胚培杏新品种——山农凯新1号

杏树的突出抗旱性及杏产品的良好产业化前景，使其成为我国三北地区荒漠化治理及农民增收的重要树种之一。但我国华北及中亚生态群的杏品种，多数自交不亲和，败育花比率高，花期晚霜往往影响传粉昆虫活动，造成传粉受精不良而严重影响当年产量。近几年从美国引进的‘凯特’等品种，虽败育花比率低，自交亲和，丰产性强，但外观及鲜食品质欠佳，有待改良。     

凯特×新世纪杂交后代遗传特性研究初报

以4~5年生的凯特×新世纪等杂交组合的杂种后代群体为试材,对杏自交亲和性、有效花比率及果实大小等性状进行了研究,结果表明,①杏的雌蕊败育及单果重均是受微效多基因控制的数量性状,杂种后代广泛分离;②如果按自交坐果率≥6%为自交亲和这个标准,参试的52个杂种株系自交亲和(SC)与自交不亲和(SI)比列为28∶24,经X2检验符合一对基因完全显性的1∶1分离比例,据此认为凯特杏的S基因为杂合基因型,SC对SI为显性。但自交坐果率的变异幅度为0~58.8%,表现为数量性状变异的特点。     

普通杏群体遗传结构的荧光AFLP分析

以准噶尔—伊犁生态群（新疆野杏）、中亚生态群（新疆栽培杏和李光杏）、欧洲生态群和华北生态群的45个普通杏品种或材料为试材,以梅杏、辽梅杏和辽杏为外组,利用荧光AFLP标记对普通杏4个生态群的群体遗传结构进行了研究,结果表明：7对EcoRI/MseI引物（其中MseI引物为FAM荧光标记物）平均扩增多态带数为130.86,平均多态带为60.58%。4个生态群的多态带百分比比较表明准噶尔—伊犁新疆野杏生态群（P = 43.59%）＞中亚南疆栽培杏生态群（P = 41.27%）＞华北生态群（P = 39.42%）＞欧洲生态群（P = 39.42%）＞中亚李光杏生态群（P = 37.57%）;普通杏在种级水平Nei's基因多样度（H = 0.143）和Shannon信息指数（I = 0.226）显著或极显著高于群体水平。在群体水平上,准噶尔—伊犁新疆野杏生态群的Nei's基因多样度和Shannon信息指数（H = 0.131;I = 0.202）高于中亚生态群（南疆栽培杏）（H = 0.127;I = 0.195）、欧洲生态群（H = 0.124;I = 0.189）和华北生态群（H = 0.116;I = 0.180）,但无显著性差异,显著高于中亚李光杏生态群（H = 0.113;I = 0.173）;普通杏4个生态群的遗传分化系数（G_ST = 0.147）显示,普通杏的遗传变异主要存在于群体内,占总变异的85.3％;通过遗传分化系数计算得G_ST基因流N_m = 2.901,说明普通杏4个生态群存在适度的基因交流,人为引种可能是产生基因交流的主要原因,而地理隔离可能是阻碍基因交流的主要因素。对普通杏4个生态群的群体遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的分析初步认为,普通杏起源于准噶尔—伊犁新疆野杏生态群,通过人为驯化,在新疆南部形成栽培杏中心,并形成中亚南疆栽培杏生态群,之后通过人为引种向东传播形成华北生态群,向西传播形成欧洲生态群。     

杏花雌蕊败育的研究进展

杏树普遍存在坐果率低、产量不稳定的问题。大量研究表明,雌蕊败育是影响杏坐果差、产量不稳的重要原因之一[1]。雌蕊败育是杏树普遍存在的问题,大部分东亚系华北品种群的杏品种,雌蕊败育现象十分严重[2],即使是雌蕊败育率较低的欧洲生态品种群,在设施栽培情况下,如管理不当,同样会出现大量雌蕊败育现象[3]。探索杏雌蕊败育机理,对克服生产中杏雌蕊败育现象、提高坐果率等具有重要的理论和实践意义。1杏雌蕊败育的表现1.1开花期在开花期,杏雌蕊败育多表现为花柱低于花丝、花柱极短或者变黑[4],如平定大红袍杏败育雌蕊长度一般不到9mm,而正常…     

杏杂种一代群体S基因的遗传研究

 以4～5年生的凯特(自交亲和) 、新世纪(自交不亲和) 以及凯特×新世纪、凯特×红丰(自交不亲和) 、凯特×泰安水杏(自交不亲和) 等杏群体为试材, 采用田间授粉试验及S-allele-specificPCR扩增等方法对杏S基因的遗传进行了研究。结果表明: 如果按照自交坐果率≥6%为自交亲和的标准,上述3个杂交组合的F₁ 群体自交亲和与自交不亲和的比例分别为27∶25, 9∶12和15∶19, 经X² 检验, 均符合1∶1的分离比例, 证明凯特的自交亲和性是可遗传的, 并且其S 基因型是杂合的, 自交亲和对自交不亲和为显性; 对凯特( S_cS₈ ) ×新世纪( S₉ S₁₀ ) F₁ 群体38 个株系进行S-allele specific PCR, 共扩增出21(S_cS₈、S₈S₉ ) ∶9 (S_cS₁₀ ) ∶8 (S₈S₁₀ ) 4种基因型, 经X² 检验, 符合1∶1∶1∶1的理论比例; 但自交亲和性表现数量性状变异的特点, 并且相同S基因型的F₁ 自交亲和性强度存在明显差异, 如杂种8、14、16、20、22、27、33、34、38号的S基因型都为S_cS₁₀ , 但自交坐果率从1.1%到22.9%不等, 表明杏的自交亲和性是一个复杂的问题, 不仅与S基因及其基因型有关, 还可能受修饰基因等其它遗传因素的调控。     

杏杂种一代群体性状遗传及新品种的选育研究

以凯特×新世纪、凯特×红丰及凯特×泰安水杏等的杂种一代群体为对象,研究其性状遗传特点,并进行育种。结果表明:①凯特杏S基因型是杂合的,自交亲和(SC)对自交不亲和(SI)为显性。②杏自交坐果率、有效花比率及平均单果重等性状在杂种一代广泛分离,杂种群体的平均值低于亲中值,表明这3个性状均为数量性状遗传,但3个性状的变异系数、变异幅度和广义遗传力(H2)均差异很大。③凯特杏甜仁与苦仁性状的基因位点是杂合的(Kk),而新世纪和红丰甜仁与苦仁性状的基因位点是纯合的(KK)。④所分析的49种香味成分中,有37种成分为双亲所共有,12种成分双亲之一具有;在37种双亲共有成分中,有20种在杂交后代中呈连续性变异,具有典型的数量性状遗传特征,有17种在杂交后代中出现1∶1、1∶3、1∶7或1∶15分离,可能是受一对或几对基因控制的质量性状遗传。糖酸总量及各组分在后代中虽然均表现为连续性变异,但各组分的基因效应存在较大差异。育成了自交亲和、品质优良的山农凯新1号和山农凯新2号等早熟杏新品种。     

早熟杏新品种‘金凯特’

中阉生产上栽培的杏品种多为华北生态群．而该生态群杏产量低且不稳定，其主要原因是自花不结实、雌蕊败育和花期低温。山东省果树研究所以自花结实、抗霜冻能力强、雌蕊败育率低、综合性状优良为选育目标。通过实生选种选育出早熟杏新品种‘金凯特’。1997年从‘凯特’大树上采种，1998年播种，2001年丌始结果，表现出抗霜冻能力强、雌蕊败育率低、结果早、     

杏品种授粉生物学研究

以红丰、新世纪等11个杏品种及特新一号等4个新品系为试材,对自交与杂交亲和性、花粉管形态及花粉、花柱氨基酸组分进行了研究,旨在为杏生产和进一步研究提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)按照白花授粉坐果率≥6％为自交亲和这个标准,红丰、新世纪等10个品种为自交不亲和品种(SI),而特新一号等4个新品系是自交亲和的(SC);(2)选自同一杂交组合不同姊妹系的红丰与新世纪杏品种相互授粉坐果率仅为0~0.73％,属于杂交不亲和;(3)不同品种间相互授粉的坐果率差异很大,据此筛选出特早红、红玉杏及凯特等品种是红丰杏适宜的授粉品种;而新世纪用骆驼黄及金太阳等品种授粉的坐果率最高;(4)自交不亲和组合在授粉后72 h花粉管到达花柱3／4处,末端膨大,停止生长,而自交亲和组合的花粉管可以继续生长,并在授粉后96 h进入子房;(5)自交不亲和品种(系)与自交亲和品种(系)花粉的17种氨基酸含量并无显著差异,而花柱氨基酸的组分与花粉氨基酸组分有所不同,其中自交不亲和品种(系)酪氨酸、苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸和精氨酸含量明显高于自交亲和品种(系),差异显著或极显著。     

杏杂种一代群体产量形成因素的研究

 以5～6年生的‘凯特’ ב新世纪’F₁ 代群体52个株系为试材, 对株系的自交坐果率、有效花比率、平均单果质量及单株坐果数等性状的变异及其与单株产量的相关性进行了研究, 结果表明, ①杏自交坐果率、有效花比率、平均单果质量、单株坐果数及单株产量等性状在F₁ 代广泛变异, 其中单株坐果数及自交坐果率的变异系数最大, 分别为102.0%和99.5% , 说明这两个性状的选择潜力较大; ②单株坐果数、自交坐果率及有效花比率均与单株产量极显著正相关, 相关系数( r) 分别为0.945、0.541和0.439, 且自交坐果率、有效花比率与单株坐果数的相关性亦达到极显著水平, 说明自交坐果率及有效花比率均是株系产量形成的主要因素; ③平均单果质量与单株产量的相关系数虽然为负值( r = - 0.176) , 但相关性不显著, 出现这种结果主要是由于在多因素相关分析系统中, 其他因素相互影响造成的。因此, 在本试验体系中, 果实大小不是产量形成的主要因素; ④依据上述相关性的研究结果, 初步提出并讨论了丰产选择与品质选择的“二次选择法”。     

杏(Prunus armeniaca)自交不亲和强度及其授粉受精相关特性

为了解杏自交不亲和性强度与授粉受精相关特性的关系,以自交亲和(Self-compatibility:SC)品种凯特(Prunus armeniaca L．cv．Katy)和自交不亲和(Self-incompatibility:SI)品种新世纪(P.armeniaca L.cv．Xinshiji)及凯特×新世纪杂种群体为试材,荧光显微镜观察自交亲和与自交不亲和杏花粉管生长动态。结果表明,授粉后初期,自交亲和性与自交不亲和性的杏花粉都能正常萌发、生长,但是在花粉管生长延伸到花柱1／2以后,自交亲和性的花粉管能顺利进入子房,而自交不亲和性的花粉管多数顶端膨大呈球形,停止向下生长,只有极个别能正常生长到达子房;杂种后代的可溶性蛋白含量和RNA酶比活力,与亲本相比无明显的趋中变异表现,而且在自交亲和与自交不亲和杏之间无显著性差异。     

Genetic diversity of apricot revealed by a set of SSR markers from linkage group G1

Eight polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers located in the G1 linkage group of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) were previously developed and evaluated in a small set of cultivars. Those primers were used for studying variability in 77 apricot cultivars belonging to five different geographical groups, such as Chinese, Asian (Irano-Caucasian and Central Asian), North American, Mediterranean and Western European as well as Middle European cultivars. Six of the markers were polymorphic and revealed a total of 71 alleles ranging from 5 (aprigms11) to 20 (aprigms1) alleles per locus with a mean value of 11.83 alleles per locus. In conclusion, the SSR loci located in the G1 linkage group show a level of polymorphism which is similar to loci dispersed throughout the entire genome. The total number of alleles and the number of unique alleles were the highest in Chinese apricots and the lowest in Middle European cultivars. Heterozygosity also showed a decrease from Asia and China to Middle Europe. No association could have been observed between any SSR markers tested and plum pox virus (PPV) resistant phenotype of cultivars. PPV resistant cultivars did not form a separate clade on the dendrogram obtained by UPGMA cluster analysis. Middle European and Chinese cultivars formed separate clusters while other genotypes formed smaller multiple sub-groups or scattered among different clusters. Our results support previous hypotheses on the origin of PPV resistance in North American apricots. The allele data was also presented in a form that allowed the easy observation of allele frequencies in each geographical group at each locus. Using this data field, differences and similarities between cultivar groups can be easily assessed. The analysis demonstrated the links between the North American and Mediterranean apricot germplasm and confirmed that the Chinese and Eastern European cultivars are distantly related.     

2001年杏花期晚霜冻害调查研究

查明了2001年泰安杏霜冻的基本情况，华北生态群的特早熟试管杏品种群最抗霜冻，欧洲生态群不抗，化北生态群老品种介于以上二类之间，讨论了抗霜冻与避霜冻以及霜冻与产量的关系，提出预防霜冻的措施，主要包括：选择有利地形、选择抗霜冻品种、采取熏烟和夏季修剪等措施，认为推迟花期的各种方法并不一定能起到预防霜冻的作用。     

新疆主要栽培杏品种香气成分的研究

 本试验采用自动顶空萃取和气相色谱－质谱联用技术(GC－MS)分析了新疆主要栽培杏品种库车小白杏等14个杏品种的香味成分。结果显示：一共检测到208种香味物质,其中包括酯类物质80种、醛类物质25种、酮类物质21种、醇类物质39种、烯烃类物质27种、酸类物质1种以及15种含量较低的其他物质;乙酸丙酯、乙酸-3-甲基-1-丁酯、(Z)-乙酸-3-己烯-1-醇酯、D-柠檬烯、β-芳樟醇、己醛、乙酸己酯、乙酸丁酯、β-月桂烯、丁酸乙酯、β-顺式-罗勒烯等11种香味物质为参试品种的主要香味物质;不同品种的挥发性香味物质组分及其相对含量虽不尽相同,但分属于华北和中亚种群的不同品种间无明显差异。     

南疆栽培杏品种杏仁油脂肪酸组成及其遗传多样性

 采用气—质联用（GC–MS）技术对30个南疆栽培杏品种杏仁油脂肪酸组分及其遗传多样性进行了研究,并与4个华北栽培杏品种进行了比较。在参试的30个南疆杏品种杏仁油中共鉴定出包括油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等15种脂肪酸成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总含量的83.26% ~ 88.81%,各品种均以油酸含量最高,亚油酸次之,棕榈酸第三,存在“高油酸、高亚油酸、低棕榈酸”的优异种质;南疆杏与华北杏杏仁油脂肪酸组成较为接近,均以不饱和脂肪酸为主,脂肪酸组分的含量在各品种间亦存在差异,变异系数分别为6.37% ~ 49.38%和3.44% ~ 79.57%,存在一定程度上的遗传多样性,但油酸及亚油酸等主要脂肪酸组分的变异幅度不大,变异系数均在10%以下。     

Self- and cross-(in)compatibility between important apricot cultivars in northwest Iran

Summary

Knowledge of the self-(in)compatibility trait in commercial apricot cultivars is of great importance for breeders and growers. Five commercial apricot cultivars, widely grown in Iran, were self- and cross-pollinated to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Fruit-set in the orchard and pollen tube growth in pistils, from flowers pollinated in the laboratory, were evaluated. In addition, specific primers previously designed to amplify fragments of the S alleles responsible for the incompatibility trait, were used to amplify DNA extracted from the five cultivars.All results agreed and confirmed that three out of the five cultivars studied were self-incompatible, two of which were cross-incompatible and therefore had the same genotype. The cultivars, ‘Ghorban-e-Marageh’ and ‘Ghermez-e-Shahroodi’ were self-compatible and, interestingly, shared a PCR band with all Spanish self-compatible apricot cultivars examined to date.     

我国果梅品种资源若干果实性状的数量分布及其评价标准探讨

首次对我国(包括台湾)果梅108个品种果实的单果重、可溶性固形物含量、总酸含量、可食率及鲜核重等5个主要品质性状的数量分布进行了分析。结果表明,单果重平均为19.58g±6.24g,集中分布在15.01～20.00g与20.01～25.00g之间;可溶性固形物含量平均为7.44%±1.13%,大多数分布在6.01%～7.00%与7.01%～8.00%的偏低范围内;总酸含量平均为4.74%±0.95%,绝大部分品种资源分布在3.01%～7.00%之间;可食率的平均值为87.97±3.40%,在85%以上的品种数占80.36%;鲜核重平均为2.23g±0.61g,大多数分布在1.51～2.00g和2.01～2.50g之间。首次提出了这些性状的评价标准,从而为果梅资源的研究利用及育种目标的制定提供科学依据。     

Application of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in apricot breeding: molecular characterization,protection, and genetic relationships

Seventeen peach simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been used in the molecular characterization of 8 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars from Spain, North America, France, and Greece; a new breeding line from the apricot breeding program of INRA (Avignon, France); and 13 breeding lines and 3 new releases from the apricot breeding program of CEBAS-CSIC (Murcia, Spain). DNA fingerprints have been developed establishing the genetic relatedness among cultivars, new releases, and breeding lines. Amplification of SSR loci was obtained for all 17 primer pairs and 14 of them produced polymorphic amplification. The number of presumed alleles revealed by the SSR analysis ranged from one to nine, although most primers revealed three alleles or more. The mean number of alleles per locus was 4.1. Results allowed the molecular identification of all the apricot genotypes assayed. Apricot genotypes clustered into seven principal groups in accordance with their origin and pedigree. The implications of these results for apricot breeding programs in terms of protection of new release and design of new crosses are also discussed.     

An assessment of genetic variability and relationships within Asian pears based on AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers

A total of 100 Pyrus L. accessions native mainly to East Asia were subjected to amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to evaluate genetic variability and relationships among the accessions. Six AFLP primer combinations produced a total of 459 fragments, of which 410 were polymorphic with a polymorphism percentage of 89%. The Dice's similarity coefficient among pear accessions ranged from 0.671 (P. betulaefolia Bge and P. elaeagrifolia Pall.) to 0.947 (‘Umajirou’ and ‘Immuraaki’). Occidental pears generally had low similarities to Asian pears. The dendrogram generated from all the accessions by unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic analysis (UPGMA) cluster analysis clearly distinguished Occidental pears from accessions of East Asia. P. ussuriensis Maxim., P. betulaefolia and P. communis L. clustered separately into independent groups in accordance with their morphological classification. Japanese pear cultivars formed two groups with some Chinese white pears and Chinese sand pears. Chinese white pears and Chinese sand pears independently formed their own groups and also mingled into mixed groups in the dendrogram. Therefore, Chinese white pears were treated as a cultivated group or an ecotype of P. pyrifolia: P. pyrifolia White Pear Group. The information obtained from this study will be of great help for understanding the origin and evolution of Asian pear cultivars.     

The Use of Dinitrocresol-Mineral Oil Sprays for the Control of Prolonged Rest in Apple Orchards

Summary

Pluots are putative hybrids between plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.) and apricots (P. armeniaca L.). The capability to distinguish among plum and pluot cultivars is important in breeding and cultivation. We investigated the genetic diversity among 14 plums, 6 pluots and one plumcot representing commercial cultivars in California, with 28 microsatellite markers. We also tested seven apricot cultivars as a reference to ®nd evidence of apricot in the ancestry of pluots and plumcot. The parental material used in the original cross that produced the pluot and plumcot was not available. Of the 28 SSR markers, 25 were from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and three from peach (Prunus persica L.). Approximately 80% of the cherry primers generated ampli®cation products in plum and pluots, showing transportability between these Prunus species. One to eight putative alleles per locus were displayed by the tested SSRs in plums and pluots. In plum and pluot samples a total of 100 alleles were identi®ed with an average of 4.3 alleles per primer combination. The SSR markers were successfully used for the discrimination of all tested cultivars. In pluots, 76 alleles were found in which 63 (83%) were speci®cally coming from plum, 9 (12%) were common in plum, pluots and apricot while no allele in the pluots was observed that was contributed from apricot. In plumcot, 49 alleles were observed in which 25 (51%) were from plum, 18 (36%) were speci®cally from apricot and 6 (12%) were common in plum, plumcot and apricot. Relationships among the 28 plum, pluot and apricot cultivars were represented by a dendrogram, constructed on the basis of 168 SSR markers. The dendrogram showed the plums and pluots form a cluster distinct from the apricots, with pluot cultivars interspersed among plum cultivars and more closely related to plum than to apricot. Plumcot made a separate branch and was placed between the plum and apricot cluster. These results suggest that the SSR markers are valuable tools for identi®cation of cultivars and diversity analyses in plum.