施氮量对开花期超高产小麦旗叶CO2响应曲线的影响

为给未来大气CO2浓度升高条件下超高产小麦的氮肥管理提供技术支撑,在大田条件下利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪,采用开放式气路测定了不同CO2浓度下小麦旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞问CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)等相关指标,分析了施氮量对开花期起高产小麦旗叶CO2响应曲线的影响.结果表明,氮素对开花期超高产小麦旗叶的CO2响应有较大的调节作用,随着外界CO2农度的升高,小麦旗叶的先合参数Pn、WUE,逐渐上升并在800 μmol CO2·mol-1左右趋于稳定.但施氮量在375kg/ha条件下Pn、WUE反而较施氮量为300 kg/ha的降低.说明在合理的施氮范围内,施氮和提高外界CO2浓度能通过增强小麦旗叶对胞间CO2的利用能力来提高光舍速率、降低蒸腾速率、提高水分利用效率,从而改善旗叶的光合性能.     

CO2浓度升高对春小麦光合作用和籽粒产量的影响

为给在大气CO2浓度升高条件下农作物栽培和农业可持续发展的科学管理决策提供依据,利用开顶式气室(OTC)研究了大气CO2浓度升高对春小麦辽春15生长发育过程中净光合速率、田间气体交换特性、光合酶活性等光合生理生态指标的变化规律以及对籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,CO2浓度增加到550 μmol·mol-1条件下,小麦叶片Pn升高,在孕穗期、灌浆期增幅达到显著水平(P＜0.05);叶片Ci提高,在灌浆期Ci增加达到极显著的水平(P＜0.01);而小麦叶片Gs、Tr呈下降趋势,均在灌浆期与CK差异显著(P＜0.05);各生育时期小麦叶片Hill反应活力都增强,孕穗期升高达到显著水平(P＜0.05);叶绿体Ca2 /Mg2 -ATPase活性均高于对照,但未达到显著水平.高CO2浓度使得小麦生物量积累有所增加,在拔节期、孕穗期小麦植株干重极显著增加(P＜0.01);提高了小麦籽粒产量,表现为穗粒重极显著增加(P＜0.01).在光合作用的整个过程中CO2浓度升高都起到了促进作用,并且最终表现在植株生物量和籽粒产量上.     

拔节期水氮运筹对冬小麦籽粒灌浆期叶片光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

为给冬小麦节水高效栽培提供理论依据,在防雨、基施氮量和开花期灌水量相同的条件下,通过拔节期不同追氮和灌水处理,研究了水氮运筹对冬小麦籽粒灌浆期叶片光合特性及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,冬小麦旗叶净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素a、叶绿素b均随拔节期灌水量的增加而升高.在相同灌水量下,增加追氮量能显著提高叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素a和b含量.追氮能显著提高叶片WUE,增加拔节期灌水量达W2(750 m3/ha)水平以上能显著提高叶片WUE.在N1(0 kg/ha)和N2(90 kg/ha)追氮量下,增加拔节期灌水量有利于提高叶片WUE,但在N3(180 kg/ha)水平下,增加拔节期灌水量不利于叶片WUE的提高.水、氮之间存在显著的互作效应,光合效率以N3W3处理(追氮量为180 kg/ha,拔节期灌水量为1 050 m3/ha)最高,而叶片WUE以N2W3处理(追氮量为90 kg/ha,拔节期灌水量为1 050 m3/ha)最高.通径分析表明,光合性状对叶片WUE的直接贡献大小依次为:净光合速率＞气孔导度＞叶绿素a＞胞间CO2浓度＞叶绿素b＞蒸腾速率.     

不同氮素水平对营养生长期南荻植株光合特性的影响

为揭示南荻(Triarrhena lutarioriparia L.Liu)在不同氮素水平下的光合生理特性,本研究采用盆栽试验,比较了四倍体南荻在5种不同施氮水平处理下光合作用参数之间的差异.结果表明,在0 ～4 g/株氮素水平范围内,随着施氮量的增加,各处理净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素含量随之增加.净光合速率较高的处理其植株的气孔导度(G8)、蒸腾速率(Tr)也较高,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)较低.在施氮水平为4g/株时,南荻叶片净光合速率和叶绿素含量达最大值,分别为24.47 μmol/m2·s和3.64 mg/g.叶绿素含量与净光合速率呈显著正相关(r =0.892*).不同施氨水平南荻植株光响应曲线不同,施氮可提高南荻暗呼吸速率(Rd)和光补偿点(LCP);在施氮为2g/株和4g/株处理时有较高的表观量子效率(AQY);在2～4g/株氮素水平范围内,植株最大净光合速率较大.     

不同细胞质小麦雄性不育系杂种F1光合生理参数的分析

为了探讨细胞质对杂种小麦光合生理特性的影响,以8个同核异质雄性不育系(K,V、T、CHA型不育系)及其恢复系758461-4的杂种F1为材料,在4个生育时期(抽穗期、开花期、灌浆中期、灌浆后期)测定了其旗叶净光合速率(Pn)及相关生理参数(气孔导度Gs、蒸腾速率Tr、细胞间隙CO2浓度Ci、大气CO2浓度(Ca),并对水分利用率WUE和气孔限制值Ls进行了分析.结果表明,(1)杂种F1的净光合速率及相关生理参数优势普遍存在,其中T型杂种的优势最强,超中亲(MP)20.029%,K、V型杂种分别超MP 10.630%、7.099%;(2)杂种Fl及其隶本净光合速率及生理参数4个生育时期的变化趋势相同,从开花期到灌浆期,Pn与Ci、Gs的变化趋势相同,与Ls的相反;(3)K型杂种的Pn较CHA型低0.077μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,V、T型杂种的Pn较CHA型分别高0.419、0.725μmol CO2·m-2·s-1但其差异不显著;(4)以太911289为母本配制的杂种的P"比以翼5418为母本配制的杂种高1.052μmol CO2·m-2·s-1,但差异未达显著水平.由此可见,K、V、T型细胞质对杂种F1的净光合速率及生理参数无不良影响;杂种F1的净光合速率在一定程度上受气孔因素的限制;在配制杂种时,通过选择优良的基因型可以改善杂种F.的净光合速率.     

香根草光合特性对有效光辐射增强和CO2浓度升高的响应

人工控制CO2浓度为350μmol／mol和700μmol／mol的条件下,测量了香根草的光合速率（Pn）,蒸腾速率（Tr）,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）,气孔导度（Gs）对连续有效光辐射（PAR）的增强响应。结果表明：Pn,Tr,Gs均随PAR的增强而增大,而且在PAR为2600μmol·m^-2·s^-1时还未达到光饱和点;PAR增强的起始阶段,水分利用效率（WUE）逐渐增大,在PAR为1100μmol·m^-2·s^-1时WUE达到最大值然后逐渐降低;随CO2浓度的升高,Pn,Tr,Gs减小,而Ci,WUE则随CO2浓度升高而增大,但2种CO2浓度下WUE差异不显著。     

施氮水平对啤酒大麦叶片光合、SPAD和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为给啤酒大麦高产栽培提供依据,选用苏啤3和单2两个大麦品种为试验材料,在江苏南京和盐城,研究了不同施氮水平对大麦光合、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光特性及产量的影响.结果表明,在0～225kg·ha-1施氮量范围内,两个大麦品种叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)均随着施氮量的提高而提高,施氮量再提高,上述参数又呈下降趋势.大麦籽粒产量亦呈现相同的趋势,最终以225 kg·ha-1施氮量处理的大麦籽粒产量最高.分析表明,光系统Ⅱ(PSII)较高的φPSII是适宜施氮量下提高大麦叶片Pn的重要生理基础,而适宜施氮量下较高的叶片Pn是本试验中啤酒大麦高产的生理基础.     

4个不同橡胶树品系的光合特性研究

以Li-cor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定4个海南当前橡胶树主导品种品系的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2溶度(Ci)等光合参数及叶绿素含量等指标。结果表明：热研8-79的Pn最高,叶肉瞬时羧化效率(Pn/Ci)较高,且水分利用率(WUE)最高,较适合在干旱胁迫地区配置;热垦628的Pn/Ci高,在最低的Ci和Gs情况下,表现出最低的Pn;热研7-33-97光合能力整体处于中等水平;传统品种RRIM600光合能力一般,且WUE最低,耐旱性较差。     

土壤质地对铬胁迫下小麦灌浆期形态与旗叶光合特性的影响

为了探讨铬(Cr)胁迫条件下土壤质地对小麦植株形态及旗叶光合特性的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了3种土壤质地(壤土、粘土、砂土)下灌浆期小麦的根长、分生根数、干物质量等形态指标及旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)、叶绿素相对含量等光合特性指标的差异。结果表明,随着Cr胁迫浓度的升高,小麦根长在粘土中呈逐渐变短的趋势,在壤土和砂土上则呈先升高后降低趋势,且根长达到最大值的Cr浓度为100 mg·kg-1;小麦分生根数在3种质地土壤上均呈逐渐减少趋势;Cr胁迫使不同器官的干物质量及干物质总重都有不同程度下降;旗叶的Pn在壤土上也随Cr浓度的升高逐渐降低,在粘土和砂土上则先升高后降低,且当Cr浓度分别为100和200 mg·kg-1时达到最大值;小麦旗叶Gs、Ci、Tr和叶绿素相对含量均呈先升高后降低趋势,且在壤土和粘土上达到最大值的Cr浓度均为100 mg·kg-1,在砂土上为200 mg·kg-1;旗叶WUE在粘土上呈先升高后降低趋势,砂土上则呈现升高趋势,壤土上波动不大。整体来说,Cr胁迫对小麦灌浆期各项光合指标起到了低促高抑或抑制作用,尤其当Cr浓度≥200 mg·kg-1时,Cr对小麦表现出明显的胁迫效应,导致根长降低,分生根数减少,旗叶Gs、Ci、Tr和叶绿素相对含量降低,各器官干物质量减少。此外,在3种质地土壤上,小麦灌浆期旗叶光合指标在Cr胁迫下不同程度下降,砂土的下降趋势比壤土和粘土明显。     

缺钾对越冬期油菜光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

为了明晰缺钾胁迫下光合速率下降的主导因素及其作用机制,在田间条件下设置正常供钾处理(+K)和缺钾处理(–K),采用气体交换和叶绿素荧光联合测定技术以及透射电镜技术,研究缺钾胁迫时越冬期甘蓝型油菜品种浙油601的光合特性及叶绿体超微结构。结果表明,缺钾胁迫时叶片光合速率下降了45.1%。尽管缺钾胁迫下叶片气孔导度(gs)明显降低,但其胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加了66μmol CO2·mol-1,气孔限制值(Ls)减小了45.7%,说明气孔因素并非缺钾胁迫下油菜叶片Pn下降的主要原因。进一步的叶绿素荧光参数测定结果表明,缺钾胁迫导致油菜越冬期叶片PSII潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)显著下降,说明光系统II反应中心受损;并且缺钾胁迫下油菜叶片叶绿体的长度降低了15.1%、叶绿体厚度增加了22.7%、叶绿体到细胞壁的距离增加了56.1%。由此可见,缺钾胁迫下越冬期油菜叶绿体结构改变及光系统反应中心受损等非气孔因素导致叶片光合速率下降。     

重铬酸钾对黑麦的细胞遗传毒性及硅的缓解作用

为了解K2Cr2O7的细胞遗传毒性及硅对铬毒害的缓解作用,采用常规染色体压片技术,观察不同浓度的K2Cr2O7(20、40、60、80、100、120mg.L-1)对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响以及硅对铬胁迫缓解效应。结果表明,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均随K2Cr2O7浓度的升高呈先升后降趋势,在K2Cr2O7浓度为40.0mg.L-1时均达到最大值。与蒸馏水对照相比,6个不同浓度K2Cr2O7胁迫处理的微核率和染色体畸变率均有显著升高。对40mg.L-1 K2Cr2O7胁迫的黑麦根尖分别进行60、120和180mg.L-1的Na2SiO3处理,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均显著降低,且随硅浓度的增加呈下降趋势。说明K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂在低浓度时促进,高浓度时抑制,高低浓度处理均对染色体具有明显的致畸效应。外源硅可有效缓解K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的不利影响。     

Evaluation of the Effect of Photosynthesis on Biomass Production with Simultaneous Analysis of Growth and Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange in the Whole Plants of Radish,cv Kosena under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Abstract

The effects of elevated CO₂ (approximate doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentration) on the rate of photosynthesis estimated from continuous monitoring of CO₂ exchange in whole plants were investigated in radish cv. Kosena accompanied with simultaneous analysis of growth for 6 days from 15 to 21 days after planting (DAP). The elevated CO₂ increased the dry weights of hydroponically grown radish plants by 59% at 21 DAP.

The increase in dry weight was due to a combined effect of increased leaf area and increased photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Leaf area and the photosynthetic rate were increased by elevated CO₂ by 18-43% and 9-20%, respectively, during 15 to 21 DAP. Namely, an increase in the rate of photosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in leaf area, both having a significant effect on biomass production.     

Oosporenbildung vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary

Zusammenfassung Durch Kombination verschiedener Pathotypen vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1985 im Freiland gesammelt, mit ?lteren Isolaten aus der Sammlung des Institutes wurde die M?glichkeit der Oosporenbildung geprüft. Bisher konnte bei zwei Kombinationen Oosporen-bildung beobachter werden. Daraus kann man schliessen, dass nunmehr auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beide Paarungstypen vonP. infestants vorkommen.

     

Production of activated carbon from organic by-products from the alcoholic beverage industry: Surface area and hardness optimization by using the response surface methodology

The ability of activated carbon to remove pollutants from water in packed column systems is dependent on granular material with mechanical strength sufficient to avoid attrition caused by stream flow. Therefore, an appropriate balance between surface area and hardness is essential when using activated carbon in real systems. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal production conditions that generate activated carbon with adequate physical properties to be used in packed systems from agave bagasse, a waste product from the mezcal industries in Mexico. Activated carbons were produced by chemical activation (ZnCl₂ or H₃PO₄). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of the activation temperature (250-550 °C), activation time (0-50 min), and the concentration of activating agent (0.2-1.4; g activating agent/g bagasse) on both surface area and hardness. The production conditions that generated optimal characteristics in the activated carbon were 392 °C, 1.02 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for H₃PO₄ activated samples and 456 °C, 1.08 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for ZnCl₂ activated samples. The surface area and hardness of the activated carbon produced from bagasse under these conditions were similar to activated commercial carbons (surface area > 800 m²/g and hardness > 85%).     

Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods,by reverse phase isocratic HPLC-UV

The evaluation of nutritional or functional components in grain products is an important feature for the industry, especially when recent regulations require a correct nutrition labelling, valid during all the shelf life of the product. For that reason, industry usually makes many efforts to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be easily applied in any quality control laboratories for routine analysis. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of thiamine and riboflavin are sensitive, but need specific equipment. A few HPLC-UV methods have been described but they are less sensitive, and present difficulties due to interfering compounds, particularly in complex food matrixes, as grains and derivatives.     

渭北旱塬农户冬小麦养分资源投入调查与分析

为了解目前我国化肥用量的现状和农民养分资源投入中存在的问题,在渭北旱塬冬小麦种植区域选取3个区/县进行了冬小麦养分资源投入的调查分析.结果表明,2009年小麦产量适中的农户占10.0％,偏低的农户占7.5％,很低的农户占79.2％,偏高的农户占3.3％,很高的农户占0.0％.冬小麦纯N平均用量为191.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5平均用量为121.2 kg·hm-2,K2O平均用量为74.4 kg·hm-.氮肥投入量适中的农户占30.0％,偏低的占5.0％,很低的占4.2％,偏高的占22.5％,很高的占38.3％.磷肥投入量适中的农户占14.2％,偏低的占41.7％,很低的占15.0％,偏高的占15.8％,很高的占13.3％.钾肥投入量适中的农户占2.5％,偏低的占2.5％,很低的占78.3％,偏高的占5.0％,很高的占11.7％.养分资源投入以无机为主,有机为辅;投入形式以基施为主.     

Ultrastructure of Fusion Product between Protoplasts from C3 and C4 Species of Amaranthaceae

Summary

This paper describes the ultrastructure of the electric field-induced fusion products of C₃ and C₄ species of Amaranthaceae at the early developmental stage. Protoplasts of C₃ species were isolated from a Ceiosia cristata L. cell suspension and, those of C₄ species were isolated from an Amaranthus tricolor L. cotyledon. Incompatibility occurred in the C₃/C₄ hybrid. The incompatibility reactions were detected in the newly formed hybrid cells accompanied with significant changes in the nucleolus (segregation of nucleolar components) and plastids (cup-like shape or amoeboid plastid enclosing cytoplasmic materials) of C₃ species parent. The structural changes in the organelles of the C₄ partner were less marked. After 5 days of culture, most organelles showed high cellular activity, and a normal dedifferentiation process of mesophyll chloroplasts was observed. At this stage nucleolar segregation was not detected and the C₃ species plastids were difficult to distinguish from the proplastids formed from mesophyll chloroplasts. In addition, some mitochondria showed bursting-like structure. However, under the culture condition used these somatic incompatibility did not seem to impair further growth of fusion products since they were still proliferating well resulting in callus formation.     

碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗对外源过氧化氢的生理响应

为探讨过氧化氢(H_2O_2)对碱胁迫下植物的生理调节作用,以燕麦品种定莜6号的幼苗为材料,采用沙培方法,设置0、50和150μmol·L~(-1)三个H_2O_2浓度水平,研究了外源H_2O_2对100mmol·L~(-1) NaHCO_3胁迫下燕麦叶片活性氧代谢、渗透溶质积累和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,NaHCO_3胁迫下,与不添加H_2O_2处理(0μmol·L~(-1))相比,50和150μmol·L~(-1) H_2O_2处理均不同程度降低了燕麦叶片超氧阴离子、H_2O_2、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量和细胞质膜的相对透性,明显提高可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸和类胡萝卜素含量及叶绿素a/b值。NaHCO_3胁迫下,50μmol·L~(-1) H_2O_2处理的燕麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量下降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及抗坏血酸(AsA)含量提高;150μmol·L~(-1) H_2O_2处理则提高了SOD、POD、APX活性和AsA含量,降低了CAT活性,对GSH含量无明显影响。50μmol·L~(-1) H_2O_2显著缓解了NaHCO_3胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,150μmol·L~(-1) H_2O_2的缓解效应不明显。     

Design and Synthesis of Novel Xyloketal Derivatives and Their Protective Activities against H2O2-Induced HUVEC Injury

In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of amide derivatives (1–13), benzoxazine derivatives (16–28) and amino derivatives (29–30) from xyloketal B. All 28 new derivatives and seven known compounds (14, 15, 31–35) were evaluated for their protection against H₂O₂-induced HUVEC injury. 23 and 24 exhibited more potential protective activities than other derivatives; and the EC₅₀ values of them and the leading compound 31 (xyloketal B) were 5.10, 3.59 and 15.97 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, a comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) was constructed to explain the structural activity relationship of these xyloketal derivatives. This 3D QSAR model from CoMSIA suggested that the derived model exhibited good predictive ability in the external test-set validation. Derivative 24 fit well with the COMSIA map, therefore it possessed the highest activity of all compounds. Compounds 23, 24 and 31 (xyloketal B) were further to examine in the JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay of HUVECs using flow cytometry (FCM). The result indicated that 23 and 24 significantly inhibited H₂O₂-induced decrease of the cell mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at 25 μM. Collectively, the protective effects of xyloketals on H₂O₂-induced endothelial cells may be generated from oxidation action by restraining ROS and reducing the MMP.