日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

162头生长肥育猪,通过2×3析因子安排分组,完全随机区组设计,随机分配到6处理组中,每个处理3个重复。两因子分别为日粮磷水平和钙磷比,磷的2个水平分别为生长期0.4%,0.5%;肥育期0.3%,0.4%。钙磷比分别为1∶1,1.3∶1,1.6∶1。试验结果表明,日粮中不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪的平均日增重、平均日耗料和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

仔猪日粮锌水平对植酸酶水解植酸盐的效率影响

采用完全随机设计,将72头体重相近、遗传基础相似的35日龄断奶的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验在相同钙水平基础上设4个处理组,分别为:①玉米豆粕基础日粮(对照组);②基础日粮+1000IU/kg植酸酶(处理1);③基础日粮+1000IU/kg植酸酶+800mg/kg锌(处理2);④基础日粮+1000IU/kg植酸酶+1600mg/kg锌(处理3)。添加植酸酶组平均日增重(ADG)、饲料转化率(G:F),钙、磷消化率和骨骼灰分最高。添加植酸酶基础上添加锌平均日增重(ADG)、饲料转化率(G:F)、磷消化率和腓骨灰分降低(P<0.05)。植酸酶释放磷的效率与锌水平呈负相关。结果表明,锌与植酸盐螯合成复合物,降低了植酸酶对植酸盐的水解率。     

生长猪植酸酶的磷当量研究

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加植酸酶对植酸磷利用的影响,确定生长猪的植酸酶磷当量。本试验采用单因素试验设计,以NaH2PO4.2H2O提供外源无机磷,同时添加植酸酶,设计1个低磷基础日粮、4个加磷日粮和3个加酶日粮,分别提供0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6g/kg的有效磷或500、750、1000FTU/kg植酸酶。选择96头体重22kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪,随机等分到8个处理中。通过回归分析,建立响应指标(猪趾骨折断强度和趾骨灰分磷含量)与外源磷添加量之间的线性关系,进而确定植酸酶的磷当量值。结果表明:(1)随外源磷和植酸酶水平的提高,试验猪生产性能明显改善(P<0.05),趾骨灰分磷含量和血磷水平都极显著地升高(P<0.01);(2)无机磷添加水平与响应指标之间存在较强线性关系:y=10.79x 27.23(x-添加磷(g/kg),y-趾骨强度(kg),R2=0.92);y=1.44x 6.86(x-添加磷(g/kg),y-灰分磷(%),R2=0.99);(3)植酸酶的磷当量值与日粮中植酸酶和无机磷水平密切相关,同时也受相应指标种类的影响。本试验条件下,500、750、1000FTU/kg植酸酶分别可替代1kg玉米-豆粕日粮中0.09g、0.44g和0.72g(折断强度)或0.23g、0.58g、1.06g(灰分磷)无机磷。     

南方高温环境下植酸酶对杜长大猪生产性能和钙、磷、蛋白质利用率的影响

本研究选用60头4周龄杜长大断奶仔猪(7.33±0.45kg),评价在我国南方夏季高温环境下植酸酶对高生产性能猪的生物学功效。试验设5个处理组,每个处理组设6个重复(每重复2头猪),饲喂玉米-米糠-豆粕型饲粮。在低磷水平的饲粮(负对照组)中,分别添加250PTU/kg、500PTU/kg、750PTU/kg植酸酶和0.15%无机磷(正对照组),组成5种不同的试验饲粮。试验结果表明:植酸酶的添加,显著提高了断奶到育成阶段猪的日增重和采食量;改善了血清无机磷、钙浓度;提高了饲粮中磷、钙的消化率,降低了粪中磷的排放量。试验结果表明,植酸酶可以部分替代断奶到育成阶段猪饲粮中无机磷,并减轻磷对环境的污染。本研究根据植酸酶和无机磷对猪生产性能、血清相关生化指标和饲粮中磷、钙的消化率反应的比较推断,500～750PTU/kg植酸酶即可替代0.15%饲料无机磷。     

植酸酶和纤维素酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响及蛋鸡非植酸磷需要量研究

选用18周龄海赛克192只 ,研究了玉米—豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶和纤维素酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响以及蛋鸡对非植酸磷的需要量。采用2×2×2因子正交试验设计(L827) ,基础日粮为玉米—豆粕型 ,含玉米60 % ,豆粕27 % ,两个水平非植酸磷(0.38 %、0.16 %) ,两个水平植酸酶(300IU/kg,0) ,两个水平纤维素酶(0.1 % ,0)。试鸡随机分为8组 ,每组4个重复 ,每个重复6只鸡。试验饲养期共7个月。试验结果表明 ,玉米—豆粕型日粮添加0.1 %纤维素酶有降低试鸡日采食量的趋势。添加300IU/kg 植酸酶和0.1 %纤维素酶及其他各因素处理对蛋鸡全试验期平均产蛋率…     

微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷利用率及骨骼发育的影响

本试验旨在研究从断奶到肥育结束,在饲粮中添加微生物植酸酶对猪钙、磷代谢及骨骼发育的影响。试验采用完全随机设计,将72头35日龄断奶的仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头。试验在相同钙水平基础上设4个组,分别为:1)玉米-豆粕基础日粮(对照组);2)基础日粮 植酸酶-50%磷酸氢钙(处理1);3)基础日粮 植酸酶-75%磷酸氢钙(处理2);4)基础日粮 植酸酶-100%磷酸氢钙(处理3)。试验期按体重分3个阶段:8~20 kg、20~50 kg、50~90 kg,3个阶段植酸酶的添加量分别为750、500和250 U/kg。试验结果表明:(1)在8~20 kg和20~50 kg阶段,添加植酸酶的3个处理,钙、磷消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血钙和血磷浓度,处理1和处理2与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),处理3显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。在50~90 kg阶段,添加250 U/kg植酸酶代替100%磷酸氢钙,血磷、血钙浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);(2)在试验的3个阶段添加植酸酶同时降低饲粮无机磷水平,对血清碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05);(3)添加植酸酶使胃中植酸磷消化率显著提高(P<0.0 1),粪中磷排出量显著降低(8~2 0 kg、2 0~5 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 1;5 0~9 0 kg阶段,P<0.0 5);(4)添加植酸酶代替50%或75%磷酸氢钙,猪的掌骨灰分与采食正常磷日粮的对照组无显著差异,但代替100%磷酸氢钙组,猪的掌骨灰分和蹠骨强度则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);添加植酸酶代替50%磷酸氢钙组,猪的蹠骨强度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),代替75%磷酸氢钙组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。总之,在断奶和生长阶段,在猪玉米-豆粕日粮中添加植酸酶可代替部分磷酸氢钙,促进了钙、磷消化利用,促进了骨骼生长,也促进了植酸磷的利用,降低了粪磷排出。     

植酸酶对玉米、豆粕日粮中生长猪代谢的影响

本文通过植酸酶对生长猪的代谢的不同来评估饲喂低植酸玉米、低植酸豆粕、常规玉米、常规豆粕对其的影响。将48头去势的生长猪随机分成8个组,每组6头猪,采用2×2×2的试验设计,猪只日粮均符合日粮标准。结果表明,低植酸玉米组比常规玉米组(2.85:3.24±0.119g/d;P=0.024),低植酸豆粕组比常规豆粕组(2.79:3.30±0.119g/d;P=0.007),植酸酶组比不饲喂植酸酶组(2.80:3.29±0.119g/d;P=0.009),低植酸玉米、豆粕、添加植酸酶组比常规玉米、豆粕和无植酸酶组(2.16:3.70±0.237g/d;P0.001)的粪中的磷都要低。低植酸玉米日粮比常规玉米日粮(48.4:39.9±2.27%;P=0.012),植酸酶日粮比无植酸酶日粮(48.4:39.9±2.27%;P=0.019),低植酸玉米、豆粕、添加植酸酶组比常规玉米、豆粕和无植酸酶组日粮(47.2:41.1±2.27%;P=0.075)的磷的消化率都有所增加,这些说明低植酸玉米、低植酸豆粕或者直接添加植酸酶酶制剂均可以提高磷的利用率并且可以通过粪中磷的降低而改善对环境的污染问题。     

不同磷水平饲粮添加植酸酶对猪生长性能及磷和钙代谢影响的研究

为探讨不同磷水平饲粮添加植酸酶对猪生长性能及磷、钙代谢的影响,选择健康、体重均匀且平均体重约41 kg的40头杜长大三元杂种生长猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组10头、公母各半,设10个重复,每个重复1头猪,分生长（41~60 kg）和肥育（60~90 kg）两个阶段饲养：对照组饲粮分别含总磷0.55%和0.50%、有效磷0.28%和0.24%;低磷加酶1组饲粮分别含总磷0.50%和0.47%、有效磷0.23%和0.21%,添加植酸酶750 FTU/kg饲粮;低磷加酶2组饲粮分别含总磷0.45%和0.44%、有效磷0.18%和0.18%,添加植酸酶750 FTU/kg饲粮;低磷加酶3组饲粮分别含总磷0.40%和0.40%、有效磷0.13%和0.14%,添加植酸酶750 FTU/kg饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期66 d。结果表明：①生长性能,试验全期,与对照组相比,低磷加酶1组、2组和3组日增重都有一定程度的提高（P〉0.05）,料重比分别降低4.81%（P〉0.05）、8.65%（P〉0.05）和13.14%（P〈0.05）。②血清生化指标,肥育阶段,血清钙含量低磷加酶1组、3组与对照组均差异显著（P〈0.05）,血清磷含量、碱性磷酸酶活性各组差异均不显著（P〉0.05）。③磷、钙排泄量,生长阶段,与对照组相比,低磷加酶1组、2组和3组磷排泄量降低19.06%~26.09%（P〈0.01）,钙排泄量均有一定程度的提高;肥育阶段,与对照组相比,低磷加酶2组和3组磷排泄量分别降低29.70%（P〈0.01）和31.68%（P〈0.01）,低磷加酶1组、2组和3组钙排泄量分别降低2.13%（P〉0.05）、30.18%（P〈0.01）和28.96%（P〈0.01）。综上所述,生长肥育猪饲粮无机磷（磷酸氢钙）添加水平降低,直至全部不加,在添加植酸酶（750 FTU/kg饲粮）的条件下,生长性能没有降低,日增重和饲料转化率有提高的趋势,磷排泄量显著降低。     

添加植酸酶对生长猪生产性能及养分消化率影响的研究

试验选用60头体质健康、平均体重为31.3±2.2kg的三元杂交(杜×长×大)生长猪,随机分为3组进行饲养试验和消化试验,以研究棉粕代替豆粕的生长猪日粮中添加植酸酶的效果。结果表明:"玉米 豆粕 棉粕"型日粮中添加400U/kg的植酸酶生长猪日增重比对照组提高14.39%(P<0.05),对采食量和料重比影响不明显;可明显提高钙、磷的消化率,但对干物质、粗蛋白质的表观消化率没有显著影响。     

降低猪饲料中钙磷比例以提高植酸酶活性

饲料中的钙含量过剩会形成不可溶的钙—植酸盐络合物,影响了磷的利用率。在添加了微生物植酸酶的猪饲料中,相应的磷水平一般比较低,那我们这时是否需要调整日粮中的钙磷比例呢？Liu等(1998)在密苏里大学进行了一项检验钙与总磷的比例大小对生长肥育猪的生长性能、胴体品质以及骨强度的试验。1材料与方法　　120头猪(56头阉公猪和64头小母猪),试验开始平均体重为23kg,23kg～54kg为生长期,54kg～123kg为育肥期。试验中收集粪样,并最后测定胴体品质。所使用日粮的成分见表1。表1日粮成分日粮组成生长期(23kg～54kg)育肥期(54kg～123kg)…     

饲料中无机磷和有机磷的测定方法

用分光光度法测定了饲料中的总磷、无机磷、有机磷的含量,将饲料样品处理成溶液,在酸性条件下,磷酸根离子与矾钼酸铵试剂形成黄色配合物,在420nm处测定吸光度,方法操作简便、快速、准确,回收率为97.4%～101.8%。     

不同供磷水平对胡麻磷素养分转运分配及其磷肥效率的影响简

 以“坝选３号”胡麻为材料，研究了不施磷、低磷、中磷和高磷４ 个不同施磷（Ｐ_２Ｏ_５）水平（０，３５，７０ 和１０５ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２）对胡麻植株中磷素累积、转运、分配和磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明，低磷、中磷和高磷水平时，胡麻各器官不同生育阶段磷素养分吸收和累积量的基本趋势一致，但其变化量与施磷量有极大关系。胡麻地上茎、叶、非籽粒和籽粒中，磷素的日增量增幅因器官而异；胡麻只有叶片中有磷素转移，中磷处理比低磷和高磷处理磷转移量增加５４．９３％～７３．８３％和８．１９％～１０．００％（P＜０．０５），籽粒中２０．４６％～３５．９３％ 的磷素是靠叶片转运而来。胡麻植株磷素累积主要在生殖生长阶段，占整个生育期总累积量的７９．０２％～９２．１７％。施磷（Ｐ_２Ｏ_５）量为７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２时磷肥表观利用率和农学效率最高，分别为２０．２２％～２０．５３％和７．３０～７．４４ｋｇ／ｋｇ。胡麻产量随施磷量增加而增加，增幅最高达２８．９６％～３１．４６％。结合产量与磷肥表观利用率和农学效率，本实验区同等肥力土壤条件下，以施磷（Ｐ_２Ｏ_５）量为７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ^２（中磷）为宜。     

The course of phosphorus excretion in growing pigs fed continuously increasing phosphorus concentrations after a phosphorus depletion.

A balance study was performed in order to quantify the effect of continuously increased phosphorus (P) intake on faecal and urinary P excretion. The aim was to quantify the level of intake where regulatory P excretion becomes relevant for comparative digestibility measurements on P, and when the pig adapts its urinary P excretion to increased P intake. Phosphorus intake of growing pigs was continuously increased on a daily basis starting at a marginal level and P excretion via faeces and urine was continuously followed for 92 days. Two semi-synthetic diets were prepared with different proportions of Na2HPO4 resulting in 2.4 (diet 1) and 6.3 (diet 2) g P/kg DM. Concentration of Ca was adapted to achieve a Ca supply approximately 3.1 fold the digestible P supply. Six castrated male crossbred pigs (31 kg BW) were kept individually in metabolism crates after they had undergone a 14 d P depletion period during which they were fed diet 1 solely. Pigs received 1.04kg of diet 1 per day throughout the experiment, and each day the amount of feed and P supplied to pigs from diet 2 was increased by 12 g and 69 mg, respectively. ME supply was approximately 2.4 fold maintenance and average daily BW gain of pigs during the entire experiment was 690 +/- 30 g. While intake increased linearly, faecal excretion of P and Ca increased non-linearly and could be best described by third order polynomial functions. The proportion of ingested P not excreted via faeces followed a quadratic type of curve with a maximum of 81% at 25 days on experiment and P intake of 4.0 g/d. Thereafter, the proportion decreased continuously. The digestibility of P from diet 2, determined by the slope ratio technique, was constant and not affected by P intake up to a P intake of 5 g/d. Renal P excretion did not exceed inevitable losses until day 60 and increased exponentially thereafter when body P reserves were restored. It is concluded, that an adaptation to surplus P supply occurred earlier on the intestinal than on the renal level. While faecal P excretion appeared regulated depending on the actual requirement for P retention, the regulation via urine depended on the P status of the pig. Once the renal P excretion of growing pigs exceeds a level of 25 mg/d, intake of digestible P cannot be regarded sufficiently low to measure P digestibility as a capacity of the feedstuff.     

Relative bioavailability of phosphorus in inorganic phosphorus sources fed to growing pigs

The relative bioavailability of P in 5 sources of inorganic P was determined using growing pigs. The 5 sources of inorganic P were dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP) containing 50% MCP (MCP50), MCP containing 70% MCP (MCP70), MCP containing 100% MCP (MCP100), and monosodium phosphate (MSP). A total of 11 diets were formulated. The basal diet was formulated to contain 0.10% P, and 10 additional diets were formulated by adding 0.07 or 0.14% P from each of the 5 P sources to the basal diet. Growing pigs (n = 44; initial BW: 16.8 ± 4.3 kg) were individually housed and randomly allotted to the 11 experimental diets. Feed was provided on an ad libitum basis throughout the 28-d experimental period. At the conclusion of the experiment, all pigs were killed, and 4 bones (i.e., the third and fourth metacarpals on both front feet) were harvested. Bone-breaking strength, bone ash, and Ca and P concentrations were determined. The concentration of bone ash increased (P < 0.05) as MCP50, MCP70, MCP100, or MSP were added to the basal diet, and the concentration of bone P also increased (P < 0.05) as MCP70, MCP100, or MSP were added to the basal diet. The relative bioavailability of P in each of the feed phosphates was determined using slope ratio methodologies based on breaking strength, and expressed relative to MSP. The slope of the regression line for diets containing MSP or MCP100 was steeper (P < 0.05) than the slope for pigs fed the diet containing DCP, but not different (P > 0.05) from that of pigs fed diets supplemented with MCP50 or MCP70. In conclusion, P in MSP and MCP100 is more bioavailable than P in DCP, but there were no differences within MCP sources.     

低磷土壤条件对不同苜蓿品种的生长和磷效率的影响

为探究不同苜蓿品种对低磷土壤条件的适应性,以甘农3号、甘农5号、甘农9号、甘农10号、WL358HQ、WL343HQ、WL363HQ、WL354HQ、金皇后9个苜蓿品种为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法,对不同苜蓿品种的株高、生物量、磷含量、磷吸收和利用效率进行了研究,并采用灰色关联度对不同品种苜蓿的表现进行综合评价.结果表明:低磷条件下,结合鲜重和干重,WL343HQ品种生长速度较其他品种快;9个苜蓿品种的磷含量排序为:甘农10号>WL354HQ>WL343HQ>WL358HQ>WL363HQ>金皇后>甘农3号>甘农5号>甘农9号;WL343HQ磷吸收效率最高,为1.32 mg/pot,金皇后最低,为0.58 mg/pot,总体表现为WL343HQ>WL358HQ>甘农5号>甘农9号>WL363HQ>甘农10号>甘农3号>WL354HQ>金皇后;甘农3号磷利用效率最高,为0.84 g/mg,甘农10号最低,为0.53 g/mg.灰色关联度综合评价得出WL343HQ、WL358HQ、WL354HQ和甘农5号为低磷土壤条件下表现较好的4个品种,适宜在土壤有效磷含量较低的土壤上种植.     

内源磷和磷的真消化率评定方法

磷(P)是动物体内必需的矿物质元素,具有重要的生物学功能。但是,磷的过多又会造成浪费和环境污染。只有磷的真消化率才能够更准确、真实地反映动物对磷的消化吸收情况。因此准确测定内源磷的排泄量和准确测定磷真消化率已经变得至关重要。本文介绍了几种测定内源磷和磷真消化率评定方法。     

Effect of dietary phosphorus content on milk production and phosphorus excretion in dairy cows

Background：Phosphorus（P） supplementation is costly and can result in excess P excretion.This study investigated the effects of reducing dietary P on milk production and P excretion in dairy cows over a full lactation.Method：Forty-five multiparous Holstein dairy cows were divided into 15 blocks according to expected calving date and previous milk yield,and assigned randomly to one of the three dietary treatments：0.37,0.47,and 0.57%P（DM basis）;these P levels represent the NRC recommendations,Chinese recommendations,and the amount of dietary P commonly fed by Chinese dairy farmers,respectively.Average daily feed intake was calculated from monthly data on feed offered and refused.Milk yields of individual cows were recorded weekly,and milk samples were taken for analysis of protein,fat,solids-not-fat,lactose,and somatic cell count.Blood samples were collected on days-6,-3,0,3,6 relative to calving,and then monthly throughout lactation,and analyzed for P and Ca concentrations.Spot samples of feces and urine were collected for 3 consecutive d during weeks 12,24,and 36,and P concentrations were analyzed.Reproduction and health data were recorded.Results：Dietary P did not affect dry matter intake or milk yield（P〉 0.10）.Milk fat content was slightly higher in cows fed 0.37%P than in cows fed 0.47%P（P = 0.05）.Serum concentrations of P and Ca did not reflect dietary P content（P〉 0.10）.Fecal and urinary P both declined linearly（P〈 0.05） as dietary P decreased from 0.57 to0.37%.Fecal P content was 25%less when dietary P was 0.37%compared to 0.57%.Health events and reproductive performance were not associated with dietary P content（P〉 0.05）.Conclusions：Lowering dietary P from 0.57 to 0.37%did not negatively affect milk production,but did significantly reduce P excretion into environment.     

施磷对滴灌苜蓿干草产量及磷素含量的影响

为探讨不同施磷量对滴灌苜蓿干草产量、吸磷量及苜蓿磷素利用效率的影响,明确不同磷素水平下土壤全磷和速效磷的含量分布特征。试验设4种施磷梯度,分别为施P₂O₅ 0 kg·hm^-2(CK)、50 kg·hm^-2(P₁)、100 kg·hm^-2(P₂)、150 kg·hm^-2(P₃),采用滴灌水肥一体化施肥方式,平均分4次分别在返青后的分枝期、第1茬、第2茬、第3茬刈割后3~5 d施入。结果表明,各茬次苜蓿植株叶片、茎秆磷含量在P₂处理下达到最大值,其中叶片磷含量数值分别为0.223%,0.275%,0.292%和0.218%;茎秆磷含量数值分别为0.202%,0.223%,0.201%和0.146%。苜蓿叶片磷含量大于茎秆磷含量。滴灌苜蓿植株的干草产量、吸磷量随着施磷量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,在第1茬P₂处理达到最大值,数值分别为6.54 t·hm^-2和13.78 kg·hm^-2。土壤全磷含量、速效磷含量随着施磷量的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势,且各施磷处理显著大于未施磷处理(P<0.05),滴灌苜蓿总干草产量在P₂处理条件下达到最大,达21.24 t·hm^-2。苜蓿的磷素利用效率为随施磷量的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,P₁处理苜蓿的磷素利用效率在第1茬达到最大值为28.37%。滴灌苜蓿植株吸磷量与干草产量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。当施P₂O₅为100 kg·hm^-2(P₂)时,能够有效促进苜蓿根系对土壤速效磷的吸收,提高苜蓿磷素利用效率,进而提高滴灌苜蓿干草产量。