陆基高密度循环水养殖的水质调控技术

利用先进的工厂化水产养殖技术与设施进行的全封闭高密度循环水养殖，具有节水、节地、节能、环保等优点。其成功的关键在于对养殖水体的水质调控。以下就陆基水产养殖的水质调控技术作一介绍。     

对虾池不同水质调控围隔中浮游物的研究

于１９９８年６～９月在山东海阳养虾场运用陆基围隔实验生态学方法,通过搅底、接种光合细菌、接种硅藻和充气４种水质调控措施,研究了虾池中浮游物的变动情况。结果表明,浮游物中无机部分占４９．１％～６４．１％,有机部分占３５．９％～５０．９％。有机颗粒（ＰＯＭ）中,颗粒腐质：浮游细菌：浮游植物：浮游动物为０．６０：０．２４：０．１１：０．０５;随着养殖时间的延长,浮游物及其各组分的干重教有所增加,但各组分     

对虾养殖的水质调控

池塘水质的调控和管理是对虾养殖过程中非常重要的环节.池塘水质的好坏,直接影响到对虾养殖的成败.目前,随着环境的日益恶化,水质污染日趋严重,造成病害频发,因此,加强养殖过程中的水质管理尤为重要.     

对虾养殖的水质调控

一、投放虾苗前的水质培养 养虾池清池消毒后注入经过滤的海水,使水深达1～1.2米,然后消毒。可用“鱼安”或“强氯精”2～3克/米~3或漂白粉20克/米~3进行消毒。如果池水夜间出现发光,可用“虾菌清”,或“灭光保水灵”处理。消毒3～4天后,施肥培水。培水可选择“浮游生物生长素”、“肥水     

菊花江蓠池塘养殖技术

<正>菊花江蓠俗称菊花心,属于红藻门、真红藻纲、杉藻目、江蓠科、江蓠属,主要分布在我国台湾沿海。藻体呈线形,圆柱状,长7～30cm,主枝直径约2 mm,黄绿色或黄褐色,肥厚多汁,质脆易断。为暖水性海藻类,水温低于18℃或高于35℃时,生长受到抑制,甚至死亡,     

对虾养殖中后期水质过浓的调控

养殖中后期水质过浓是目前对虾养殖中普遍存在的问题。一般对虾养殖2个月左右即出现因有机质过多导致的水体浑浊,水色发黑、发暗等现象。大量的有机质分解需要消耗大量的溶氧,化学耗氧量和生物耗氧量已大大超过水体的负荷,致使对虾经常出现缺氧。此外,有机质在溶氧较少的情况下分解产生大量的氨氮、亚硝酸盐等含氮化合物,严重影响对虾的生长。     

对虾养殖池塘底质污染与调控措施

虾池底质污染是对虾养殖疾病的重要原因之一,底质的好坏直接影响到水质,只有底质好,才有水质好,“养水先改底”。     

水产养殖水质调控实用技术

近年来 ,随着我国水产养殖业的不断发展 ,养殖产量迅速增长 ,但同时养殖水体的自身污染和外源性污染日趋严重 ,养殖水域的环境质量呈下降趋势。任其发展 ,将会阻碍养殖业的可持续发展。因此 ,我们必须改变传统的养殖观念 ,实施健康养殖。1常见水化因子与水产养殖的关系及其调控1 .1酸碱度 ( ｐＨ)ｐＨ是水体中氢离子活度的度量。当 ｐＨ <5时 ,水体呈酸性 ,会造成鱼类的酸中毒 ,造成蛋白变性使组织器官失去功能而造成鱼类死亡。当ｐＨ >9时 ,水体呈碱性 ,对鱼有强烈的腐蚀性 ,使鱼体及鱼鳃损伤严重。养殖水域中的 ｐＨ调节主要用石灰、石膏…     

3种微生物制剂调控工厂化对虾养殖水质的研究

研究了地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis,BL)、荚膜红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas capsulate,RC)和乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillusspp.,LB)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)工厂化养殖水质的影响。结果表明,施用不同微生物制剂组合,其作用效果各不相同。各组微生物制剂均能降低水体中氨氮,地衣芽孢杆菌 荚膜红假单胞菌(G1)组、地衣芽孢杆菌 荚膜红假单胞菌(G2)和地衣芽孢杆菌 乳酸杆菌(G3)组NH4 的相对降解率为62%、63%和65%;前21d,G2组降低NH4 效果最明显,相对降解率为79%。在降低NO2-方面,G1组的效果较好,相对降解率为46%;但各处理组对于PO34-、COD均无显著效果。相对而言,G1组改善养殖水质的效果最好。实验中微生物制剂的不同施用频率对水质的净化没有明显的差别。各项水质指标均随养殖时间的推移呈现不断上升的趋势。     

Cultivation of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta) in shrimp pond effluents in Brazil

Shrimp aquaculture produces a large amount of waste, including nitrogen and phosphorus. To investigate the utilization of those elements as sources of nutrients for the growth of the red seaweed, Gracilaria sp. J. Agardh, an experiment in shrimp pond effluents was carried out over a period of 5 months. The biomass varied significantly (P < 0.01), reaching a maximum of 2540 g m^?2 and a minimum of 380 g m^?2. The mean was 1418 ± 708 g m^?2. The higher biomass values occurred during the first 15 days and sometimes exceeded the initial inoculum by 190%. According to the results, production of 23.93 t ha^?1 year^?1 (dry weight) can be expected. anova showed significant differences in RGR (relative growth rate) values (P < 0.05). RGR varied from 8.8% per day to 1.8% per day. The fluctuation of nutrients was mainly influenced by pond fertilization frequency, with NH₄ being the most abundant nutrient. Correlations between RGR and environmental parameters during the study period were not significant (P > 0.05). We conclude that Gracilaria sp. can be cultivated in shrimp ponds effluents. However, despite this relative success, it is necessary to perform some adjustments regarding the utilized cultivation technique.     

Preliminary evaluation of the seaweed Gracilaria cervicornis (Rhodophyta) as a partial substitute for the industrial feeds used in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Gracilaria cervicornis meal as a partial substitute for the industrial feeds used in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming. A total of 90 L. vannamei juveniles (0.34 g) were assigned randomly into nine experimental units at a stocking density of 10 shrimp tank⁻¹ and fed a commercial shrimp feed (CSF; 35% crude protein) as a control treatment, a feed made entirely of G. cervicornis (GCM), and a mixture of equal parts of the commercial shrimp feed and the Gracilaria meal (MIX) for 30 days. Over the first 2 weeks of the experiment, the survival was high (100%) in all dietary treatments. However, at the termination of the feeding trial survival decreased to 40% in shrimp fed GCM, significantly lower (P<0.05) than survival of shrimp fed the commercial diet control (CSF) or MIX treatments (100%). The highest growth performance was obtained in the CSF or MIX treatment groups. The absolute growth increase in these groups was significantly higher than for shrimp fed GCM. Similarly, the specific growth rates (SGRs) of shrimp given feeds containing CSF (5.11% day⁻¹) and MIX (4.71% day⁻¹) were significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of shrimp fed GCM pellets (0.44% day⁻¹). The feed efficiency ratios (FERs) were 64 for CSF, 54.3 for MIX and 3.3 for GCM. The results obtained in this study indicated the effectiveness of using G. cervicornis as a partial substitute for shrimp feeds. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the concept that macroalgae can partially substitute for the industrial feeds used in shrimp (L. vannamei) farming has been demonstrated.     

陆基圆池循环水条件下养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长及养殖效能的影响

为研究陆基圆池循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)适宜的养殖密度,设置55、65、75、85、95尾/m²等5种养殖密度(分别标记为A1、A2、A3、A4、A5组),进行了63 d的大口黑鲈养殖试验,通过测定和分析试验鱼的体质量日增长率、体长日增长率、饲料系数、体质量均匀度和单位面积产量等指标,评价不同养殖密度对大口黑鲈生长和主要养殖效能的影响。结果显示:(1)从次低密度的A2组(65尾/m²)至密度最高的A5组(95尾/m²),试验鱼的体长日增长率基本上随着养殖密度的提高而下降,最高的A2组比A3、A4和A5组分别高了31.6%、82.9%和92.3%,并且差异显著(P<0.05);(2)从A2组至A5组,试验鱼的体质量日增长率和特定生长率均随着养殖密度的提高而下降;(3)A2组的饲料系数比A1、A3、A4和A5组分别降低了16.7%、28.6%、55.4%和56.9%;(4)单位面积产量和产品均匀度均在A2组达到最高。基于生长性能及养殖效能的综合评价,陆基圆池循环水养殖条件下大口黑鲈成鱼养殖阶段较适宜的养殖密度为65尾/m²。     

河蟹青虾混养池塘循环水净化效能的初步分析

在河蟹青虾混养池塘构建封闭式循环水养殖系统,并对其净化效果和养殖效益进行了初步研究。结果表明：该系统对水体TN、TP、NH4＋-N和CODMn的平均净化效率分别为27.33%、56.14%、43.91%和39.59%。经湿地净化后的水质能够达到GB3838-2002地表水Ⅲ类排放标准,平均纯收益达53769元/hm2。     

龙须菜新品系GL 家系F1 配子体的性状分析

本研究旨在为深入构建龙须菜(Gracilaria/Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)育种体系提供基础数据。采用DTOPSIS综合评价法对实验室构建的龙须菜GL家系的F1配子体的性状进行分析与评价,以期把F1配子体的综合性状这一模糊量化指标转化为该株系对理想解的相对接近度Ci值的量化指标,进而对各藻株的综合性状优劣进行综合分析,为未来良种的杂交以及选育提供依据。所测的100株藻体中,线性生长速率变化范围为2.0~7.3%/d,变异系数为26.79%,标准差达到1.28,各藻株之间存在明显的差异。藻株的分枝数分布很不集中,变异极为显著,其平均数为1.93个,标准差为0.8,变异系数为41.17%,差异明显,变异幅度相对很大。主枝基部直径变化范围1.4~2.2 mm,标准差达到0.18,变异系数在3个性状中最小,为9.87%。线性生长速率、分枝数、基部直径等性状分布均呈现明显的正态分布特征,标准差分析显示,各性状相对本身参数变化幅度较大,说明F1配子体存在一定的性状变异,可以挑选性状差异大的藻种进行杂交以期获得优良藻种。DTOPSIS综合评价分析显示20、47、93、6、31株系综合性状的评价值比较高,为后期人工选育优良藻种提供依据。     

Effect of shading colours on growth and pigment content of Gracilaria fisheri (Xia & Abbott) Abbott,Zhang & Xia (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta)

Sporeling and tissue propagation of agarophytic seaweed, Gracilaria fisheri, aimed to investigate the optimal shading colour for the preservation. This study was conducted under different shading colours indoor and outdoor experiments. The indoor experiment: tissues and sporelings of the seaweed were cultured in plastic chambers under fluorescent lights and were wrapped with white, green, blue and red colour PVC sheets of light intensity of 20 ± 1 μmol m^?2 s^?1. The outdoor tissues were cultured in the plastic tanks under different shadings of Saran sheets: white, green, blue and black covering the hoop‐houses with light intensity of 110 ± 10 μmol m^?2 s^?1. The results showed that different shading colours strongly influenced growth of G. fisheri sporelings and tissues but little effect on pigmentation. After 40 days, the highest growth rates of G. fisheri tissues and sporelings were found under red light with 1.44 and 1.89% day^?1 respectively. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) on pigment content of tissues indoor, whereas it was found that chlorophyll concentration of the sporelings under green light with 416.8 μg g^?1 fresh weight was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in other treatments. After 8‐week culture, outdoor tissues showed the highest growth rate with 1.71% day^?1 in the green hoop‐house. The study has found that G. fisheri cultivation was less influenced by epiphytes in the back hoop‐house with 15%. This study showed the feasibility of successful cultivation of G. fisheri sporelings and tissues.     

南澳贝藻混养互利机制的初步研究

以牡蛎和龙须菜为试验材料,进行了两个阶段不同投放比例的室内模拟混养试验,试验周期均为4周,各试验组分别为:对照组、龙须菜单养组、牡蛎单养组、牡蛎龙须菜低密度混养组、牡蛎龙须菜中密度混养组和牡蛎龙须菜高密度混养组,其中除对照组和龙须菜单养组外,各试验组牡蛎密度均为27只/m3,第一阶段龙须菜密度分别为:0,47,0,47,94,188g/m3,第二阶段龙须菜密度为:0,158,0,158,316,854g/m3。定期采样测定水体中营养盐(NO2-N,NO3-N,NH4-N,PO4-P)的含量及养殖生物的生长情况。试验结果表明,第一阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的试验组与未投放牡蛎的试验组水体氮、磷含量差异显著(P0.05)。第二阶段试验结束时,投放牡蛎的各试验组磷酸盐和硝酸盐含量差异显著(P0.05),高密度混养组的磷酸盐含量和硝酸盐含量与牡蛎单养组相比分别降低了43%、30%,说明龙须菜明显吸收了水体中的氮、磷,混养系统氮、磷利用更为合理,其中龙须菜854g/m3,牡蛎27只/m3的高密度混养组投放密度最为合理。     

Assessment of the tidal currents and pollutants dynamics associated with shrimp aquaculture effluents in SAMARE coastal lagoon (NW Mexico)

The pollutant dispersion induced by the tidal hydrodynamics was investigated through a modified model in Santa Marìa‐La Reforma coastal lagoon, a body water that receives effluents containing chemicals that are used in shrimp aquaculture. Maxima tidal currents (0.7 ms^?1) were predicted within the main channel. Residual currents, of the order of 0.01 ms^?1, were also predicted. The hypothetical pollutant, released at four selected sites that receive effluents from shrimp aquaculture and agriculture within the lagoon, spread towards the northern and southern inlets. The advection and diffusion processes allow the pollutant in most of the cases, to reach the inlets in about 120 h. The spreading of the pollutant in the coastal lagoon seems to be modulated by the tidal velocity fields. The presence of an area where tidal currents converge in the eastern part of Talchichitle Island suggests that a potential accumulation of pollutants occurs in this site.     

鱼、虾、蟹养殖池塘清塘排水水质及污染强度

为准确估计混养鱼、青虾、河蟹养殖池塘清塘时污染物的排放强度,实验选取三种类型池塘(混养鱼塘、青虾塘、河蟹塘)各5口。混养鱼塘清塘时一边捕捞一边用潜水泵排水;青虾塘在捕捞完成后即用潜水泵排水;河蟹塘在捕捞完成后1个月左右采用自流装置从表层开始排水并滞留30 cm水于塘内。采集三类池塘清塘前塘内水样及清塘过程中排水口水样,分析总氮、总磷、化学耗氧量和悬浮物等污染物浓度。分别以塘内水质和排水口水质的监测值估算了污染物的表观排放强度和实际排放强度。结果表明,随着塘内水位下降,混养鱼塘和青虾塘排水口的污染物浓度显著提高(P0.05)。混养鱼塘的实际污染强度显著高于其表观污染强度(P0.05)。然而河蟹池塘污染物的实际排放强度却显著低于表观排放强度(P0.05)。结果提示以塘内水质来估算池塘养殖污染物排放强度有明显误差;通过改进排水技术可以削减养殖污染排放量。     

基于FPGA的水产养殖环境无线测控模块设计

针对我国水产养殖无线远程信息测控多以成熟单片机为核心控制主件,不易满足行业特殊接口需求以及缺乏独立核心控制器的现状,项目以标准化及芯片自主化为最终目的,提出基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)为核心的实现方案,尝试性设计了一种较为通用的、可实现AD转换、数字接口、控制输出和驱动以及养殖现场数据存储和远距离数字通讯的测控模块。通过对水产养殖领域环境信息的无线测控模块各主要环节的研究设计,以模块到系统的FPGA原型功能验证方式,实现了现场模块对水产养殖的温度、溶氧信息的远距离测量和控制。系统测试和板级实验结果表明,该设计可以满足低成本、接口可扩展及标准化核心控制器的水环境测控模块需求。