的有益补充。森林认证的要求主要涉及环境、经济和社会等方面。现有的环境影响评估指南或操作规范主要针对建设项目,我国森林经营单位在开展森林认证的过程中,普遍面临着对环境影响评估的步骤、方法不了解和缺乏实践操作指南的问题。文中以国际、国内森林认证标准关于森林经营环境影响评估的具体要求为出发点,认为森林经营单位的日常环境影响评估包括总体评估和针对特定经营活动的评估,阐述了2类评估的具体内容及应评估的要素,指出在评估时应考虑的问题,在此基础上提出减缓负面环境影响的措施建议,以期为我国森林经营单位开展营林活动环境影响快速评估提供可操作的应用技术指南。     

Production efficiency of community forest management in Nepal

Nepal's forests have been transferred to community management with the twin objectives of supplying forest products and addressing local environmental problems. Community forests provide a range of benefits, from direct forest products such as timber and non-provisioning ecosystem services such as soil protection. There is a need to understand the extent to which environmental and community benefits are joint products or substitutes. Stochastic frontier production analysis (SFPA) was used to study the production relationship between environmental and community benefits and production efficiency analysis to study the extent to which communities were able to achieve maximum benefits. SFPA indicated that the magnitude of direct forest product benefits was influenced by various socioeconomic and forest related factors such as distance to the government office, community forest size, and group heterogeneity negatively affect community forest products benefits. On the other hand, links to the market, forest products dependency, and the number of households in the community augment benefits from community forests. In addition, forest product benefits and environmental benefits were complementary to each other. Production efficiency analysis showed that communities were not producing forest products efficiently. Factors such as social capital contributed positively to production efficiency, whereas caste heterogeneity in the executive committees of community forest user groups was negatively associated with efficiency. These findings can contribute to better implementation of community forestry programmes in Nepal, improving the welfare of communities by increasing direct forest product benefits without environmental harm.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of forest fire events in the Margalla Hills,Islamabad,Pakistan using socio-economic and environmental variable data with machine learning methods

Most forest fires in the Margalla Hills are related to human activities and socioeconomic factors are essential to assess their likelihood of occurrence.This study consid-ers both environmental (altitude,precipitation,forest type,terrain and humidity index) and socioeconomic (popula-tion density,distance from roads and urban areas) factors to analyze how human behavior affects the risk of forest fires.Maximum entropy (Maxent) modelling and random forest (RF) machine learning methods were used to predict the probability and spatial diffusion patterns of forest fires in the Margalla Hills.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to compare the models.We studied the fire history from 1990 to 2019 to establish the relationship between the prob-ability of forest fire and environmental and socioeconomic changes.Using Maxent,the AUC fire probability values for the 1999s,2009s,and 2019s were 0.532,0.569,and 0.518,respectively;using RF,they were 0.782,0.825,and 0.789,respectively.Fires were mainly distributed in urban areas and their probability of occurrence was related to acces-sibility and human behaviour/activity.AUC principles for validation were greater in the random forest models than in the Maxent models.Our results can be used to establish preventive measures to reduce risks of forest fires by consid-ering socio-economic and environmental conditions.     

Composition of forests and vegetation in the Kailash Sacred Landscape,Nepal

A total of 141 quadrats were sampled using stratified random sampling to study forest, environment and human interactions along an elevation gradient 1800 to 3665 m at the remote Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal.Eight forest types were identified, including Laurel-Oak to Rhododendron to Blue pine, comprising 191 species including 60 useful from 166 genera and 87 families. The environmental variables elevation, slope, and temperature were significant(p 0.001) in determining the composition and distribution of forest types. Records of large numbers of useful plants along with diverse forest and vegetation types suggest a strong association between the culture of local villages and nature conservation. Due to changes in climate, socio-culture and land-use, forest degradation is expected to accelerate, thus forcing government and indigenous community forest management measures to acknowledge human, cultural and environmental variables for sustainable forest management.     

喀纳斯泰加林群落与环境和火干扰因子的关系

【目的】划分森林群落类型,定量分析森林群落形成与其环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,为新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营提供科学依据。【方法】以新疆喀纳斯泰加林火成演替森林群落为研究对象,基于149个森林群落样地及其火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用双向指示种分析(two-way indicator species analysis,TWINSPAN)方法对喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区处于不同演替阶段的森林群落进行群落类型划分,并采用冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)方法通过对其森林群落进行排序,分析森林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子的关系,定量分离环境因子、火干扰因子及其二者的交互作用对森林群落形成的影响。【结果】 1)TWINSPAN将149个森林群落调查样地划分为16种森林群落类型;2)RDA排序结果较好地反映了喀纳斯泰加林群落形成与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系,环境因子中的海拔、坡位、坡度、坡向、土壤有机质和全钾含量对森林群落的形成起较大的作用,其中海拔、坡位、坡度和坡向与RDA第1排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01),土壤有机质和全钾含量与RDA第1排序轴存在显著相关性( P <0.05);火干扰因子中的火烈度对森林群落形成也起较大的作用,火烈度与RDA第2排序轴存在极显著相关性( P <0.01);3)因子分离显示,在影响喀纳斯泰加林群落形成的因素中,环境因子解释的部分占21.96%,火干扰因子解释的部分占1.80%,二者交互作用解释的部分占49.82%,未能解释的部分占26.42%。【结论】喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区有16种森林群落类型,其森林群落形成受环境因子和火干扰因子的共同控制,并且二者的交互作用尤为突出。火干扰是新疆喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性保护与森林可持续经营不可或缺的重要因素。     

Environmental impacts and aspects in the forest industry: What kind of picture do corporate environmental reports provide?

Despite its good environmental track record, the Finnish forest industry nonetheless causes harmful environmental impacts. This paper studies corporate environmental reports within the Finnish forest industry to determine the environmental performance of the industry at large. Fifteen years of environmental reports from the three biggest Finnish forest industry companies are analysed. The majority of these reports focus on inputs needed for production (especially energy) and unwanted outputs (especially air and water emissions) in the industry. The environmental impacts in areas of the industry taking place outside of mills, however, are less often reported and appear to be less important to the companies. This paper makes five contributions to the literature: First, the forest industry's reporting, as a less researched field, is studied in detail. Second, the forest industry's environmental reporting is diverse, comprised of multiple indicators and units of measurement. Third, the energy indicator reporting is both established and diversified. The diversity makes the reports as a weak source of comparison of environmental performance. Fourth, the case companies seldom report the environmental performance of their supply chains. Fifth, while the prior literature has analysed multiple environmental impacts of the forest industry, the case companies report on very few of them. The paper concludes by stating that future environmental reporting should especially address supply chains and multiple environmental impacts caused by the industry.     

WTO框架下林产品贸易与环境保护关系问题探讨

文中通过对与林产品贸易有关的环境保护贸易措施的阐释, 分析了WTO规则中的环境保护贸易条款以及环境保护措施对林产品贸易产生的影响, 并对二者的协调提出了建议。     

调整赣州市林业生产区域性布局,走可持续发展的道路

分析了赣州市林业生产区域性布局的历史教训,提出了赣州市林业生产区域性布局的设想:西部中低山区森林资源商品生产和江河生态保护区；南部低山丘陵兼用林、水土保持、生态公益林和林特产品加工区；中部丘陵河谷生态公益林和工业原料林基地区；东北部低山、丘陵天然林保护、生态公益林区等.     

Modelling and mapping the suitability of European forest formations at 1-km resolution

Proactive forest conservation planning requires spatially accurate information about the potential distribution of tree species. The most cost-efficient way to obtain this information is habitat suitability modelling i.e. predicting the potential distribution of biota as a function of environmental factors. Here, we used the bootstrap-aggregating machine-learning ensemble classifier Random Forest (RF) to derive a 1-km resolution European forest formation suitability map. The statistical model use as inputs more than 6,000 field data forest inventory plots and a large set of environmental variables. The field data plots were classified into different forest formations using the forest category classification scheme of the European Environmental Agency. The ten most dominant forest categories excluding plantations were chosen for the analysis. Model results have an overall accuracy of 76%. Between categories scores were unbalanced and Mesophitic deciduous forests were found to be the least correctly classified forest category. The model’s variable ranking scores are used to discuss relationship between forest category/environmental factors and to gain insight into the model’s limits and strengths for map applicability. The European forest suitability map is now available for further applications in forest conservation and climate change issues.     

雨雪冰冻灾害对毛竹林的影响及恢复技术研究综述

在总结毛竹林雨雪冰冻灾害特征的基础上,综述了海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、土层厚度等环境因子对毛竹林灾害程度的影响,认为海拔、坡度是主要的环境影响因子。竹林经营类型(纯林、混交林)、立竹密度、立竹年龄结构、大小年等林分结构状况与灾害程度密切相关。指出了毛竹林混交经营,合理林分结构建立,科学施肥,立竹钩梢等毛竹林预防雨雪冰冻灾害和灾后恢复技术,总结提出了毛竹林雨雪冰冻灾害影响因子,增强抵御雨雪冰冻灾害能力的林分结构模式优化,灾后快速恢复及经济效益提高或稳定的竹林复合经营等需重点研究的方向。