Second structural motif for recognition of DNA by oligonucleotide-directed triple-helix formation

Relative orientations of the DNA strands within a purine.purine.pyrimidine triple helix have been determined by affinity cleaving. A purine-rich oligonucleotide bound in the major groove of double-helical DNA antiparallel to the Watson-Crick purine strand. Binding depended upon the concentration of multivalent cations such as spermine or Mg2+, and appeared to be relatively independent of pH. Two models with specific hydrogen-bonding patterns for base triplets (G.GC, A.AT, and T.AT) are proposed to explain the sequence specificity of binding. The two models differ in the conformation about the glycosyl bond (syn or anti) and the location of the phosphate-deoxyribose backbone in the major groove of DNA. This motif broadens the structural frameworks available as a basis for the design of sequence-specific DNA binding molecules.     

Recognition of thymine adenine.base pairs by guanine in a pyrimidine triple helix motif

Oligonucleotide recognition offers a powerful chemical approach for the sequence-specific binding of double-helical DNA. In the pyrimidine-Hoogsteen model, a binding size of greater than 15 homopurine base pairs affords greater than 30 discrete sequence-specific hydrogen bonds to duplex DNA. Because pyrimidine oligonucleotides limit triple helix formation to homopurine tracts, it is desirable to determine whether oligonucleotides can be used to bind all four base pairs of DNA. A general solution would allow targeting of oligonucleotides (or their analogs) to any given sequence in the human genome. A study of 20 base triplets reveals that the triple helix can be extended from homopurine to mixed sequences. Guanine contained within a pyrimidine oligonucleotide specifically recognizes thymine.adenine base pairs in duplex DNA. Such specificity allows binding at mixed sites in DNA from simian virus 40 and human immunodeficiency virus.     

Non-Watson-Crick G.C and A.T base pairs in a DNA-antibiotic complex

The structure of a DNA octamer d(GCGTACGC) cocrystallized with the bisintercalator antibiotic triostin A has been solved. The DNA forms an unwound right-handed double helix. Four base pairs are of the Watson-Crick type while four are Hoogsteen base pairs, including two A.T and two G.C base pairs. This is the first observation in an oligonucleotide of Hoogsteen G.C base pairs where the cystosine is protonated. It is likely that these also occur in solutions of DNA complexed to this antibiotic.     

Chemical etiology of nucleic acid structure: the alpha-threofuranosyl-(3'-->2') oligonucleotide system

TNAs [(L)-alpha-threofuranosyl oligonucleotides] containing vicinally connected (3'-->2') phosphodiester bridges undergo informational base pairing in antiparallel strand orientation and are capable of cross-pairing with RNA and DNA. Being derived from a sugar containing only four carbons, TNA is structurally the simplest of all potentially natural oligonucleotide-type nucleic acid alternatives studied thus far. This, along with the base-pairing properties of TNA, warrants close scrutiny of the system in the context of the problem of RNA's origin.     

Detection of single base substitutions by ribonuclease cleavage at mismatches in RNA:DNA duplexes

Single base substitutions can be detected and localized by a simple and rapid method that involves ribonuclease cleavage of single base mismatches in RNA:DNA heteroduplexes. A 32P-labeled RNA probe complementary to wild-type DNA is synthesized in vitro and annealed to a test DNA containing a single base substitution. The resulting single base mismatch is cleaved by ribonuclease A, and the location of the mismatch is then determined by analyzing the sizes of the cleavage products by gel electrophoresis. Analysis of every type of mismatch in many different sequence contexts indicates that more than 50 percent of all single base substitutions can be detected. The feasibility of this method for localizing base substitutions directly in genomic DNA samples is demonstrated by the detection of single base mutations in DNA obtained from individuals with beta-thalassemia, a genetic disorder in beta-globin gene expression.     

猪TBG基因多态性突变位点的检测

通过直接测序的方法,对猪TBG基因进行全基因组扫描,鉴别TBG基因在合作猪、长白猪和华特B系猪中的SNPs.结果显示共发现10个SNPs,分别是T733A,T740C,867和3135的A→T,926的G→A,1006的C→T,1106,1449和2371的A→G,1509的C→T分别位于第1(733,740,867,926,1006,1106,1449和1509)、第2(2371)和第3(3135)内含子内;且还发现TBG基因的3130(A)和3131(A)位之间以及3131(A)和3132(A)之间在合作猪中存在T,而长白和华特B系猪中不存在,与GenBank公布的TBG基因(AY550250)全序列进行比对,在3130(A)和3131(A)位之间以及3131(A)和3132(A)不存在T碱基;同样在3135(T)和3136(A)之间,合作猪中存在AC两个碱基的插入,而在华特B系猪和长白猪中则没有,因此在合作猪中存在插入或在长白猪、华特B系猪中存在缺失的突变.通过TBG基因在各猪种中突变位点的识别,可见合作猪种存在丰富的遗传多样性.     

茶多酚对机体清除自由基和抗DNA损伤的作用

通过茶多酚(TP)对青、老年NIH小鼠血清中丙二醛(MDA)、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的作用研究了它对机体自由基的清除功效,并以人体淋巴细胞DNA单链断裂为指标研究了TP对辐射诱发的DNA损伤的保护作用.结果显示:0.05％TP饮饲15天可明显降低青、老年小鼠血清MDA含量(P<0.01)、提高青、老年小鼠红细胞SOD活性(P<0.05)和老年小鼠CAT活性(P<0.05),但青年鼠CAT活性未见提高.0.1～1.0mg/mL TP处理,可明显降低20 GY ~(50)Coγ-线诱发的人体外周淋巴细胞DNA单链断裂,其中以0.1mg/mL TP处理24小时为最佳.     

非豆科作物共生固氮研究 Ⅱ.菠菜根瘤内生菌的鉴定

从上海郊区菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)根瘤中分离到一株革兰氏阴性杆菌,编号为84G,回接试验表明能感染菠菜幼苗并结瘤。细胞大小为0.5～0.8×1.3～2.3μm,能运动,以1至数根端生鞭毛为主;并有纤毛,好氧,具有呼吸代谢类型。氧化酶和接触酶阳性,硝酸盐还原,有聚β-羟基丁酸盐颗粒形成。产生精氨酸双水解酶,石蕊牛奶产碱并还原,明胶液化,不水解淀粉,不产生3-酮基乳糖,能在含甘露醇和其他糖类的培养基中产酸,能在含0.5～6%的 NaCl 培养基上生长,最适生长温度为28～30℃,最适 pH 为6～7,DNA 中 G+C 含量为64.5mol%。因此,菌株84G 可归根瘤菌属,但与属中已有的种有明显的差别,现将其定为新种,命名为菠菜根瘤菌Rhizobium spinacia sp.nov.。     

Uncoupling of leading- and lagging-strand DNA replication during lesion bypass in vivo

Numerous agents attack DNA, forming lesions that impair normal replication. Specialized DNA polymerases transiently replace the replicative polymerase and copy past lesions, thus generating mutations, the major initiating cause of cancer. We monitored, in Escherichia coli, the kinetics of replication of both strands of DNA molecules containing a single replication block in either the leading or lagging strand. Despite a block in the leading strand, lagging-strand synthesis proceeded further, implying transient uncoupling of concurrent strand synthesis. Replication through the lesion requires specialized DNA polymerases and is achieved with similar kinetics and efficiencies in both strands.     

北极狐GH基因的单核苷酸多态性及其与生长性状的关联性分析

以北极狐的生长激素基因(GH)作为候选基因,以大兴安岭图强林业局狐场提供的北极狐为试验群体,采用单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)和DNA测序的方法检测了GH基因单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),针对该群体的特点建立合适的统计分析模型,并进行了GH基因多态性与生长性状的相关分析。结果表明,在北极狐GH基因的外显子2、内含子2和外显子3上发现4个多态位点,分别为外显子2上的G81A突变、内含子2上的C186T和T239C突变,以及外显子3上的C583A突变;GH基因C583A多态性与公狐的体长性状显著相关(P0.05)。利用以上点突变对北极狐的体重及皮张长度性状进行标记辅助选择研究,可达到快速选育出优质北极狐的目的。     

GyrA and ParC Gene Mutation of Clinically Isolated Fluoroquinolones-resistant Strain of Salmonella

Nine strains resistant to five fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Danofloxacin, Sarafloxacin) were isolated from clinical samples and extracted the chromosomal DNA of these strains. Designed primers to amplify the Quinolone-resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC, then the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. In comparision with NCTC5776, a single mutation was found at base 371 in gyrA of strain 38 which changed from C to T, and a single mutation was found at base 350 in gyrA of strain 60 which changed from A to C. No mutation was found in gyrA of the rest. The mutation of strain 38 led to an amino acid substitution of Arg99Cys and the mutation of 60 led to an amino acid substitution of Met 92 Leu. No mutation was found in parC QRDR of all the isolates. These results indicats that the DNA gyrase will be the primary target to salmonella of fluoroquinolone.     

重金属胁迫对生物DNA影响的研究进展

对重金属胁迫对植物、动物、微生物的DNA(包括碱基、基因、染色体等)的影响进行综述。指出,重金属胁迫能够诱导生物体产生碱基改变、DNA单双链断裂、染色体改变等DNA损伤。介绍一些检测重金属的方法及重金属胁迫对生物的DNA影响的研究方法,有助于进一步防御改善重金属污染,更好地了解重金属胁迫对生物体造成DNA损伤的机理。     

快生型大豆根瘤菌G+Cmol%测定及与其它根瘤菌之间的DNA同源性

用热变性温度法测定了快生型大豆根瘤菌DNA中G+Cmol%,结果表明其C+Cmol%为58.4-65.6,菌株间差为7%,提示了不同种的存在。以液相复性速率法测定了快生型大豆根瘤菌与其它根瘤菌种之间的DNA同源水平,测定证明它们之间的同源水平很低。快生型大豆根瘤菌与慢生型大豆根瘤菌三个DNA同源组间的同源率分别力15,10和25%,表明其亲缘关系很远。同源水平的测定为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

单链环状DNA添加剂抑制基因表达序列分析Ditag聚合酶链反应引物多聚体生成

[目的]研究利用单链环状DNA抑制聚合酶链反应（PCR）副产物的作用效果。[方法]设计并合成单链环状DNA,并以具同样序列发卡状结构的单链DNA为对照组,在基因表达序列分析（SAGE）Ditag PCR反应中加入上述不同浓度的DNA,利用电泳技术检测不同结构（环状/单链）以及不同浓度单链DNA对PCR多聚体附产物的抑制作用。[结果]发卡状结构的单链DNA无法抑制PCR引物多聚体副产物的产生;而在70～150 nmol/L终浓度范围内,单链环状DNA可以抑制SAGE Ditag PCR反应中引物多聚体的生成,并且不影响SAGE不同tag间的表达丰度差异。[结论]单链环状DNA可以作为PCR反应中引物多聚体生成的有效抑制剂。     

Rev1 employs a novel mechanism of DNA synthesis using a protein template

The Rev1 DNA polymerase is highly specialized for the incorporation of C opposite template G. We present here the crystal structure of yeast Rev1 bound to template G and incoming 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (dCTP), which reveals that the polymerase itself dictates the identity of the incoming nucleotide, as well as the identity of the templating base. Template G and incoming dCTP do not pair with each other. Instead, the template G is evicted from the DNA helix, and it makes optimal hydrogen bonds with a segment of Rev1. Also, unlike other DNA polymerases, incoming dCTP pairs with an arginine rather than the templating base, which ensures the incorporation of dCTP over other incoming nucleotides. This mechanism provides an elegant means for promoting proficient and error-free synthesis through N2-adducted guanines that obstruct replication.     

核桃举肢蛾线粒体CO I和Cytb基因片段序列分析

核桃举肢蛾（Atrijuglans hetaohei）是危害核桃果实的主要害虫,严重影响核桃的产量和商品价值。在最新的形态学分类上,核桃举肢蛾属于鳞翅目、麦蛾总科、黑展足蛾属。通过同源序列比对探讨利用DNA条形码技术（DNA barcoding）对核桃举肢蛾进行分类鉴定的准确性。运用2对通用引物分别扩增核桃举肢蛾线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基I（CO I）基因和细胞色素b（Cytb）基因片段,并与鳞翅目麦蛾总科、巢蛾总科、凤蝶总科、螟蛾总科等昆虫的同源片段进行碱基组成多样性和系统进化分析,扩增得到核桃举肢蛾CO I基因664 bp片段和Cytb基因479 bp片段。结果表明:核桃举肢蛾线粒体CO I基因片段中,A、T、G和C 4种核苷酸的含量分别为29.5%、39.4%、15.1%和16.1%,A+T的含量(68.9%)明显高于G+C含量（31.1%）,存在显著的AT使用倾向性。在Cytb基因片段中, A、T、G和C 4种核苷酸的含量分别为33.4%、41.5%、10.2%和14.8%,A+T的含量为74.9%,也明显高于G+C含量（26%）。两段序列都以T-A间颠换和T-C间转换为主要替换方式,且密码子第2位点保守性最强,第3位点变异率最高。基于CO I和Cytb基因片段构建的NJ系统进化树均显示核桃举肢蛾与麦蛾总科昆虫处于同一个分支之下。利用DNA条形码技术得到的核桃举肢蛾分子生物学分类结果与传统的形态学分类结果一致。     

广西莪术SSR-PCR反应体系优化和引物筛选研究

以广西莪术(Curcuma kwangsiensis S.G.Lee et C.F.Liang)嫩叶为材料,采用单因素和正交试验设计建立和优化SSR-PCR反应体系和反应程序,对最适宜退火温度(Tm)进行筛选优化,对17对已公布的姜黄属通用性引物进行扩增试验,筛选出多态性好、条带清晰的引物。结果表明,建立了适合广西莪术SSR分析的反应体系和扩增程序,即在15μL体系中,DNA模板为30 ng/μL,3μL,Mix(包含DNTP、Mg2+、1×buffer、Taq酶)为5μL,dd H2O为6μL,引物为各0.5μL时,分析效果较好,扩增程序为94℃预变性5min;94℃变性30 s,根据不同引物的退火温度复性30 s,72℃延伸1.5 min,共35个循环;最后72℃延伸5 min;反应结束后,4℃保存。同时筛选出在试验材料中能产生较清晰主带的引物共12对,初步验证了应用SSR分子标记分析在广西莪术遗传多样性的可行性。