Reproductive response of fat‐tailed Barbarine ewes subjected to short‐term nutritional treatments including spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus‐indica f. inermis) cladodes

Reproductive outputs in fat‐tailed Barbarine sheep in central Tunisia are often low because of feed shortage and the low nutritive value of diets. Supplementation with conventional concentrates is economically unsuitable in central Tunisia, so more cost‐effective and sustainable alternative feeding strategies need to be developed. We tested effects of short‐term nutritional treatments including cactus cladodes during the induction of ‘male effect’ on fertility and prolificacy parameters (follicular growth, ovulatory response and early embryo losses). One hundred and twenty ewes were distributed in 4 equal groups balanced for live weight grazed natural pastures and were supplemented for 21 days, starting day 10 after introduction of rams, with cactus cladodes (CA), cactus cladodes and soybean meal (CAS), concentrate (CC) or only soybean meal (S). Nutritional treatment did not affect live weight in this experiment. Ewes receiving cactus had higher number of large pre‐ovulatory follicles (≥6 mm; 1.08 ± 0.05), between days 14 and 19 after introduction of rams, than females in the CC and S ewes (0.64 ± 0.06; p < 0.05). However, there were no differences in the onset of oestrous behaviour in response to ‘male effect’ or in the number of corpora lutea. Average ovulation rates were 1.42 ± 0.16 for CC, 1.47 ± 0.13 for CAS, 1.31 ± 0.15 for CA and 1.31 ± 0.13 for S groups respectively. Finally, reproductive wastages at day 35 after mating were not different between groups being 0.33 ± 0.19 for CC, 0.60 ± 0.17 for CAS, 0.43 ± 0.16 for CA and 0.31 ± 0.15 for S groups respectively. It is concluded that Barbarine ewes fed nutritional treatments including cactus performed similarly to those receiving diets including conventional concentrate feeds.     

添加剂对青贮水稻秸秆发酵品质的改善作用

水稻种植产生大量的作物残渣,其中只有20%用于工业和生活用途。在大多数发展中国家(特别是东南亚),水稻秸秆常常被用作反刍动物的饲料原料。但由于其蛋白质含量低,木质素和二氧化硅含量高,消化率和营养价值受到限制。青贮可以提高水稻秸秆的营养价值,促进其合理利用。影响青贮饲料质量的因素主要包括水溶性碳水化合物、微生物菌群和原料的收获条件。饲料添加剂可以控制发酵过程,提高青贮饲料的营养成分和稳定性。本文综述了青贮饲料加工的一些实际问题,以及利用添加剂提高水稻秸秆发酵质量。     

Carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs fed with cassava foliage hay and spineless cactus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the total or partial replacement of Tifton 85 hay (TH) by cassava foliage hay (CH) and/or spineless cactus (SC) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of confined lambs. Thirty-five Dorper x Santa Inês crossbred lambs were used, with an initial average weight of 16.0 ± 1.9 kg, fed with five treatment diets: 70% TH, 70% CH, 35% TH + 35% CH, 35% TH + 35% SC, and 35% CH + 35% SC. After 90 days of confinement, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass and meat data were compared using the Tukey test at 5%. The partial replacement of TH by SC increased the cold carcass weight by 3.9 kg (p < .05). The proportion of fat (%) increased (p < .05) when TH was replaced by CH + SC. The intensity of red (a*) was lower (p < .05) in the meat of animals fed with CH or CH + SC. It is recommended to partially replace TH with SC, or to replace totally with CH in association with SC.     

不同添加剂对不带穗玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质的影响

本试验主要探讨了糖蜜、植物乳杆菌和甲酸3种添加剂对不带穗玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质的影响。试验设对照组、糖蜜、植物乳杆菌和甲酸4个处理组。在发酵第1、3、7、15、30和60天分别开罐取样进行检测分析。结果表明,与对照组相比,3种添加剂都增大了不带穗玉米秸秆青贮发酵末期的pH和干物质含量,都提高了发酵过程中乳酸与乙酸的生成比例,但3种添加剂并没有提高玉米秸秆青贮饲料干物质消化率。     

仙人掌果实对奶牛泌乳性能、氮利用及采食行为的影响

本研究评估了仙人掌果实与不同粗饲料结合对荷斯坦奶牛采食量、营养物质消化率、氮平衡、摄食行为和泌乳性能的影响。试验选择泌乳期为(72±11)d的8头奶牛,采用4×4拉丁试验设计,共4种试验日粮:T1组为75%青贮高粱组,T2组为75%象草组,T3组为37.5%青贮高粱+37.5%仙人掌果实,T4组为37.5%象草+37.5%仙人掌果实。结果:青贮高粱组干物质摄入量最高(P<0.05)。不同日粮组干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、非纤维碳水化合物和总可消化养分摄入量存在显著差异(P<0.05)。仙人掌果实组较青贮高粱和象草组日饮水量降低44.52%(P<0.05)。与象草组、象草+仙人掌果实组相比,青贮高粱组、青贮高粱+仙人掌果实组氮平衡降低59.71%和27.49%(P<0.05)。结论:奶牛日粮中以仙人掌果实与青贮高粱或象草的组合并没有改变荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量,但降低了营养物质和水分摄入量,同时提高了养分消化率。     

仙人掌提取物对蛋鸡产蛋性能、抗氧化能力、免疫功能及血液生化指标的影响

试验选取360只315日龄罗曼蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复30只鸡,分别饲喂添加0(对照组)、100、200、300 mg/kg仙人掌提取物的试验日粮,试验期49 d。研究仙人掌提取物对蛋鸡产蛋性能、血液生化指标、抗氧化能力和免疫机能的影响。结果表明:(1)日粮添加仙人掌提取物对蛋鸡采食量无显著影响(P>0.05),可显著提高产蛋率和平均蛋重(P<0.05);(2)200、300 mg/kg添加量水平可显著提高蛋鸡血清中钙、磷的含量,显著降低血清中胆固醇的含量;(3)仙人掌提取物能够提高蛋鸡血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶的活性和降低血清中丙二醛的含量;(4)300 mg/kg添加量能够显著提高蛋鸡血清中IgA、IgE、IgM、补体C3和补体C4的含量(P<0.05)。上述结果说明,在饲料中添加仙人掌提取物能够在一定程度上提高蛋鸡产蛋性能、抗氧化能力和免疫功能,改善血液生化指标。     

复合酶制剂对玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质的影响

为研究复合酶制剂对玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质的影响,本试验共设4个处理组,试验Ⅰ组:玉米秸秆+0.6kg/t复合酶制剂;试验Ⅱ组玉米秸秆+1.0 kg/t复合酶制剂;试验Ⅲ组:玉米秸秆+1.4 kg/t复合酶制剂;对照组:玉米秸秆。结果表明:(1)试验Ⅰ组除酸性洗涤纤维和pH值显著低于对照组外,其他指标差异均不显著。(2)试验Ⅱ组干物质和粗蛋白质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而pH值中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组氨态氮、丁酸含量较对照组有所下降,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。(3)试验Ⅲ组的粗蛋白质、乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其他指标与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合评价,添加复合酶制剂能改善玉米秸秆青贮品质,并以1.0 kg/t水平效果最好。     

生物添加剂和含水率对紫花苜蓿和猫尾草青贮发酵品质的影响

试验旨在研究紫花苜蓿绿汁发酵液（AFGJ）、猫尾草绿汁发酵液（TFGJ）、乳酸菌制剂（LAB）、纤维素酶（CEL）及LAB＋CEL（MIX）对紫花苜蓿和猫尾草青贮发酵品质的影响。用紫花苜蓿和猫尾草各2种含水率（高、低）的原料制作了青贮。每个处理设2次重复，常温下贮存50d，开封后测定青贮的发酵品质。研究结果表明，添加剂对紫花苜蓿和猫尾草青贮的发酵品质有显著影响（P〈0．05），除AFGJ和TFGJ高含水率紫花苜蓿青贮外，各种添加剂均不同程度地改善了高、低含水率紫花苜蓿和猫尾草青贮的发酵品质；含水率对紫花苜蓿和猫尾草青贮的发酵品质有显著影响（P〈0．05），2种牧草均是低含水率优于高含水率青贮的发酵品质；添加剂和含水率对青贮的发酵品质有显著的交互作用（P〈0．05）。综合各项指标，在高、低含水率紫花苜蓿青贮中均以添加MIX效果最好；在高含水率猫尾草青贮中，添加TFGJ和AFGJ效果相近且优于其他添加剂；在低含水率猫尾草青贮中添加AFGJ、TFGJ、LAB和MIX效果相近，且优于添加CEL。结果表明，适当降低原料含水率并选择适宜的添加剂可调制优质青贮。     

Intake,digestibility and metabolism in sheep fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck)

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) on...     

Ovines submitted to diets containing cassava foliage hay and spineless cactus forage: histological changes in the digestive and renal systems

The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological alterations in the digestive and renal systems of 35 male ovines in Paraíba, Brazil, at around 16?± 1.87 kg submitted to the following treatments for 90 days (15 of adaptation +?75 of experimental period): 1- Tifton hay (TH); 2- Cassava foliage hay (CH); 3–35% TH and 35% CH; 4–35% TH and 35% forage palm (FP), and 5–35% CH and 35% FP, based on dry matter (DM). Samples of the liver, kidney, rumen, and small intestine were histomorphometrically evaluated and the data were submitted to ANOVA analysis and Tukey post test at p ≤?0.05. The use of alternative foods in the voluminous fraction (CH?+?FP) in the ovine diets did not compromise the performance of the animals; on the contrary, promoted better gain when compared with TH treatment (18.55 kg vs 9.42 kg). The CH?+?FP diet had a positive effect on papilla height. The papilla width decreased with the diets CH?+?FP and TH?+?FP. The thickness of the ruminal muscular layer were higher in the diets containing TH?+?CH and CH?+?FP. The keratinized layer of the ruminal epithelium was larger in the diet containing CH and FP. The villi of the intestinal crypts were deeper in the diets with FP and the villus/crypt ratio was the same in all diets. Goblet cells decreased with the CH or FP diet. Some renal changes were observed according to the diets, mainly when using FP. It is recommended to use CH and FP as a large fraction of the ovines diet, which will not alter animal performance.

     

十个玉米品种在广州种植和青贮的潜力研究

为筛选适宜在广州种植的青贮玉米品种,采用随机区组设计种植和袋装青贮的方法,研究了10个玉米品种(京科青贮301、农大108、赣单2、大丰3、宜黄单4、雅玉8、先玉335、郑单958、雅玉26、华玉8)的种植和青贮潜力。结果表明,1)品种间全株干物质产量(P<0.05)和消化率(P<0.01)差异显著,参试品种均超过对照品种华玉8,其中雅玉8的干物质产量最大,达14.30 t/hm²;京科青贮301干物质消化率最高,达78.15%。品种间的相对饲用价值呈现显著差异(P<0.05),京科青贮301的相对饲用价值为123.52,比对照高17.90%(P<0.05),郑单958、赣单2、先玉335、雅玉8、农大108不同程度地高于对照。2)品种间的干物质、粗灰分和无氮浸出物含量差异显著(P<0.05),各品种干物质含量比对照均有不同程度的提高,雅玉26、大丰3、雅玉8干物质含量均达到40%;雅玉26、大丰3、农大108和雅玉8的无氮浸出物含量较高,分别达到65.31% DM、63.94% DM、63.38% DM和62.17% DM。品种间的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)玉米品种间植株附着的乳酸菌和霉菌差异显著(P<0.05),郑单958的乳酸菌数达10⁶ cfu/g FM,高于其他品种。4)各玉米品种青贮后的pH值、乳酸和丙酸含量差异显著(P<0.05),对照华玉8的pH值最低为3.63,雅玉8的pH值最高,达4.22;对照华玉8的乳酸含量最高,达9.16% DM。丁酸含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但雅玉8和郑单958没有检测到。各品种青贮的NH₃-N/TN含量差异极显著(P<0.01),雅玉8、郑单958和大丰3分别为8.81%、10.04%和10.61%,至少比对照低13.39%。综合各品种全株干物质产量、营养价值和青贮效果,雅玉8在广州地区种植作青贮饲料利用更有潜力。     

Partially replacing sorghum silage with cactus (Opuntia stricta) cladodes in a soybean oil-supplemented diet markedly increases trans-11 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and 18:2 n-6 contents in cow milk

Based on low 18:0 contents observed in milk fat of cows fed cactus cladodes (CC), we hypothesized that including Opuntia stricta cladodes in a soybean oil (SO)-supplemented diet would promote incomplete rumen biohydrogenation of supplemental PUFA, leading to increased trans-11 18:1 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA contents in milk. Twelve Holstein cows were used in a two-period study: (a) Baseline: all cows received a total mixed ration (TMR) composed of sorghum silage (SS) and a concentrate containing no SO for 14 days; (b) Treatment: cows received one of the following SO-supplemented diets for 21 days: (1) SS-TMR: a TMR composed of SS and a SO-enriched concentrate, (2) CC-TMR: a TMR containing CC as a partial substitute for SS plus the SO-enriched concentrate, and (3) CC-PMR: same diet as in treatment 2, but CC were mixed with the SO-enriched concentrate and fed as a partial mixed ration (PMR). Both CC diets increased relative abundances of trans-11 18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA, and 18:2 n-6 in milk fat, whereas opposite effects were observed on 18:0 and cis-9 18:1. Proportion of 18:2 n-6 increased, and cis-9, trans-11 CLA tended to increase with CC-PMR as compared to CC-TMR, whereas 18:3 n-3 was higher with CC-PMR than with SS-TMR. Proportions of several odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, certain 18:1 isomers, and trans-9, cis-11 CLA changed with CC diets, notably with CC-PMR. Milk yield and intake of most nutrients (except fibre) increased or tended to increase with the CC diets, whereas gross milk composition was unaltered. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 index for C18 (SCD₁₈) was higher with CC-PMR than with SS-TMR, and milk n-6:n-3 FA ratio and apparent transfer of 18:2 n-6 to milk increased with CC diets. These results indicate that Opuntia stricta cladodes can be a valuable feed ingredient for improving the nutraceutical value of milk fat.     

Ruminal and morphometric parameters of the rumen and intestines of sheep fed with increasing levels of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck)

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The objective of this study was to evaluate the ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3, and microbial protein) and morphometry of the rumen and intestine of sheep fed...     

晾晒时间和青贮时间对青贮玉米发酵品质的影响

目的 探究不同晾晒时间和青贮时间对全株青贮玉米发酵品质的影响。方法 以玉米（Zea mays L.）青贮品种“曲辰9号”为试验材料,将乳熟末期的青贮玉米全株收获粉碎后,在阴凉处分别晾晒0（对照,CK）、1、2、3、4 d,然后在塑料桶（5 L）中分别进行青贮,待青贮60、90、120 d时进行发酵品质的评定。结果 青贮玉米的含水量随着晾晒时间的增加而降低,在晾晒2、3、4 d后含水量显著（P<0.05）低于CK;用晾晒2、3、4 d的全株青贮玉米原料进行青贮,pH值显著（P<0.05）高于CK,晾晒2 d青贮120 d处理除外。晾晒时间对乳酸、丁酸、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均产生显著（P<0.05）影响,青贮时间仅对乳酸、丁酸产生显著（P<0.05）影响,其中,乳酸含量随着青贮时间的延长而增加,丁酸含量在原料晾晒之后明显增加。CK处理中,青贮90、120 d的NDF含量显著（P<0.05）高于青贮60 d处理。利用氨态氮、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸开展V-Score分析,晾晒导致青贮玉米发酵品质降低,试验中品质较优的青贮为原料粉碎后未经晾晒的处理（CK）。结论 在未经晾晒处理下进行青贮60 d的青贮玉米,综合品质较高。在青贮玉米原料含水量为74%时,不建议粉碎之后通过晾晒降低含水量再青贮。     

凋萎和添加剂对稻草裹包青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响

本试验旨在研究凋萎和添加剂对稻草裹包青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响。将10月底收割的鲜稻草和凋萎24 h稻草(干鲜比分别为36.5%、42.3%)均设4个组,即对照组、糖蜜组(单独添加糖蜜)、青贮宝组(单独添加青贮宝)和糖蜜+青贮宝组(糖蜜和青贮宝联合添加),每组制作3包。常温裹包青贮50 d后,开包采样进行感官品质、发酵参数和营养价值评定。结果显示:无论鲜稻草是否凋萎,稻草单独青贮难以成功,添加剂糖蜜、青贮宝的添加有利于稻草的裹包青贮;单独添加青贮宝显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的氨态氮(NH_3-N)含量(P0.05);单独添加糖蜜显著提高凋萎稻草青贮的乙酸含量(P0.05),显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量(P0.05);联合添加糖蜜和青贮宝可显著提高鲜稻草或凋萎稻草青贮的粗蛋白质(CP)和钙(Ca)含量(P0.05),显著降低鲜贮稻草青贮的NDF含量(P0.05),显著降低凋萎稻草青贮的NH_3-N含量(P0.05),显著增加凋萎稻草青贮的乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量(P0.05)。凋萎显著降低稻草青贮的干物质回收率和丙酸含量(P0.05),提高稻草青贮的CP和NH_3-N含量(P0.05)。综上,稻草单独青贮难以成功,添加糖蜜和青贮宝有利于提高稻草青贮的发酵品质,稻草青贮前凋萎要适度。     

Replacement of wheat bran with spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica Mill cv Gigante) and urea in the diets of Holstein x Gyr heifers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the replacement effect of wheat bran with spineless cactus and urea in heifers. Twenty-four heifers with an average initial weight of 185?±?13 kg were used in this experiment. Four levels of spineless cactus corrected with urea and ammonium sulfate (9:1) were studied: 0, 33, 66, and 100 % replacement with wheat bran. Samples of feed, orts, and feces were analyzed to estimate the intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients. Indigestible neutral detergent fiber was used as an internal marker. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrient intake demonstrated a quadratic effect (P?P?P?相似文献   

Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Cellulase Additives at Different Temperatures on the Fermentation Quality of Corn and Guineagrass Silages

在两项试验中，用玉米（ＺｅａｍａｙｓＬ．）（试验１）和大黍（ＰａｎｉｃｕｍｍａｘｉｍｕｍＪａｃｑ．）（试验２）加入外加剂乳酸菌（ＬＡＢ）、支顶孢属纤维素酶（ＡＣ）及二者的结合（ＡＣ＋ＬＡＢ）做处理，不加外加剂为对照，分别在１０、２０、３０和４０℃恒温下青贮。结果表明，试验１中所有玉米青贮料，虽然与１０℃低温和４０℃高温时相比在２０和３０℃时的效果略好，但无论在何种外加剂和温度下都保存良好。在试验２中，ＡＣ与ＡＣ＋ＬＡＢ在所有温度处理下均比对照和ＬＡＢ更显著地提高了大黍青贮料的ｐＨ值和乳酸的含量，而且在４０℃时显著地减少了丁酸和挥发性碱性氮（ＶＢＮ）的含量。在各个温度水平中，外加剂乳酸菌对发酵均无甚影响。无论是否加入外加剂，在３０℃的所有大黍青贮料的丁酸含量均最高。与对照和加入ＬＡＢ的相比，单独加入ＡＣ及其与ＬＡＢ结合，均使玉米和大黍青贮料中的结构性醣类有部分的降解，并减低了ＮＤＦ和ＡＤＦ的含量。但温度对ＡＣ的降解能力无显著影响。     

海南天然饲草青贮饲料中乳酸菌分离鉴定及优良菌株筛选

为筛选适合热带牧草的高温发酵优良乳酸菌，改善青贮发酵品质，本试验从海南岛不同气候区采集野生草本植物斑茅(Saccharum arundinaceum)、蔓生莠竹(Microstegium vagans)和木本植物银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)，青贮60 d后分离纯化乳酸菌，以培养36 h条件下最终发酵液pH≤4且OD(Optical density,吸光度)≥2作为条件初筛乳酸菌。用温度T=40℃，45℃，50℃和pH=3.0，3.5，4.0，6.0，8.0，9.0进行复筛，选取OD值较高的菌株作为优势菌株，再对其进行16S rDNA序列分析、生长和产酸速率测定以及生理生化实验。结果表明，本试验共分离到98株天然乳酸菌，经筛选得到4株优良乳酸菌(15B，10D，13C，14B)。经鉴定，10D，13C，14B为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)，15B为乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)。菌株15B，10D，13C，14B均耐酸、耐高温、且生长及产酸性能优良，具有良好的青贮潜力并对致病菌具有良好的抑制作用，可作为热带地区制备青贮添加剂的备选菌种。     

Effect of temperature and duration of ensiling on in vitro degradation of maize silages in rumen fluid

The effects of ensiling temperature and duration of ensiling on the feeding quality of whole‐crop maize (Zea mays L.) silages were investigated. Samples of one cultivar of maize plants were collected from two different fields, grown in different years on sandy soils. Samples were collected when the whole‐plant dry matter content was approximately 330 g/kg. Maize plants were chopped and ensiled in mini silos at three different ambient temperatures (5, 12 and 18 °C). The ensiling temperature affected the ensiling fermentation processes, causing different rates of pH decline and different final pH values. Samples from the silos were taken after 0 (not ensiled, i.e. control), 4, 8 and 16 weeks of ensiling. The silage samples were not dried, but ground‐frozen under liquid nitrogen to pass a 1‐mm sieve. The gas production technique was used to evaluate the influence of the ensiling temperature and the duration of ensiling on the degradation of the silage samples in rumen fluid. The gas production was highest when the maize was ensiled at 12 °C (p < 0.0001). An increase in ensiling duration caused a decrease in silage pH, accompanied by a decrease in gas production (p < 0.0001). The decrease in gas production was linearly related to the decrease in pH at the three temperatures. The present study shows that both ensiling temperature and ensiling duration play a significant role in the rumen degradability of maize silage.     

Effects of diet form on the performance of table ducklings

Two hundred Pekin ducklings were fed to 3 weeks of age on a pelleted starter diet and in the subsequent 4 weeks the effects of feeding grower diets in mash, crumb or pellet forms were examined. Diet form did not cause significant differences in live‐weight at 7 weeks. The mash form caused significant increases in food consumption, giblet weight and gizzard weight and a significant decrease in weight gain. There were no significant interactions between diet composition and diet form.