土壤重金属与农产品质量安全的相关性研究即将开展

在实际工作中发现，农产品质量安全与土壤环境质量缺乏相关性，决不能简单认为土壤中这些重金属含量低，土壤质量就一定高；相反，即使一种土壤中这些重金属在一定条件下比另外一种高，也不能断言前者质量一定比后者低。     

农用化学品及废弃物对土壤环境与食物安全的影响

综述了农用化学品和废弃物(化肥、农药、酸沉降、污水污泥、畜禽粪便和“三废”等)利用现状及其对土壤环境污染与食物安全的影响。     

三峡库区土壤环境质量评价

三峡移民工程中土地资源的合理规划利用需要建立在查清区域土壤环境质量的基础之上。利用多目标地球化学调查方法,通过野外实地调查、大面积系统性采集土壤表层样品、测试分析、数理统计,采用标准对比法及地质累积指数法,探讨了三峡库区表层土壤重金属污染程度,评价了土壤环境质量。结果表明:三峡库区区域土壤环境质量总体上较好,除巫山、奉节地区Cr、N i自然高背景导致存在一定量的区域性二类土外,表层土壤中As、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等元素一类土占全区面积均在90%以上,仅存在局部性人为污染,如Hg在城镇、厂矿等地的点状污染;不存在区域性的人为污染。采用两种方法评价均发现在三峡库区存在大量Cd二类土,主要分布在万州至涪陵一带,这种大面积分布的二类土是自然背景引起还是人为活动引起,有待于进一步研究,也值得引起高度关注。     

苏南某市农田土壤环境质量评价及其分级

以苏南工业化与城市化水平较高的某市为试验区,在对该市农田土壤环境质量和污染状况进行较为系统的调研之后,对试区农田土壤的环境质量按照国家有关标准进行综合评价并分类。结果表明:单因子污染指数最小的是六六六,其次为Pb和Cr,均无超标样点;少数传统菜地和大棚菜地土壤中DDT的污染指数接近或超过1,表明其中DDT残留量已超标,单因子污染指数最为严重的是Cd。就综合污染指数而言,除水稻土均值为0.57,低于0.7,属安全外,其他3类土壤的综合污染指数均值在0.72~0.95之间,处于警戒值。试区内约有20%以上土壤综合污染指数超过1,表明土壤受到轻度污染,这是需要引起关注的。     

基于不同标准的郑州市农产品产地土壤环境质量评价

以郑州市耕地土壤为例,对其表层重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As含量进行了测定分析,按照单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,分别根据有机农业生产基地环境质量标准、绿色食品产地环境质量标准、无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准进行了评价,同时应用克里格插值方法进行空间特征分析.结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属变异程度由大到小为:Hg、Cr、Pb、As、Cd;全区土壤环境质量完全满足无公害蔬菜产地环境条件的要求,北部和东南部大部分满足绿色食品产地环境质量的要求,而仅约半数的土壤适宜发展有机农业生产.可为农业生产发展规划和相关管理部门提供科学依据和辅助决策.     

恩施地区玉米土壤环境质量评价

根据我国农业行业标准(NY5020-2001)规定的污染物控制指标及控制值,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对恩施州八个县市玉米产区土壤的8项污染指标进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,全州玉米土壤环境质量总体状况良好,达到"安全"等级,符合国家规定的无公害产品基地土壤环境质量的要求。     

“十四五”土壤质量与食物安全前沿趋势与发展战略

土壤质量与食物安全和人体健康息息相关。土壤质量与食物安全这一分支学科作为"十四五"土壤科学发展战略重要的组成部分,致力于治理与改善耕地土壤质量以应对粮食安全危机。文献计量结果表明,与发达国家相比,中国在该领域的研究起步较晚,但近年呈现加速上升甚至有超越的趋势。随着气候及环境污染问题凸显,国际上的相关研究热点集中于环境监测、土地利用、施肥管理、污染修复(重金属、抗生素、有机农药和病原微生物)及可持续发展等方面。本学科以土壤质量、土壤污染和粮食安全为重点研究方向,通过与地理信息学、环境科学、应用数学、医学等学科的交叉融合,借助同位素源解析、生物地球化学循环、分子生物学等前沿性理论与技术,未来将解决区域土壤质量监测、养分质量管理、食物安全与人体健康风险、土壤-作物系统中污染物迁移转化及阻控修复等关键科学问题。     

水分特征对伴矿景天生长和重金属吸收性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分特征对伴矿景天生长和重金属吸收性的影响.结果表明:在70% 土壤最大田间持水量(70%WHC)处理下,伴矿景天生长最好,其地上部鲜重显著高于其他处理;70%WHC处理伴矿景天对重金属吸收能力最强,其茎中Zn的浓度显著高于其他处理,茎中Cd的浓度分别比35%WHC、100%WHC、淹水处理高27.1%、29.0%、63.1%;叶中的Zn浓度表现出与茎中相同趋势,叶中Cd的浓度与茎中不同,以100%WHC处理最高.70%WHC处理下,植物提取Zn、Cd的效率最高,其修复效率均显著高于其他处理.这些结果表明,土壤水分状况在土壤重金属污染伴矿景天植物吸取修复中起着重要作用.     

污灌对土壤重金属环境容量及水稻生长的影响研究

对农田污灌区污水和土壤监测结果表明 ,土壤中Cd、As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Cr和Zn等含量为当地环境背景值的1 5 5～ 5 2 9倍 ,其中Cd和As含量分别为国家土壤环境质量 2级标准的 3倍和 1 4 2倍。污水中 7种重金属含量为农田灌溉水质标准的 4 8～ 34倍 ,部分有机污染物含量为灌溉水质标准的 1 1 0～ 1 87倍。以 3级标准为最大容量限值 ,土壤重金属达土壤环境容量的污灌年限估算结果依次为Cr>Hg >Pb >Cu >Zn >Cd。污土清灌和污水直接灌溉均影响盆栽水稻的正常生长 ,其中污染土壤持续污灌可导致部分秧苗死亡     

Combination effects of heavy metals and fluoranthene on soil bacteria

The effects of (1) Cd, Cu, Zn, and fluoranthene (FLA), separately applied, and (2) combinations of one of these heavy metals with FLA on the growth of bacteria were studied in agar plate experiments. The bacteria were extracted from A horizons of a Eutric Regosol and a Calcic Chernozem. Significant reductions of bacterial counts were observed for both soils at concentrations > 1.0 mg Cd l^–1, 0.5 mg Cu l^–1, and 0.5 mg Zn l^–1, respectively. Additions of FLA up to 100 mg l^–1 did not result in increasing reductions of bacterial growth in the Regosol. Only 0.5, 2, and 100 mg FLA l^–1 caused significant reductions of 22–27%. Bacterial counts were not affected by 0.2 mg FLA l^–1. Low concentrations of heavy metals which were not affective when added separately were found to reduce bacterial growth when applied in combination with 0.2 mg FLA l^–1. At higher levels of heavy metals up to 2.5 mg l^–1, addition of FLA also increased the toxicity of the metals. It is assumed that the enhancement of toxicity by FLA is due to an alteration of the permeability of bacterial cell membranes. Received: 19 July 1996     

Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities

Three soil types-Calcaric Phaeozem, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Lithosol-in large container pots were experimentally contaminated with heavy metals at four different levels (light pollution: 300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd; medium pollution: twofold concentrations; heavy pollution: threefold concentrations; uncontaminated control). We investigated the prognostic potential of 16 soil microbial properties (microbial biomass, respiration, N-mineralization, 13 soil enzymes involved in cycling of C, N, P and S) with regard to their ability to differentiate the four contamination levels. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities decreased with increasing heavy metal pollution, but the amount of decrease differed among the enzymes. Enzymes involved in the C-cycling were least affected, whereas vartous enzyme activities related to the cycling of N, P and S showed a considerable decrease in activity. In particular, arylsulfatase and phosphatase activities were dramatically affected. Their activity decreased to a level of a few percent of their activities in the corresponding unpolluted controls. The data suggest that aside from the loss of rare biochemical capabilities-such as the growth of organisms at the expense of aromatics (Reber 1992)-heavy metal contaminated soils lose very common biochemical propertities which are necessary for the functioning of the ecosystem. Cluster analysis as well as discriminant analysis underline the similarity of the enzyme activity pattern among the controls and among the polluted soils. The trend toward a significant functional diversity loss becomes obvious already at the lowest pollution level. This implies that concentrations of heavy metals in soils near the current EC limits will most probably lead to a considerable reduction in decomposition and nutrient cycling rates. We conclude that heavy metal pollution severely decreases the functional diversity of the soil microbial community and impairs specific pathways of nutrient cycling.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤重金属的影响

河岸带土壤重金属已成为国内外研究的热点问题之一。随着水库蓄水,长江水流速度降低,水体稀释扩散能力下降,水体中污染物浓度增加,水库大面积长时期淹水容易造成污染物在土壤中滞留时间加长[5],此外,水库两岸排放的污染物也将在水流缓慢的消落带富集。另外,水库大     

重金属的土水分配行为研究——根际土壤溶液采样器的应用

采用根际土壤溶液采样器(Rhizon-SMS)原位采集河南平原耕地土壤溶液.用土壤溶液中重金属浓度对数作为因变量、土壤溶液理化性质作为自变量,进行多元线性逐步回归,结果表明:只有有机碳进入Cu的相关方程,pH进入Cd的相关方程.土壤溶液pH和土壤中的Zn都作为自变量进入Zn的相关方程.土壤溶液中的Cu与pH没有线性关系,而Cd和Zn与土壤溶液pH有显著的线性关系(p＜0.01).计算了土壤中Cu、Cd、Zn在土壤与土壤溶液中的分配系数Kd.本研究中,3种重金属的Kd大小顺序为:Cu＞Zn＞Cd.根据Freeze 和Cherry模型,联合log(Kd-Cd)、log(Kd-Zn)与pH的线性关系,估计了Cd和Zn在土壤中的迁移速度.     

土壤中重金属离子竞争吸附的研究进展

本文主要对土壤中重金属离子竞争吸附的研究现状进行了综述。讨论了影响重金属离子竞争吸附能力的一些主要因子、吸附平衡模型及吸附反应的动力学过程。重金属离子的一级水解常数、离子半径、电负性等性质及其外界环境条件,如pH值、离子强度、有机质含量等因素影响着离子选择性吸附的强弱。竞争的Langmuir方程和扩展的Freundlich方程被用来对竞争吸附过程进行描述,同时指出竞争吸附过程中存在着一个"过饱和点"。最后,对竞争吸附的发展方向进行了展望,指出应加强理论模型和多因子综合作用影响的研究。     

施肥对灌漠土作物产量、土壤肥力与重金属含量的影响

有机物还田是提升土壤肥力的主要措施,但也存在造成土壤金属污染的潜在风险。为查明不同有机物还田对土壤质量及作物产量的影响,本文通过长期定位试验,研究了无肥对照、常规施化肥(氮磷配施)以及70%常规化肥与牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪配施对土壤理化性状、有机碳和氮的固存率、氮磷钾活化系数、作物产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪与70%化肥配施虽作物产量与常规施化肥相似,但6种有机物处理土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量都较常规施化肥处理显著增加,污泥、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤全磷与速效磷含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,而且牛粪、沼渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理的速效钾、土壤磷活化系数和土壤钾活化系数较常规施化肥处理也显著提升。牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤有机碳固存率为36.42%～71.61%,较常规施化肥处理都显著提高;而其氮固存率为6.47%～49.44%,仅有菌渣处理与常规施化肥处理差异不显著,而其他处理较常规施化肥处理显著增加。长期施鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤铜含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为4.17mg·kg~(-1)和14.2mg·kg~(-1);而污泥、鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤锌含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为13.53 mg·kg~(-1)、22.60 mg·kg~(-1)和49.73mg·kg~(-1)。综上,等有机质(4 500kg×hm~(-2))的牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪可替代30%氮磷肥,作物产量不受影响;不同有机物培肥土壤效果为污泥、鸡粪和猪粪优于牛粪和沼渣,而沼渣的培肥效果略差。为保证土壤环境质量稳定不恶化,种植小麦时有机物铜和锌的年携入量应分别低于53.01g×hm~(-2)和221.30 g×hm~(-2),而种植玉米时应分别低于153.40 g×hm~(-2)和347.04 g×hm~(-2)。     

Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on urease activity in soils

Summary The inhibitory effects of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc on urease activity of five different soils during two different periods were investigated, in order to obtain information on the change in heavy metal toxicity with time. The results are presented graphically as logistic dose-response curves. When the ecological dose range was used as a measure of toxicity this value decreased significantly only for copper in the sandy soil. Considering toxicity as the ecological dose-50% (ED50) value, toxicity tended to increase over 1 1/2 years for cadmium, copper and zinc. For nickel and lead, however, the toxicity stabilized in all soils, except in sand and clay. The average ED 50 value of zinc varied between 100 and 300 mg kg^–1 and its toxicity was highest. It is emphasized that these data may help to set limits for the heavy-metal pollution of soils.