冬植甘蔗新台糖1号高产栽培生态学研究：I.生长规律与生长模型的 …

分析比较７种常用的一元生长模型,采用非线性最小二乘法的Ｍａｒｑｕａｒｄｔ迭代同步求解模型参数的方法对冬植甘蔗新台糖１号的生长模型进行拟合,得到株高的最佳生长模型：Ｈ＝Ｃ０＊（１－ｅ＾－ｃｌ＊Ｔ）１／（１－Ｃ２）＝４３２．８３０３＊（１－ｅ＾－０．０１４１６Ｔ）＾９．２７６４。模型的拟合精度高,适用性强,可在儋州市那大镇附近蔗区应用（其他地区可作参考）经模型性质分析,得出植后９４ｄ（４月下旬）甘蔗在     

霜冻对甘蔗品质影响及不同品种的抗逆性

研究了不同霜害程度对甘蔗品质的影响，观测了各甘蔗品种的抗逆性，结果表明，受冻１个月后的甘蔗蔗糖分下降１．８６－４．９６个百分点，甘蔗密度损失４．９０２－１２．４２个百分点，新台糖１６号、ＣＰ８０／１８２７和桂糖１２号抗冻能力明显优于其他品种，对如何处理霜冻甘蔗提出了相应原措施。     

孟加拉国甘蔗研究所自育甘蔗品种在孟加拉国的区域表现

2002-2003年在巴林德水平地（AZE25）的塞拉杰甘杰、布拉马普特拉河和贾木纳泛滥平原（AZE8）新垦地的马尼格甘杰以及布拉马普特拉河泛滥平原（AZE9）熟地的谢尔布尔等三个厂区外研究探讨了不同甘蔗品种的表现。供试的5个孟加拉国甘蔗研究所自育甘蔗品种分别为Isd16,Isd28,Isd29,Isd30和Isd31,以一个当地品种做对照。结果表明,Isd16的甘蔗产量显著最高,为91．5t／ha,其余依次为Isd31的86．5t／ha,Isd30的79．5t／ha,Isd28的78．08t／ha和Isd29的76．69t／ha,而当地品种的单产最低,才70．39t／ha。锤度的大小顺序为Isd16〉Isd30〉Isd31〉Isd28〉Isd29〉当地品种。不同区域的甘蔗产量和产量构成因子都有显著差异。在马尼格甘杰的甘蔗产量最高,为85．65t／ha,在谢尔布尔的甘蔗产量次之,为80．75t／ha,而在塞拉杰甘杰的甘蔗产量最低,才74．95t／ha。品种和地点对甘蔗产量和产量构成因子有显著的连应,甘蔗品种Isd31在马尼格甘杰的甘蔗产量最高,为99．93t／ha,而当地品种在谢尔布尔的甘蔗产量最低,才51．94t／ha。     

勐海县甘蔗霜冻及蔗糖分变化

勐海县蔗区海拔高,气温低,甘蔗生不受霜冻影响较大,轻霜年年有,中霜３－４年出现１次,重霜１０－１５出现１次。为掌握甘蔗冻后不同品种的蔗糖分变化情况,指导霜冻后甘蔗品种的收砍,在甘蔗霜冻后５０天内,不同时期对新台糖１６号、新台糖２０号、选蔗３号、云蔗８９／１５１、桂糖１５号、勐海９２／２２９、勐海９２／３５１等１７个甘蔗品种进行检糖化验分析。     

甘蔗增糖增产剂示范推广技术总结

为探讨复合性营养型的化学催熟剂－甘蔗增糖增产剂在我县蔗区应用的可行性，在１９９４／９５年榨季实施４００公斤示范推广经验上，在１９９５／９６年榨季继续推广６６６．７公顷，每公顷用４５００ｍｌ，增糖增产剂兑水７５０ｋｇ进行喷施，３０天后调查表明，可增加甘蔗蔗糖份，１．３５％，田间锤度增加２．２４％，每公顷增产蔗茎６２９１ｋｇ，增幅达９．４％，大机压榨甘蔗蔗糖份增加０．７１％，重力纯度增加０．１０４％。     

甘蔗新品种闽糖86／330高产高糖栽培技术研究

闽糖８６／３３０是福建省农科院甘蔗研究所培育成功的高产、高糖、稳产的甘蔗新品种。１９９１－１９９６年在漳州市芗城区石亭镇示范推广面积１６７公顷，平均每公顷产蔗１１６．０５吨，比当家对照种闽糖７０／６１１夺产１７．２％±，增产效果达极显著水平。５吨，比当家对照种闽米７０。６１１产１７．５２％，增效果达到     

甘蔗愈伤组织块幼小植株的分化

以甘蔗幼嫩叶鞘为外植体,ＭＳ为基本培养基,加入２－３ｍｇ／Ｌ的２．４－Ｄ诱导愈伤组织,附加不同种类和组合的植物激素进行分化培养。结果表明;愈伤组织块幼小植株的分化与植物激素种类、激素浓度、碳源、蔗糖深度、甘蔗基因型及诱导愈僵时所用生长素浓度有关。     

蔗汁更正锤度与甘蔗蔗糖份的相关分析

本文收集了本所从１９８７－１９９５年的全部糖份化验分析数据，对甘蔗的蔗汁更正锤度匚甘蔗蔗糖份进行了不同品种、不同月份的相关分析，得出蔗汁更正锤度与甘蔗蔗糖份呈极显著正相关关系，并建立不同品种、不同时期甘蔗蔗糖份的数学模型：ｙ↑＾＝－２．２８８３＋０．８７３６ｘ（式中的ｙ↑＾为甘蔗蔗糖份，ｘ为改正后的蔗汁锤度）。绝对误差为０－０．２７。     

施肥模式和种植行距对甘蔗含糖量和产量的影响

本文采用Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ三种肥料不同的施肥模式和种植行距的４因子５水平２次正交旋转组合设计全部实施的研究方法,得出了甘蔗含糖量高于１４％,甘蔗产量高于７５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２和产糖量高于１０．５ｔ／ｈｍ＾２的最佳施肥模式和种植行距。试验结果的验证和不面积的生产性推广证实;适合于试验地所处的生态环境植蔗区的最佳种植行距为０．８０－０．８５ｍ,氮肥（尿素）最适宜用量为０．６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２;磷肥（过磷酸钙）施用过多会影     

两种液肥对台糖172甘蔗产量及品质的效应

分别用１／５００浓度蔗丰灵和１／５００浓度动植宝叶面喷施甘蔗台糖１７２,能增加甘蔗产量,明显改善甘蔗品质,不影响第二年宿根蔗出苗分蘖。蔗丰灵处理的,使甘蔗增产４．８４％,提高甘蔗糖分２．１５％（绝对值）,宿根蔗的出苗分蘖比对照增加２．２％。动植宝处理的可使甘蔗增产４．０５％,提高甘蔗糖分０．９９５％（绝对值）,宿根蔗出苗分蘖与对照相同。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).