反刍动物蛋白质周转的调控

蛋白质是动物机体内各器官、组织的基本成分,也是实现生命功能的重要物质基础。保证动物体蛋白质的正常周转代谢,达到最大体蛋白的沉积,实现动物最佳的生产性能已成为反刍动物营养学的重要研究领域。文章从蛋白质周转代谢的过程、生物学意义、影响因素和周转调控等方面进行综述。     

蛋白质周转代谢测定方法研究进展

动物体内蛋白质代谢始终处于动态变化过程之中 ,是动物营养研究的一个重要领域。在蛋白质周转代谢的研究中 ,测定方法随动物营养学、生物化学、同位素标记技术、数学和计算机技术等的发展而发展。本文就蛋白质周转代谢的有关概念和蛋白质周转代谢的测定方法以及今后发展方向作一概述。1　蛋白质周转代谢的有关概念1 1　分域或代谢池　在生物系统中 ,某种物质如果以不同形式或在不同部位出现 ,并且能以可测量的速率从一种形式或部位过渡到另一种形式或部位 ,那么对于该物质来说 ,每一种形式或部位就构成了该物质各分离的部分 ,称之为分域或…     

动物蛋白质周转代谢特点及调控因素

<正>蛋白周转代谢对于动物适应内外环境变化有着极其重要的生理意义。蛋白质周转代谢是动物生命维持、生产和功能得以实现的根本所在。蛋白质周转是蛋白质合成与降解的双向调节过程,这个循环中合成与降解的互相协调对维持细胞内酶和结构蛋白的稳定状态、细胞内环境的相对稳定及调节蛋白质在组织中的沉积都十分重要。     

影响动物机体蛋白质周转因素分析

Waterlow等 (1 978)将蛋白质周转 (proteinturnover)定义为在特定的代谢池内蛋白质被更新或替代的代谢过程。这一过程可能是蛋白质合成、降解的结果 ,也可能是同一蛋白质在不同空间分布的转换。蛋白质的合成与降解受诸如激素、营养水平、动物生理状态及其他多种因素的影响。1     

微量元素铬的生物学特性及应用

铬是人和动物体内必需的微量元素之一,是葡萄糖耐量因子（GTF）的重要组成成分.通过GTF增强胰岛素的作用,影响糖类、脂类、蛋白质和核酸的代谢.为此,就铬的理化性质、来源和在体内的代谢、生物学功能等作简要介绍.     

生长激素对蛋白质动态代谢与氨基酸利用的调控

生长激素是调节动物生长的众多激素中最重要的一种 ,它通过在肌肉与脂肪组织之间极强的营养重分配作用 ,增加体蛋白沉积 ,减少脂肪沉积 ,从而改变这两种组织的生长状况来实现其促生长功能。动物体内蛋白沉积是蛋白合成与降解同时进行的两个过程动态平衡的结果。本文综述了近年来有关生长激素对动物蛋白质动态代谢与氨基酸利用调控方面的研究结果 ,指出生长激素使蛋白质合成与降解速率均增加 ,整体蛋白质周转代谢强度加大 ,从而导致蛋白质沉积增加。     

微量元素铬对猪的营养作用

1 生物学功能 铬主要以三价的形式构成葡萄糖耐受因子,协助胰岛素作用,影响碳水化合物、脂肪及蛋白质的代谢。铬参与糖的代谢,对脂类代谢的作用主要是维持血液中正常胆固醇水平,影响脂肪和胆固醇在动物肝脏中的合成与清除。铬还参与蛋白质代谢,可促进氨基酸进入细胞,从而影响蛋白质合成的能力。铬作为必需的微量元素营养,对动物免疫功能有重要作用。     

蛋白质周转与周转率

蛋白质周转(Protein turnover)是动物体蛋白质代谢动力学的重要内容。近年来,国际上对此领域的研究非常活跃,惜国内尚无这方面系统的论述和研究。本文对蛋白周转的一些基本概念,测定方法和影响蛋白属转的一些因素作简要介绍,意在抛砖引玉,引起国内同行的重视。     

营养和非营养因素对动物蛋白质周转的调控

本文综述了对动物蛋白质周转进行调控的营养和非营养因素，营养因素包括：日粮蛋白质水平，蛋能比，氨基酸（种类、数量、平衡状态），肽和饲喂水平：非营养因素包括：饲喂次数，运动，年龄、饥饿，激素（生长激素、胰岛素、糖皮质激素，甲状腺激素）和环境温度等，同时，讨论了营养和非营养因素对动物蛋白质的合成和降解代谢速率调控的机理。     

蛋氨酸在动物体内代谢途径与周转机制

蛋氨酸(Met)是动物机体的必需氨基酸,可作为合成蛋白质的底物,也是机体代谢重要的甲基和巯基供体,同时还参与多胺的形成。为此,Met的供应状况以及其在体内的代谢途径影响着机体的生长性能、生理活动,乃至于DNA和功能蛋白质的甲基化修饰,进而影响机体正常的生命活动。本文就Met的4种代谢通路及其相应的周转机制进行综述,以期为Met代谢机理研究和合理科学应用提供参考。     

Pet food safety: dietary protein

The goal of this article was to review the evidence surrounding the risks posed by insufficient or excessive dietary protein. Dietary protein is required to provide essential amino acids and replenish protein reserves. When intake is deficient, protein turnover slows and lean body mass is gradually depleted. These changes lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Dogs can maintain nitrogen balance (typically used to define minimum requirements in adults), yet be in a protein-depleted state due to physiologic adaptations. Preservation of protein turnover and lean body mass requires about threefold more protein than nitrogen balance. The ability of excess dietary protein to induce renal pathology was studied in both dogs with chronic kidney failure and older dogs without kidney failure. Numerous studies have confirmed that protein does not adversely affect the kidneys. However, phosphorus- and protein-restricted diets are clinically beneficial in dogs with existing chronic kidney failure. Protein restriction for healthy older dogs is not only unnecessary, it can be detrimental. Protein requirements actually increase by about 50% in older dogs, while their energy requirements tend to decrease. When insufficient protein is provided, it can aggravate the age-associated loss of lean body mass and may contribute to earlier mortality. Older dogs should receive at least 25% of their calories from protein, typically provided by diets containing at least 7 g protein/100 Kcal ME.     

Growth hormone increases whole-body protein turnover in growing pigs.

Ten pigs with an average initial live weight of 65 kg were used to investigate the effects of daily exogenous porcine pituitary growth hormone (pGH; .1 mg.kg-1.d-1) for a 13-d period on N retention and whole-body protein turnover. Feed intake was restricted to both the control (treated with excipient) and pGH-treated groups to ensure that animals in each group consumed equal amounts. Whole-body protein turnover was estimated from the excretion of 15N in urinary urea and ammonia after a single oral dose of [15N]glycine. Nitrogen balance and whole-body N flux were increased by 35 to 40% with pGH treatment (P less than .001). Protein synthesis and breakdown were increased by 56 and 59% (P less than .001), respectively, in pGH-treated pigs relative to controls. These higher rates of protein turnover seemed to lower slightly the efficiency of the metabolic process for protein deposition. However, the absolute increment in protein synthesis rate was greater than that for breakdown, leading to the increased net N retention. Thus, pGH treatment improved the utilization of dietary amino acids for protein deposition.     

反刍动物蛋白质营养价值的评定方法研究

蛋白质是动物的必需营养素,对单胃动物而言,蛋白质营养实质上是氨基酸(小肽)营养;反刍动物由于具有瘤胃特殊消化生理结构和微生物消化方式,蛋白质营养更加复杂。蛋白质营养价值的评定方法是研究动物蛋白质营养的基础和前提,针对反刍动物消化生理特点,综述了尼龙袋技术、微生物标记技术、同位素法、嘌呤衍生物法和人工瘤胃等反刍动物蛋白质营养价值评定方法,这对于理论研究和实践生产具有一定参考与指导作用。     

猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白在High-five细胞中的表达条件优化、鉴定及免疫原性研究

为获得高蛋白含量和良好免疫原性的抗原,利用杆状病毒表达体系进行猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)重组Cap蛋白表达,采取正交试验设计确定三因素(High five细胞浓度、病毒感染量、蛋白表达时间)的最佳组合,对重组病毒株vBac-SP-PCV2的表达条件进行优化,利用His Bind蛋白质纯化试剂盒对表达产物进行纯化,纯化蛋白作为标准蛋白用于Western blotting中蛋白质定量分析和蛋白免疫原性检测。结果显示：2.0×106/mL High five细胞浓度、1.5 MOI病毒感染量、蛋白表达时间168 h为重组PCV2-rCap蛋白表达的最佳条件,表达产物纯化良好,并能被PCV2多克隆抗体识别,免疫豚鼠可诱导产生高水平PCV2抗体。研究表明纯化PCV2-rCap蛋白可作为标准蛋白用于后续表达蛋白的定量分析和PCV2亚单位疫苗研发候选抗原。     

Increased responsiveness to dietary lysine deficiency of pectoralis major muscle protein turnover in broilers selected on breast development

It has been previously established that growth and carcass qualities of chicks are modified by genotype and dietary amino acid supply. In this study, we evaluated the effects of lysine deficiency and genetic selection on muscle protein metabolism. Chicks originating from an experimental line selected for breast development (QL) and its control line (CL) were provided ad libitum access to isoenergetic diets containing 20% crude protein but differing in their lysine content (0.75 or 1.01%). Protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR) were measured in vivo in the pectoralis major and sartorius muscles of 3-wk-old chickens (flooding dose of [3H]phenylalanine). Fractional breakdown rates (FBR) were estimated as the difference between synthesis and deposition. Lysine deficiency reduced (P < 0.001) growth performance and muscle weights and increased (P < 0.05) muscle FSR, capacity for protein synthesis (muscle RNA:Protein, Cs) and FBR. Although QL birds grew faster and had heavier pectoralis major muscles than CL birds (P < 0.05), there was no line difference in sartorius weight (P = 0.15). No difference between the lines was observed in sartorius protein metabolism (P > 0.14). In the pectoralis major muscle, chicks of both lines receiving an adequate lysine intake also exhibited similar protein turnover rates. However, in chicks fed the lysine-deficient (0.75% lysine) diet, FSR and Cs were higher in QL than in CL chicks (P < 0.05), and FBR tended (P = 0.07) to be higher in QL chicks. This increased protein turnover in the QL birds on the lysine-deficient diet suggests that the responsiveness of muscle protein metabolism to amino acid supply is modified by genetic selection for breast development.     

重组杆状病毒表达猪圆环病毒2型Cap蛋白的优化及蛋白免疫原性研究

为获得高蛋白含量和良好免疫原性的抗原,利用杆状病毒表达体系进行猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)重组Cap蛋白表达,采取正交试验设计确定三因素(High five细胞浓度、病毒感染量、蛋白表达时间)的最佳组合,对重组病毒株vBac-SP-PCV2的表达条件进行优化,利用His Bind蛋白质纯化试剂盒对表达产物进行纯化,纯化蛋白作为标准蛋白用于Western blotting中蛋白质定量分析和蛋白免疫原性检测。结果显示:2.0×10^6/mLHigh five细胞浓度、1.5MOI病毒感染量、蛋白表达时间168h为重组PCV2-rCap蛋白表达的最佳条件,表达产物纯化良好,并能被PCV2多克隆抗体识别,免疫豚鼠可诱导产生高水平PCV2抗体。研究表明纯化PCV2-rCap蛋白可作为标准蛋白用于后续表达蛋白的定量分析和PCV2亚单位疫苗研发候选抗原。     

Injection of porcine growth hormone releasing hormone gene plasmid in skeletal muscle increases piglets' growth and whole body protein turnover

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of a porcine growth hormone releasing hormone (pGHRH) gene plasmid injection in piglets on growth performance and whole body protein turnover. Sixty male Canadian Landrace × Chinese Taihu piglets were assigned to an intramuscular injection of 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg. All pigs were fed with the same diet (crude protein: 239.8 g/kg, digestible energy: 14.28 MJ/kg) at ad libitum intake. Protein turnover was determined on the 22nd day with a three-pool model by using a single-dosage, end-product analysis method with ¹⁵ N-glycine as a tracer. Injection of the pGHRH gene plasmid increased the piglets' growth rate, altered feed intake and decreased feed conversion ratio. It increased plasma growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and somatostatin but reduced serum urea and triglyceride. It reduced the urinary nitrogen excretion and led to higher nitrogen retention as well as the efficiencies of nitrogen retention and digestible N utilization. It increased the rates of protein synthesis, protein breakdown and net protein gain. Excretion of endogenous urinary nitrogen was reduced and nitrogen reutilization rate was improved. Conclusions: Injection of the pGHRH gene plasmid in skeletal muscle stimulated GHRH, GH and IGF-I excretion in piglets. Protein deposition was increased by an increase in protein synthesis and a smaller increase in protein breakdown, which was accompanied by reducing amino acid oxidation and increasing nitrogen reutilization.     

Protein utilisation and turnover in lines of chickens selected for different aspects of body composition

1. Protein utilisation and turnover were measured in male chickens sampled from a line selected for high breast yield and a randombred control line (lines QL and CL, experiment 1) and in male chickens sampled from lines selected for either high or low abdominal fatness (lines FL and LL, experiment 2). In each experiment, 18 birds per line were given iso-energetic (12.9 MJME/kg) diets containing either 120 or 220 g CP/kg from 21 to 29 d (experiment 1) and 33 to 43 d (experiment 2). 2. Measurements were made of growth rate, food intake, body composition, excreta production and Ntau-methylhistidine excretion as a measure of myofibrillar protein breakdown, and fractional rates (%/d) of protein deposition, breakdown and synthesis were calculated. 3. In experiment 1, there were no significant differences between the line means for the fractional measures of protein turnover, but there was marked differential response in the two lines in the fractional rates of protein deposition, breakdown and synthesis, to increase in protein intake. The positive slope of the regressions of fractional (%/d) protein deposition and synthesis rates on protein intake (g/d/kg BW) were approximately 1.4- and 2.0-fold higher respectively in the QL than the CL line birds, and the negative slope of the regression of fractional breakdown rate on protein intake was approximately threefold greater in the CL than the QL line birds. 4. In experiment 2, fractional deposition rate was 6.2% lower, but fractional breakdown rate 9.4% higher in the LL than the FL birds, whilst there was essentially no difference in response of the FL and LL birds in the components of protein turnover to increase in protein intake. Line differences in deposition and breakdown rates were thus a reflection of the considerably higher (20%) food and hence protein intake in the FL than the LL birds. 5. The differential line responses in protein turnover in the two experiments suggest that selection for increased breast muscle yield and for reduced body fatness manipulate different physiological pathways in relation to protein turnover, but neither selection strategy results in an improvement in net protein utilisation at typical levels of protein intake by birds on commercial broiler diets, through a reduction in protein breakdown rate.     

Urine protein determination in dogs and cats: comparison of dipstick and sulfasalicylic acid procedures

Protein levels in urine specimens from 91 dogs and 65 cats were evaluated by sulfasalicylic acid precipitation (SSA) and dipstick methods. The dipstick frequently yielded reactions for protein that were greater than the level of protein indicated by SSA (i.e., false positive reactions), although no false negative reactions for protein were noted. All urine specimens with protein levels equal to or greater than 100 mg/dl by SSA had dipstick results of 3 +. Results of this study suggest that dipstick analysis for urine protein is an adequate screening procedure for the selection of urines for quantitative analysis of protein and creatinine to assess proteinuria.     

人工养殖鲟鱼鱼头酶解蛋白粉的营养评价

采用超声脱脂预处理后双酶水解工艺得到人工养殖鲟鱼鱼头酶解蛋白粉。对鲟鱼头蛋白粉的营养价值进行了综合评价,结果表明:鲟鱼头酶解蛋白粉的营养成分:水分0.80%、灰分20.83%、总脂肪的平均含量1.50%、总糖含量0.30%、粗蛋白含量78.12%、纯蛋白含量48.77%。鲟鱼头蛋白粉还含有丰富的氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的18.63%。蛋白粉的矿物质含量较丰富,特别是钙元素和硒元素的含量,分别达到了3.9×105 mg/kg及0.48 mg/kg。