奶牛乳房炎病原菌诊断技术研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是影响世界奶牛业发展的最主要疾病之一,不仅给奶牛养殖业带来严重的经济损失,而且还影响牛奶的产量和质量,危及人类健康。引起奶牛乳房炎的病因很复杂,但最主要的病因是病原微生物感染,其中葡萄球菌、链球菌和肠道菌感染是引起奶牛乳房炎的最主要病原菌。为有效治疗奶牛乳房炎,对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的早期快速诊断至关重要。作者对目前用于奶牛乳房炎病原菌诊断的常规微生物生化鉴定法、全自动微生物鉴定系统、刃天青微量板法、免疫诊断法、核酸探针杂交、16S rRNA基因序列测定、PCR、基因芯片及环介导等温扩增技术等的研究进展进行了综述,并比较分析了这些方法的优缺点,同时对未来奶牛乳房炎病原菌诊断的研究方向和前景进行了展望,以期为进一步开发快速、特异、敏感的奶牛乳房炎病原菌诊断技术提供理论依据。     

电子鼻在乳及其制品检测中的应用研究进展

电子鼻作为一种基于综合气味信息的气味指纹检测技术,有着快速、无损、便捷、有效、客观等多方面优势,成为了乳及其制品的热门检测技术。与常规仪器分析和感官评价方法结合,电子鼻在乳制品掺假,成分检测,乳制品加工、贮藏过程中品质变化等相关气味信息方面的研究较多,为市场监控乳制品的质量安全提供了有效保障。本文总结了电子鼻在乳制品风味成分鉴别,乳及其制品新鲜度检测,乳制品加工过程监控、掺假检测等方面应用的研究进展,并展望了电子鼻技术在乳及其制品应用方面的进一步研究方向,旨在为其在乳及其制品质量安全快速检测等方面提供参考。     

Research Progress on Diagnosis Technology of Dairy Cow Mastitis Pathogens

Dairy cow mastitis is one of the most costly diseases affecting the development of the world dairy industry. It causes a serious economic loss to dairy farming, and affects the yield and quality of milk, endangers human health. The cause of dairy cow mastitis is complex, but the main cause is pathogen infection, particularly Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and intestinal bacterial infection. The rapid diagnosis of pathogenic bacteria of mastitis is crucial for the effectively treatment of the dairy cow mastitis. In order to provide theoretical basis for developing rapid, specific and sensitive of dairy cow mastitis pathogens diagnosis, the author summarized the microbiological and biochemical assay method in routine used of dairy cow mastitis pathogen diagnosis, automatic microbial identification system, resazurin trace plate method, immune diagnosis method, the nucleic acid probe hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequences of sequencing, PCR, gene chip and LAMP etc, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.     

数字化技术与装备在奶牛养殖中的应用

数字化技术与装备的发展情况是衡量一个产业现代化水平的重要标志。在奶业快速发展的今天,物联网、大数据、人工智能等信息技术的应用,推动着传统奶业的快速转型和升级,传感器、自动饲喂设备以及挤奶机器人将替代人工实现奶牛高效养殖和经济效益最大化。本文阐述了奶业发展前景和数字化关键技术在环境智能监控、奶牛身份识别、健康感知、繁殖监测、精准饲喂等方面的应用情况,总结了大数据信息挖掘及分析方法,以供行业参考。     

Developments in veterinary herd health programmes on dairy farms: a review.

This review article addresses some major developments in herd health programmes for dairy farms over the last decades. It focuses particularly on herd health and production management programmes that use protocols and monitoring activities. The article further emphasizes the need for merging herd health programmes with quantitative epidemiological principles and methods. Subsequently, this article points to the latest developments regarding quality assurance in the dairy sector and some quality management methods. Quality should be regarded in its broadest sense. The importance of integrating veterinary herd health programmes and quality (risk) management support at a dairy farm level is stressed. Examples are provided.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测及其治疗方法

奶牛乳房炎是困扰奶牛养殖业发展最严重的疾病之一,特别是隐性乳房炎,临床症状不明显,不仅导致奶牛产乳量和乳质量的降低,还可能传染给其他奶牛,导致疾病的扩散.因此,只有对乳汁进行检测,通过其生理、生化等指标变化来判断乳房炎的发生情况.为减少该病的发生、提高乳质量,本文总结了奶牛隐性乳房炎的微生物学检验、细胞学检查、酶学指标...     

A Qualitative Risk Assessment Approach for Swiss Dairy Products: Opportunities and Limitations

Switzerland implemented a risk‐based monitoring of Swiss dairy products in 2002 based on a risk assessment (RA) that considered the probability of exceeding a microbiological limit value set by law. A new RA was launched in 2007 to review and further develop the previous assessment, and to make recommendations for future risk‐based monitoring according to current risks. The resulting qualitative RA was designed to ascertain the risk to human health from the consumption of Swiss dairy products. The products and microbial hazards to be considered in the RA were determined based on a risk profile. The hazards included Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli, coagulase‐positive staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. The release assessment considered the prevalence of the hazards in bulk milk samples, the influence of the process parameters on the microorganisms, and the influence of the type of dairy. The exposure assessment was linked to the production volume. An overall probability was estimated combining the probabilities of release and exposure for each combination of hazard, dairy product and type of dairy. This overall probability represents the likelihood of a product from a certain type of dairy exceeding the microbiological limit value and being passed on to the consumer. The consequences could not be fully assessed due to lack of detailed information on the number of disease cases caused by the consumption of dairy products. The results were expressed as a ranking of overall probabilities. Finally, recommendations for the design of the risk‐based monitoring programme and for filling the identified data gaps were given. The aims of this work were (i) to present the qualitative RA approach for Swiss dairy products, which could be adapted to other settings and (ii) to discuss the opportunities and limitations of the qualitative method.     

Indicators of inflammation in the diagnosis of mastitis

Mastitis affects the quality of milk and is a potential health risk for the other cows. In a well managed dairy herd, in addition to clinical mastitis, subclinical mastitis should be efficiently detected. Bacteriological sampling is not feasible as a routine test to identify subclinical mastitis, and indirect tests of mastitis are more suitable for selecting cows with intramammary infections for subsequent bacteriological sampling. Mastitis affects the composition of milk, and the degree of changes depends on the infecting agent and the inflammatory response. Indicators of inflammation in the milk which can be determined using rapid, reliable and easy routine techniques, can be used for the early detection of mastitis. The measuring of the somatic cell count in milk is the standard method, but the analysis technique is problematic for routine use in herds. The most promising parameters for monitoring subclinical mastitis are milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity, lactose, and electrical conductivity along with some other indicators such as optical and milk flow measurements, preferably with an inter-quarter evaluation included in the test. Acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A, are also potential candidates for mastitis monitoring. New mastitis detection systems which can be adapted into on-line use are urgently needed, since dairy units are growing bigger and automatic milking systems are being taken into use.     

光学和电化学生物传感器对奶牛重要疾病诊断的研究进展

随着中国奶牛养殖的规模化、集约化的发展,以及养殖场过度追求奶牛生产性能,导致奶牛易发生或感染各类疾病,包括亚临床酮病、亚临床低钙血症、乳腺炎、口蹄疫、呼吸道疾病和牛病毒性腹泻在内的营养性和传染性疾病。这些疾病严重威胁着奶牛的健康、降低了乳品品质,进而增加养殖成本。实现奶牛疾病的低成本、快速且准确诊断是养殖场控制疾病传染、保障食品安全、降低经济损失的关键。常规的畜禽疾病检测方法有细胞培养法、酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)等,但过程耗时长、成本高、操作繁琐和不适用于对奶牛疾病的现场即时诊断等问题,制约了这些方法在养殖场的大规模推广和使用。生物传感技术将特异性生化反应产生的信号转化为可测量的电、光等信号,并结合信号放大系统可对物质进行定性或定量检测,具有操作简单、灵敏度高、特异性强和易于修饰等特点,在金属离子、病原菌等检测中具有很大的潜力。目前已有多种生物传感器被开发用于奶牛疾病的诊断。笔者针对常见的奶牛疾病列举了相对应的电化学、光学生物传感器,阐述了每种生物传感器的检测原理、对目标检测物的检测范围、检测限等信息,对生物传感器研究的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为奶牛养殖...     

表观性状及产奶相关基因用于筛选高产奶牛的潜在价值

高产量奶牛的高效选育一直是困扰奶业及奶牛养殖业高效发展的难题,产奶量不足,生产效率不稳定等问题也严重制约了行业的发展。但传统筛选高产奶牛方法耗时耗力,不利于高产奶牛快速培育,且优良性状的遗传稳定性较差,也无法长期保留。目前,越来越多研究发现产奶量与奶牛的表观性状有关,如体重、体尺、乳房形态及肛殖距等。不仅如此,产奶量及奶品质还与催乳素及其受体基因、生长激素及其受体基因、二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因和及其他产奶基因具有密切关系。因此,本文对影响奶牛产奶量的相关因素进行了综合概述,阐述了不同因素对高产奶牛筛选应用的潜在价值,有望促进高产奶牛的快速筛选,助力奶牛养殖业的快速发展。     

我国SPF鸡胚生产与质量控制现状分析

从生产能力、饲养方式、微生物质量监测等方面介绍了我国SPF鸡胚发展概况,对我国SPF鸡胚生产与质量控制现状进行了调查与分析,并对存在的问题提出建议.经调查,2012年我国有20家SPF鸡生产企业生产SPF鸡胚年产量约5050万枚,其中年产600万枚以上的企业有3家,300万～600万枚的企业有4家,10家企业年产量在100万～200万枚之间,其他3家企业年产量少于100万枚.从供需情况可以看出,目前我国SPF鸡胚生产数已供大于求略有结余.     

我国规模化牧场奶牛酮病防治状况调查分析

[目的]为了解2021年我国规模化牧场奶牛酮病发病情况和防控状况。[方法]本文选择105个规模化牧场进行调查,包括酮病发病率、诊断和监测方法、治疗方法、治愈率、防控方法和治疗成本等。[结果]牧场奶牛平均单产为9.7 t,酮病平均发病率为17.9%,高于国外控制目标。大多数牧场奶牛酮病诊断和监测,主要采用检测血液中β-羟丁酸浓度的方法,奶牛酮病治愈率无论单一或综合措施都达90%以上,奶牛酮病综合防控效果明显好于单一措施。[结论]目前我国规模化牧场奶牛酮病发病率控制目标、诊断和监测、治疗和防控仍需更多研究,完善和制定相应的技术规范,为规模化牧场奶牛酮病的高效防控提供技术支撑。     

Molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine raw milk samples obtained directly from bulk tanks

Mastitis is the most common infectious disease affecting dairy cattle; in addition, it remains the most economically important disease of dairy industries around the world. Streptococcus agalactiae, a contagious pathogen associated with subclinical mastitis, is highly infectious. This bacterium can cause an increase in bulk tank bacterial counts (BTBC) and bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC). The microbiological identification of S. agalactiae in samples from bulk tanks is an auxiliary method to control contagious mastitis. Thus, there are some limitations for time-consuming cultures or identification methods and additional concerns about the conservation and transport of samples. Bulk tank samples from 247 dairy farms were cultured and compared through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), directed to 16S rRNA genes of S. agalactiae, followed by BTBC and S. agalactiae isolation. The mean value of BTBC was 1.08×10(6) CFU mL(-1) and the bacterium was identified through the microbiological method in 98 (39.7%; CI(95%)=33.8-45.9%) and through PCR in 110 (44.5%; CI(95%)=38.5-50.8%) samples. Results indicated sensitivity of 0.8571±0.0353 (CI(95%)=0.7719-0.9196) and specificity of 0.8255±0.0311 (CI(95%)=0.7549-0.8827). The lack of significant difference between microbiological and molecular results (κ=0.6686±0.0477 and CI(95%)=0.5752-0.7620) indicated substantial agreement between the methods. This suggests that PCR can be used for bulk tank samples to detect contagious mastitis caused by S. agalactiae.     

Performance and limitation of two dairy production systems in the North western Ethiopian highlands

In order to characterise the dairy production systems as well as the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows in the study area, a total of 256 and 54 dairy farms were used for survey and monitoring data collection, respectively. Based on breed, land size, feed and market accessibility, two major dairy production systems were identified: a rather specialized, urban, and a peri-urban dairy production system. Urban farmers owned larger herds but farmed less land, and sold a greater proportion of liquid milk than peri-urban farmers, who processed more milk. Purchased feed played a more important role for the feed supply of urban than peri-urban farms. Significant breed effects were found for productive and reproductive performance traits. It is concluded that improved breeding and health management, genetic improvement of local breeds and supplementation of poor quality feed resources are the key factors for enhancing productivity of dairy cows and thereby increasing family income from milk production.     

Perspectives of veterinary science--from the viewpoint of consumer health protection

Concerning the causal chain "healthy animal--healthy food--healthy man" there's no doubt that mainly veterinarians are responsible for a safe preharvest area. In the food processing sector, of which economical importance is increasing in inverse proportion to agricultural activity of developed nations, the veterinarians must win through against many other professions. In this competition the specific veterinarian competence to prevent or to control microbiological, parasitological and some chemical hazards should be used. Therefore scientific work in veterinary public health has to concentrate on risk management. Additionally to developing methods for rapid and/or discriminative determination of causative agents the implementation of integrated quality assurance systems is needed in future according to the spirit of "intelligent" food hygiene.     

TMR饲料质量评价体系的研究

本文从上海牛奶集团各个牧场TMR饲料推广的实际经验出发,对TMR饲料生产过程的重要环节进行评价,从而进一步研究TMR饲料产品的质量评价方法,构建了一套行之有效的TMR质量监控体系,为饲料产品安全、奶牛健康和乳制品安全提供重要保证。     

QuEChERS法在乳制品中农药残留检测中的应用

乳制品中农药残留的检测是保障乳制品质量安全的一项重要措施,目前已实施的乳制品农药残留检测国家标准中均采用QuEChERS（quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe）前处理技术。本文主要介绍农药残留检测技术,并重点介绍QuEChERS前处理技术的原理、优点以及其在乳制品农药残留检测中的应用。     

国内外原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌风险评估研究综述

近年来我国乳品消费量持续增加,乳品质量安全关乎着人们身体健康和生命安全.金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素引起的乳品中毒事件时有发生,逐本求源地针对原料乳开展金黄色葡萄球菌风险评估研究是十分必要的.本文根据国际食品法典委员会拟定的微生物风险评估的原则和指导方针,从危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估、风险描述四方面综述了关于原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌国内外风险评估的研究现状.通过国外成熟的定量风险评估案例,介绍关于原料乳中金黄色葡萄球菌定量风险评估的基本框架,提出未来应加强构建肠毒素预测模型,较为系统的对原料乳从牧场到餐桌进行全程监控和风险评估的建议.     

An integrated method for improving the dairy production sector in developing countries: the case of Cameroon

During the past six years, ten research topics were carried out with the aim of developing an integrated method to improve production and sustainability of dairy systems in Cameroon. This involved reviewing dairy research done in the country, carrying out a participatory rural appraisal and an economic opportunity survey in selected dairy farms, setting up on-farm interventions, investigating cow reproduction, evaluating milk quality and the impact of integrated interventions. Guidelines for improvement of the dairy sector were set up. It was found that the developed integrated method had a positive impact on dairy farms. Farmers who adopted interventions had nearly 200% higher economic returns. In order to boost the Cameroonian dairy sector, it is suggested that the government acts as a motivating force by organizing the market, ensuring the monitoring of epizootic diseases and providing artificial insemination services and organizing breeding societies. It is also suggested that the integrated method becomes a discipline in dairy science and be applied in other developing countries.     

应用大数据云平台提升生鲜乳运输安全及效率的研究

我国奶业正处于转型升级的关键时期,实时有效地利用大数据、云平台等信息化管理技术,可提高生鲜乳安全生产效率和质量,提升奶业综合竞争力。随着生鲜乳需求量与运输距离的不断提升,从生产牧场至乳品厂之间的质量监管成为生鲜乳安全生产的重要环节,如何高效实现生鲜乳运输车辆调度、运输状态可视化监控、生鲜乳质量实时监控,打通生产乳从生产、运输和乳品厂之间全程安全监管环节,是当前生鲜乳生产和加工企业关注和实践探索的重要方向。为了全程零盲区监管保障生鲜乳质量,本文介绍了如何利用大数据平台,实现生鲜乳运输车辆管理、调拨信息、过程监控、报表中心、后台信息等APP模块管理的互通,打破信息不共享孤岛,贯通牧场与乳品加工厂的信息对接,全程信息调拨、监管实现信息零延误,实时痕迹预警监管的经验做法,为生鲜乳安全生产最后一公里保驾护航。