植物源抗蚜活性物质的研究进展

蚜虫是重要的经济害虫之一,植物源抗蚜活性物质和基因工程技术可用于延缓蚜虫抗药性并实施蚜虫的生态治理新策略。综述了植物源抗蚜活性物质的主要类型和抗蚜物质的转基因研究的概况,并简述了植物源抗蚜活性物质的发展前景。     

植物源驱避剂研究进展

综述了植物源驱避剂的市场现状及应用前景,植物源驱避活性物质,植物源驱避活性物质提取方法,植物源驱避剂剂型的研究现状,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

生物源除草活性物质开发及应用研究进展

生物源除草剂是一种环境友好型除草剂,是未来除草剂的发展方向之一。本文从生物源除草剂应用的角度出发,综述了历年来国内外生物源除草活性物质在除草领域的研究进展,对生物源除草活性物质及其衍生物的开发和应用现状进行了系统的归纳和总结。其中植物源除草活性物质包括松科、桃金娘科、芸香科、唇形科和菊科等植物的提取物、分泌物和化学改性衍生物;微生物源除草活性物质包括真菌、细菌、放线菌、病毒和它们的次生代谢产物。本文可为生物源除草剂的开发和应用提供一定参考。     

玉米秸秆的化感活性物质:对羟基肉桂酸类化合物和对羟基苯甲醛

为了进一步明确玉米秸秆中存在的化感物质是否具有除草活性,为有效利用该秸秆防除农田杂草并以化感活性物质为先导化合物开发植物源除草剂提供依据.以小麦、生菜为受体植物,采用生物活性追踪法,对玉米(寿佳益)秸秆中所含有的可抑制植物生长的化感活性物质进行提取与分离,并测定活性物质对稗和反枝苋幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,用石油醚、乙...     

皂苷与植物病原真菌相互关系研究进展

皂苷是一类植物次生代谢物,具有抗真菌活性,被认为是植物抵抗真菌侵染的主要化学防御物质。其后的研究发现,许多侵染含皂苷植物的真菌能够通过产生皂苷解毒酶破坏这些植物防御物质。人们推测,这种皂苷去毒机制在含皂苷植物病原真菌中可能普遍存在,是病原真菌产生致病性的主要原因。本文总结了近年来皂苷与植物病原真菌相互关系研究的现状和进展,分析了今后的研究方向及应用前景。     

植物源农药对蚜虫控制作用的研究概述

蚜虫是农作物上的一类重要害虫,由于化学农药的不合理使用,蚜虫对其产生了较强的抗药性。研究表明植物源农药对蚜虫有较好的控制作用,且不易产生抗药性。主要综述了植物源农药对蚜虫的作用方式,植物源农药对蚜虫杀虫活性物质类型,讨论了目前植物源农药对蚜虫控制作用研究方面存在的问题和发展前景。     

放线菌菌株MY02的鉴定及发酵液中抗真菌活性组分的分离

从东北地区蔬菜保护地土壤中筛选分离到一株放线菌菌株MY02,通过对其形态学特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定其为龟裂链霉菌龟裂亚种Streptomyces rimosussub sp.rimosus。该菌株的发酵液具有抗真菌活性。发酵液经离心、过滤、萃取、硅胶柱层析等步骤分离纯化其活性物质,并进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析,表明其活性物质中含有两种抗真菌活性组分。对活性组分的正丁醇溶液进行紫外光谱扫描,结果表明该活性组分具有四烯类抗生素的典型特征吸收峰。     

放线菌Lj20抗真菌物质的分离及其在病害防治中的作用

菌株Lj20是从健康辣椒植株分离得到的一株有杭真菌活性的植物内生放线菌,为了进一步明确其生物防治潜力,利用大孔吸附树脂、离心薄层层析以及柱层析等技术对Lj20代谢产物中的抗真菌活性物质进行了分离和提纯,并采用生长速率法测定了其代谢产物对黄瓜灰霉病菌的抑制作用,同时在温室中对Lj20发酵液粗提物的防病效果进行了试验.从Lj20代谢产物中分离得到一个抗真菌活性物质,该化合物时黄瓜灰霉病菌具有较强抑制作用,EC50值为174.94 mg/L;500mg/LLj20发酵液粗提物对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果达62.5%;经鉴定其化合物结构为3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基-卞基甲醚.结果表明,放线菌Lj20有进一步开发和利用的价值.     

植物源杀虫剂的研究与应用

本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。     

枯草芽胞杆菌与氟环唑联用对禾谷镰孢霉的增效作用机制

为验证枯草芽胞杆菌与氟环唑联用对禾谷镰孢霉的增效作用,用平板倒扣法和固体平板扩散法—打孔法测定菌药联用后枯草芽胞杆菌挥发性物质、抗真菌蛋白对禾谷镰孢霉的抑菌活性,观察抗真菌蛋白对禾谷镰孢霉菌丝形态的影响,并用刚果红染色法测定菌药联用后枯草芽胞杆菌纤维素酶活性。结果表明:菌药联用对禾谷镰孢霉的最高抑菌活性可达74.44%,表现增效和持效作用;枯草芽胞杆菌挥发性物质和抗真菌蛋白分别与氟环唑联用均可增强禾谷镰孢霉抑菌活性;菌药联用后枯草芽胞杆菌纤维素酶活性提高。研究表明枯草芽胞杆菌与氟环唑联用的增效机制是增强枯草芽胞杆菌挥发性物质对禾谷镰孢霉的抑菌活性,抗真菌蛋白活性的提高加强了禾谷镰孢霉菌丝溶解的程度,纤维素酶活性的增强提高了禾谷镰孢霉空间竞争作用和生物防治潜能。     

Comparative toxicity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and blends of its major constituents against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on two different host plants

Bioassays of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and blends of its major constituents were conducted using host-specific strains of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on bean and tomato plants. Two constituents tested individually against a bean host strain and five constituents tested individually against a tomato host strain accounted for most of the toxicity of the natural oil. Other constituents were relatively inactive when tested individually. Toxicity of blends of selected constituents indicated a synergistic effect among the active and inactive constituents, with the presence of all constituents necessary to equal the toxicity of the natural oil.     

臭椿抗烟草花叶病毒活性物质的提取及其初步分离

以烟草花叶病毒为供试病毒,采用生物活性跟踪的方法对臭椿抗病毒活性物质进行了提取与初步分离。结果表明,臭椿乙醇提取物、甲醇提取物和丙酮提取物均有较好的抗烟草花叶病毒作用;通过系统溶剂提取、硅胶柱层析分离和活性筛选,从臭椿乙醇提取物的氯仿极性部位获得两个抗烟草花叶病毒活性组分Fr3与Fr6;经硅胶柱层析进一步分离,氯仿/甲醇梯度洗脱,得到4种相对较纯的活性成分C1、C2、C3、C4。生测结果显示,4种活性成分对烟草花叶病毒具有一定程度的抑制作用,但效果均低于原乙醇提取物,在活体条件下对烟草花叶病毒系统侵染的防治作用不明显。     

硬毛棘豆根的抑菌活性成分研究

为明确硬毛棘豆Oxytropis hirta Bunge根的农用抑菌活性成分,用75％乙醇浸提硬毛棘豆根,得到粗提物;再分别以石油醚、乙酸乙酯与正丁醇为溶剂对粗提物进行萃取,得到不同溶剂萃取相;通过活性追踪法对抑菌活性好的乙酸乙酯相运用现代柱层析与波谱学技术进行了分离与结构鉴定,并对所分离的化合物进行了抑菌活性评价.结...     

The relationship between the chemical composition of three essential oils and their insecticidal activity against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from various parts of three Greek aromatic plants (Lavandula hybrida Rev, Rosmarinus officinalis L and Eucalyptus globulus Labill) collected at different seasons was determined by GC/MS analysis. The insecticidal action of these oils and of their main constituents on Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) adults was evaluated and their LC50 values were estimated. All essential oils tested exhibited strong activity against A. obtectus adults, with varying LC50 values depending on insect sex and the composition of the essential oils. A correlation between total oxygenated monoterpenoid content and activity was observed, with oxygenated compounds exhibiting higher activity than hydrocarbons. Among the main constituents, only linalyl and terpinyl acetate were not active against A. obtectus, while all the others exhibited insecticidal activity against both male and female adults, with LC50 values ranging from 0.8 to 47.1 mg litre(-1) air. An attempt to correlate the insecticidal activity to the monoterpenoid's structure is presented, and the difference in sensitivity between male and female individuals is also explored.     

Activation of octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents isolated from aromatic plants: possible mode of action against insect pests

As a result of screening a large number of essential oils from Israeli aromatic plants and their biologically active constituents, we isolated two oils with high activity against several stored-product insects. In this study the effect of these compounds on the acetylcholinesterase and the octopamine systems in insects was studied in order to elucidate their mode of action. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro was evident only at high concentrations (10(-3) M) and could not account effectively for the low-dose mortality for some stored-product insects observed in vivo. However, the essential oil constituents were found to cause a significant increase in the levels of the intracellular messenger, cyclic AMP of abdominal epidermal tissue in the model insect, Helicoverpa armigera Hübn. The effect was significant even at low, physiological concentrations (10(-8) M) when tested directly on abdominal epidermal tissue preparations in vitro. This intracellular response was found to resemble closely the significant increases in the levels of the cyclic AMP of abdominal epidermal tissue due to treatment with the neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, octopamine. Subsequent treatment with the octopaminergic antagonist, phentolamine, effectively inhibited the cyclic AMP levels induced by essential oil treatment, indicating possible competitive activation of octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents.     

Host plant stimulation of detoxifying enzymes in a phytophagous insect

The midgut microsomal aldrin epoxidase of variegated cutworm larvae (Peridroma saucia, Hübner) fed bean or peppermint leaves was up to 10 and 45 times more active, respectively, than that of larvae fed a basic control diet. Large increases in oxidase activity and cytochrome P-450 levels also occurred in larvae fed mint plant constituents such as menthol menthone, α-pinene, and β-pinene. Mint-fed larvae were more tolerant of the insecticide, carbaryl, than bean-fed larvae.     

崂山常见中药材提取物对烟草青枯病菌的抑制作用

以烟草青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum为病原指示菌,从艾叶Artemisiae argyi等40种崂山常见中药材95%乙醇提取液中筛选对其具有明显抑制作用的活性物质。结果表明,32种(80%)药材提取物显示出不同程度的抑菌作用,其中公丁香Syzygium aromaticum提取物抑菌活性最强,其抑菌圈直径达19.53 mm。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法分析鉴定了公丁香提取物中12种化学组分,其中相对含量最高的丁香酚(40.43%)抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径达18.50 mm,处理6 h对病菌的抑制中质量浓度(EC₅₀)值为0.0292 mg/mL。本研究表明崂山地区抑菌植物具有丰富的多样性,公丁香提取物中活性成分丁香酚具有防治烟草青枯病的良好应用潜力。     

植物性杀虫剂治理抗性小菜蛾

小菜蛾是我国蔬菜上的重要害虫。由于小菜蛾的抗性日益严重,使传统的防治方法,如化学防治、农业防治和生物防治难以有效地控制小菜蛾的为害。植物性杀虫剂含有多种对害虫有活性的成分,且作用靶标多,作用方式复杂,害虫不易产生抗药性。印楝、苦楝、黄杜鹃、胜红蓟等８０多种植物对小菜蛾具有较好的防治效果,是防治抗性小菜蛾的一种有发展前景的杀虫剂。     

Composition of essential oil of Chinese Chenopodium ambrosioides and insecticidal activity against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais

BACKGROUND: In a screening programme for new agrochemicals from Chinese medicinal herbs, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. was found to possess strong fumigant activity against the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.). Essential oil of C. ambrosioides was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the constituents were determined by GC‐MS analysis. The active compounds were isolated and identified by bioassay‐directed fractionation. RESULTS: Five active compounds [(Z)‐ascaridole, 2‐carene, ρ‐cymene, isoascaridole and α‐terpinene] were isolated and identified from the essential oil from Chinese C. ambrosioides. The LC₅₀ values (fumigation) of the crude essential oils and the active compound (Z)‐ascaridole against S. zeamais adults were 3.08 and 0.84 mg L^?1 air respectively. The LD₅₀ values (contact toxicity) of the crude essential oil and (Z)‐ascaridole against S. zeamais adults were 2.12 and 0.86 µg g^?1 body weight respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that the essential oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides and its main active constituent, (Z)‐ascaridole, may be explored as a natural potential fumigant. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry