7种经济贝类生殖腺脂肪酸含量的研究

为了提高文蛤等经济贝类的稚贝成活率,对文蛤等7种经济贝类的生殖腺中脂肪及脂肪酸的含量进行了研究。试验结果表明:不同的贝类总脂肪含量不同,其中,缢蛏最高,可达25.48%,虾夷扇贝22.32%,文蛤21.27%,泥蚶19.89%,紫贻贝16.79%,杂色鲍15.75%,青蛤含量最低,只有14.88%。由于浙江沿海的缢蛏一般是在10~11月产卵、受精及完成胚胎发育,在这种低温条件下配子的成熟和受精卵发育需要大量的能量,缢蛏的脂肪含量为最高,精巢为11.02%(占所取样品干重),卵巢为14.46%。雌雄生殖腺的脂肪含量也不同,一般是雌性生殖腺脂肪含量明显高于雄性生殖腺。不饱和脂肪酸的含量大于饱和脂肪酸,其中,紫贻贝含量最高,为67.23%,文蛤次之67.19%,泥蚶第三64.27%,虾夷扇贝59.74%,缢蛏59.40%,青蛤最低,仅为57.51%。生殖腺的质量是繁殖成败的关键,其中脂质的积累是影响生殖腺发育的主要因素之一。     

中国对虾卵巢发育过程中脂肪酸组成的分析及比较研究

通过分析中国对虾亲虾在卵巢发育的不同阶段的卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉的脂肪酸组成来评估中国对虾在性腺成熟过程中对脂质的需要。从中国对虾亲虾不同组织的脂肪酸组成可见,棕榈酸(16:0)、棕榈油酸(16:1ω7)、油酸(18:1ω9)、二十碳五烯酸(20:5ω3,EPA)及二十二碳六烯酸(22:6ω3,DHA)占主要比例,这与其它海洋甲壳类的脂肪酸组成相类似。中国对虾亲虾的主要脂肪酸组成比例与日本对虾亲虾的主妥脂肪酸组成比例相近似。中国对虾亲虾在不同的卵巢成熟期同一器官中的主要脂肪酸组成比例没有明显的差别,而不同组织的主要脂肪酸组成中都含有大量的ω-3系列的高度不饱和脂肪酸。从成熟卵巢的脂肪酸组成中含有高比例的EPA、DHA含量可见,EPA、DHA在亲虾性腺发育过程中的必需性。     

不同家系大黄鱼肌肉营养成分的比较

对同等养殖条件下所养成的大黄鱼[Pseudosciaena crocea(Richardson)]3个不同家系:WW家系[野生F1(♀)×野生F1(♂)]、WC家系[野生F1(♀)×养殖F8(♂)]和CC家系[养殖F8(♀)×养殖F8(♂)]成鱼肌肉营养成分进行测定,并以野生大黄鱼作为对照,从营养成分的角度分析和评价不同家系大黄鱼的品质。结果显示,野生大黄鱼粗蛋白含量、必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸总量都明显高于家系大黄鱼,而必需脂肪酸含量则低于家系大黄鱼。3个家系之间,粗蛋白质含量、必需氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸指数排列次序由大到小依次为:WW、WC、CC;饱和脂肪酸总量由大到小的排序为:CC、WW、WC;不饱和脂肪酸总量由大到小依次为:WC、WW、CC。研究认为,家系之间主要营养成分指标存在一定差异,这是由遗传因素决定的,因此通过家系选择进行大黄鱼肉质改良是可能的,但是同时必须结合饲料营养成分的补充和调控以及养殖环境条件的改善,才能较快速地使养殖大黄鱼的品质达到或接近野生大黄鱼的水平。     

Fatty acid and lipid content of Oreochromis niloticus L. in Ethiopian lakes — dietary effects of phytoplankton

Abstract— Herbivorous tilapia fish, Oreochrornis niloticus L. (Cichlidae), collected from five Ethiopian lakes were analyzed for lipid and fatty acid contents of the dorsal muscle using spectrophotometry and gas-liquid chromatography. The results showed remarkable variation between the lakes in both the lipid and total fatty acid content of the fish, 1.7–21 and 1.6–9.3% of dry weight (DW), respectively. Most fish from Lakes Haiq and Chamo contained higher levels of fat (≥ 10% DW) compared to fish from Lakes Ziway, Langeno and Awassa which contained ≤ 5% DW fat. A total of 28 fatty acids were identified. The saturated fatty acids ranged from 5.3–30 mg. gg⁻¹ DW, monounsaturated Fatty acids from 1.3–30 and polyunsaturated fatty acids from 6.8–29 mg. g⁻¹ DW. The most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). EPA and DHA alone amounted to 2.6–15 mg. g⁻¹ DW. The ω3/ω6 ratios ranged from 1.3–7.6 and L. Haiq fish showed the highest ratios, 5.1–7.6, indicating that the fat was of high nutritional quality. The reason for such variation is probably the varied diet available to the fish in the various lakes, This study, along with previous reports, confirms that the phytoplankton flora constituting the diet of O. niloticus varies greatly between the study lakes. The variation in phytoplankton is also reflected by the fatty acid pattern of net samples taken from the study lakes.     

三种养殖鲟鱼卵营养成分的比较分析

对养殖施氏鲟（ Acipenser schrenckii）、西伯利亚鲟（ A.baerii）和小体鲟（ A.ruthenus）卵中常规营养成分、氨基酸（AA）和脂肪酸（FA）的组成和含量进行了测定。结果表明,三种鲟鱼中,西伯利亚鲟卵内粗蛋白（22.6％）和粗脂肪（17.9％）含量最高,且与施氏鲟的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量都显著高于小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;三种鲟鱼卵内均含有18种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸总量（ TEAA）占总氨基酸（ TAA）均高于49％,且施氏鲟卵内TEAA占TAA的50.06％,显著高于西伯利亚鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）。三种鲟鱼卵内含量最多的必需氨基酸（ EAA ）均为亮氨酸,种类间的色氨酸含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,其他EAA含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）;各种非必需氨基酸（NAA）含量种类间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,以谷氨酸含量最高。三种鲟鱼卵内,含量最高的饱和脂肪酸（SFA）均为C16∶0,种间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）中均以C18∶1n-9含量最高,且施氏鲟卵内含量显著高于西伯利亚鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;多不饱和脂肪酸（ PUFA）中均以C22∶6 n-3含量最高,其中西伯利亚鲟卵内含量显著高于施氏鲟和小体鲟（ P＜0.05）;西伯利亚鲟卵内n-3/n-6值最高,小体鲟卵内最低,且三种鲟鱼间n-3/n-6值均有显著差异（ P＜0.05）。西伯利亚鲟鱼卵内, DHA、 EPA、 PUFA、 n-3 PUFA总含量及n-3/n-6值均显著高于另外两种鲟鱼卵（ P＜0.05）。因此,在配置鲟亲鱼配合饲料时,要重视各种脂肪酸之间的添加比例。     

Effects of intracerebroventricular treatment with oleate or octanoate on fatty acid metabolism in Brockmann bodies and liver of rainbow trout

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment with oleate or octanoate induced in Brockmann bodies (BB) and liver of rainbow trout changes in several parameters related to fatty acid (FA) sensing through FA metabolism, FA transport through FA translocase (FAT/CD36) and mitochondrial activity. Changes observed in BB were completely different to those observed in previous studies after treatment with the same FA either intraperitoneal (IP) or in vitro. Therefore, FA sensing in BB is apparently direct and not related to previous FA sensing in hypothalamus, but it could be influenced by changes in the levels of peripheral hormones like insulin. In contrast, results obtained after ICV treatment with FA in liver were comparable to those observed after IP treatment but different to those observed after in vitro treatment. Therefore, FA sensing in liver is apparently indirect and be the consequence of previous hypothalamic FA sensing followed by vagal and/or sympathetic outflow.     

Use of Standard or Modified Plant-Derived Lipids as Alternatives to Fish Oil in Feeds for Juvenile Nile Tilapia

In support of developing sustainable aquafeeds, production performance and fillet fatty acid profile were assessed in juvenile Nile tilapia (0.61 ± 0.0 g/fish mean ± SE) raised for 16 weeks on diets containing fish oil or 50:50 blends of fish and plant-derived lipids. Standard, low 18:3n-3, or saturated fatty acid (SFA)-enriched soybean oils, palm oil, or low 18:3n-3 canola oil may be used to partially spare fish oil in feeds for Nile tilapia without impairing production performance, though use of hydrogenated soybean oil appears to impair growth and conversion efficiency. Of the plant lipids evaluated, palm and SFA-enriched soybean oil appear to be the best alternatives in terms of maintaining fillet long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content and the nutritional value of tilapia fillets.     

宁波地区桃花水母的脂肪酸组成研究

2004年10月、2005年7月于浙江省宁波市七塔寺、江北区、天童寺采得多个桃花水母标本.用GC/MS法分析后的结果表明,三地桃花水母总脂含量平均值为16.30%.共检测到加种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)5种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种.其中PUFA含量最高,占总脂肪酸的44.37%～50.59%,而SFA和MUFA分别占总脂肪酸的33.96%～39.14%和11.32%～21.67%.     

中国5种淡水鱼脂肪酸组成分析

近年来,由于水产养殖事业不断发展,许多学者在对海水鱼类脂肪酸组成的分析、提取和利用等研究取得了成果的基础上,又逐渐转对淡水养殖鱼类脂肪酸的研究并引起人们的重视。国外的一些文献、资料显示,已有相当多的学者在淡水鱼类脂肪酸的研究领域中做了不少工作,然而对于我国主要淡水养殖对象的鲤科鱼类脂肪酸组成的分析研究却几乎尚未开展。为此,作者对五种鲤科鱼类(草鱼、鲤、鲢、鳙、团头鲂)的脂类脂肪酸组成进行了考察,从而分析了它们的营养价值,并为研究该五种鱼类的脂肪酸代谢过程提供了基本数据。这对于改善养殖条件,提高淡水鱼类养殖的产量和质量,都具有一定的意义。     

阳江乐清两地泥蚶肌肉组织营养成分研究

研究结果表明,泥蚶肌肉中含有氨基酸和脂肪酸各18种,氨基酸总含量平均为42．76mg／g,其中必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的36．17％,呈鲜味和甘味游离氨基酸占氨基酸总量的50．42％;脂肪酸总含量平均为25．86mg／g,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的48．88％。统计分析表明,两个地区相比较,阳江泥蚶肌肉中的氨基酸和脂肪酸总含量更为丰富,但乐清泥蚶肌肉的营养结构更佳,营养价值更为突出。     

Effect of soy oil containing stearidonic acid on growth performance and fillet fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon

The effects of stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n‐3) derived from SDA‐enhanced, genetically modified soybeans (Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO, USA) on growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; 2.1 kg initial weight) were evaluated. There was a stepwise decrease in feed intake and subsequent weight gain of immature Atlantic salmon with increased replacement of fish oil by SDA soy oil from 0%, 50% to 100% added oil. SDA increased and n‐3 highly unsaturated FA (n‐3 HUFA; eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid) decreased in the diet and corresponding fillet with increased SDA oil inclusion. Salmon with the same weight gain fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement had similar n‐3 HUFA fillet levels indicating little or no increased synthesis of n‐3 HUFA from SDA for deposition in the fillet. However, elongation of dietary SDA to 20:4n‐3 for deposition in the fillet of SDA oil fed fish was indicated. The increased SDA and 20:4n‐3 in the fillet of Atlantic salmon fed SDA oil compared with rapeseed oil at 50% fish oil replacement may be more effective as precursors for EPA in humans than 18:3n‐3 which was in the fillet at similar levels.     

海参体壁及消化道的氨基酸和脂肪酸分析

用氨基酸自动分析仪和气相色谱仪测定海参体壁及海参消化道中氨基酸、脂肪酸的组成和含量。结果表明:海参体壁及消化道中都含有18种氨基酸,分别占体壁干重的37.23%、消化道湿重的7.96%,其中都含有8种必需氨基酸,分别占总氨基酸的31.02%和41.81%;体壁及消化道中脂肪酸分别是19种和21种,其总量为12.931 mg/g(干重)、5.782 mg/g(湿重)。消化道中同时含有DHA和EPA,且EPA的含量最高,达17.36%。     

三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的营养分析

为探明三倍体泥鳅的营养组成，对实验室培育2个月的三倍体与二倍体泥鳅幼鱼的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量进行了测定，发现三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸总量分别为：62．87％、26．23％、34％和61．5％，二倍体则分别为68．41％、29．16％、22．8％和69．7％；三倍体泥鳅幼鱼的4种主要鲜味氨基酸量及总量均低于二倍体，n3系列高度不饱和脂肪酸C22：6（DHA）与C20：5（EPA）的总量则高于二倍体。与二倍体泥鳅相比较，三倍体泥鳅幼鱼在营养价值上并不具优势。研究结果为三倍体鱼类的营养评价提供了依据。     

Effects of dietary blend of fish oil with corn oil on growth and non-specific immune responses of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus

A growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of fish oil and corn oil on the growth and non‐specific immune responses of juvenile grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. Five semi‐purified diets were supplemented with 40 g kg⁻¹ of either fish oil (F4), corn oil (C4) or blend of fish oil with corn oil at ratio of 3 : 1 (F3C1); 1 : 1 (F2C2) and 1 : 3 (F1C3). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of grouper (mean initial weight: 10.26 ± 0.14 g) in a recirculating rearing system for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the F4, F3C1 and F2C2 diets were the highest (P < 0.05), followed by fish fed the F1C3 diet, and the lowest in fish fed the C4 diet. Fish fed the C4 diet had a lower survival rate than fish on other dietary treatments. Fatty acid composition of liver and muscle in fish generally reflected the composition of the diet. Leukocyte superoxide anion (O⁻₂) production ratio was the highest in fish fed the F3C1 and F2C2 diets, followed by fish fed the F4 and F1C3 diets, and the lowest in fish fed the C4 diet. Fish fed the F3C1 and F2C2 diets had higher plasma lysozyme activities than fish fed the F4 and C4 diets. Plasma alternative complement activity was higher in fish fed the F3C1, F2C2 and F1C3 diets than fish fed the F4 and C4 diets. These results suggest that grouper fed diets with 3 : 1 or 1 : 1 of fish oil to corn oil ratio had similar growth to the fish fed diet with fish oil. Blend of fish oil with corn oil in diet significantly enhanced non‐specific immune responses of grouper when the fed diet contained fish oil as the only lipid source.     

Organ and phospholipid class fatty acid specificity in response to dietary depletion of essential n‐3 fatty acids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The cell membrane phospholipid composition is of major importance for normal cell functions. However, it is not known how complete depletion of both shorter and longer chain omega‐3 fatty acids in salmon diets influences fatty acid composition of phospholipid subclasses in different organs of Atlantic salmon. We describe here the fatty acid composition in phospholipid subclasses of liver, muscle, heart and intestine in Atlantic salmon after 18 months of dietary n‐3 essential fatty acids deprivation. The percentage of 22:6n‐3 was markedly reduced in almost all phospholipid subclasses, and except for muscle phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI), phospholipids in deficient fish were totally devoid of 20:5n‐3. As compensation, we observed significant increases in 20:4n‐6, and especially in 20:3n‐9 (Mead acid) and 22:5n‐6, varying among phospholipids and organs. High amounts of 20:3n‐9 were found in liver and intestinal PE, little in PE from heart and muscle. For 22:5n‐6, we saw a small incorporation in PI in liver and intestine compared to heart and muscle. Generally in PI, the preference for 20:4n‐6 to 20:5n‐3 differed significantly between organs. Overall, changes upon n‐3 deprivation seemed to be strongest in liver and intestine, the lipid‐secreting organs, and less in muscle and heart.     

Modification of essential fatty acid composition in broodstock of cultured European eel Anguilla anguilla L

Farmed eels had lower levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) (ARA) and higher ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3) (EPA):ARA compared to wild European eels collected from the Baltic Sea and southern Norwegian coast. Eels fed a formulated feed (JD) with a distribution of essential fatty acids (EFA) resembling wild European eel were sampled after 0, 5, 10, 14 and 44 weeks of feeding to examine changes in fatty acid composition (FAC) in ovaries, visceral fat and muscle. The results showed a slow but steady incorporation of EFA. Lipids are incorporated in the oocytes early in oogenesis, and the leading cohort of oocytes is rich in lipid droplets before the onset of vitellogenesis. This indicates that feeding with optimized broodstock feeds should start early to allow the incorporation of EFA in the first cohort of oocytes. At least 14 weeks of feeding is required to change lipid EFA in broodstock eel to resemble EFA in the diet or in wild fish. After 44 weeks of feeding, ARA was significantly higher in the neutral lipids of ovaries (1.9%) compared to visceral fat (1.2%) or muscle (1.0%). EPA:ARA ratios decreased two‐ to threefold in all tissues examined during that time. ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) (DHA) had accumulated in ovarian polar lipids.     

史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)鱼肉的营养价值

本文对史氏鲟鱼肉的氨基酸及脂肪酸组成进行检测,证实史氏鲟鱼肉蛋白质中的两种限制氨基酸赖氨酸和含硫氨基酸的评分分别为163、123,必需氨基酸指数为108,远远高于FAO模式的理想蛋白;精氨酸含量为62.62mg/g,占氨基酸总量的6.51%;支链氨基酸含量为162.94mg/g,与芳香氨基酸的比值为3.52,是一种具有保肝功效、有利于促进儿童生长发育的营养价值较高的蛋白质;其脂肪酸组成的营养价值比大部分的海、淡水鱼低.     

达里湖高原鳅肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

采用常规生化分析方法分析和评价内蒙古达里诺尔湖达里湖高原鳅Triplophysa dalaica肌肉的营养成分。结果表明:达里湖高原鳅全鱼和肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量分别为:(74.28±1.04)%和(78.30±0.23)%、(14.57±0.02)%和(17.77±0.05)%、(7.15±1.56)%和(1.77±0.03)%、(3.45±0.14)%和(1.14±0.05)%。达里湖高原鳅肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸,总量(TAA)为(13.80±0.92)%,其中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)总量为(5.72±0.37)%,占氨基酸总量的(41.43±0.69)%,必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)/非必需氨基酸总量(TNEAA)为(70.76±1.99)%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。依据氨基酸评分标准(ASS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸、色氨酸;依据化学评分标准(CS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为55.52。肌肉中鲜味氨基酸(DAA)总量为(5.29±0.24)%,占氨基酸总量的(38.40±1.07)%,支链氨基酸(BCAA)与芳香族氨基酸(AAA)的比值(F)为(2.48±0.16)。肌肉中共检测出22种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总含量为(23.50±0.12)%,其中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)+二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量为(9.37±0.10)%,必需脂肪酸(EFA)含量为(10.07±0.29)%。分析结果表明,达里湖高原鳅具有合理的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,是一种味道鲜美、营养价值丰富的淡水鱼类,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

Metabolic fate of <Superscript>14</Superscript>C-labelled chlorinated and non-chlorinated fatty acids in goldfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius auratus</Emphasis>)

In order to study the metabolic fate of chlorinated fatty acids in fish, goldfish were fed either 9,10-dichlorostearic acid or oleic acid, chosen as the unchlorinated analogue, both radiolabelled at either the carboxyl (1st) or the terminal (18th) carbon of the fatty acid chain. By keeping the fish in hermetically closed aquaria, all the respired, assimilated and excreted radioactivity could be accounted for. Fish fed 9,10-dichlorostearic acid labelled in the terminal end respired radioactive CO₂ to a much lower degree than fish fed the other test compounds. As a consequence, the radioactivity bound in lipids was higher in the group of fish fed dichlorostearic acid labelled in the terminal end. It is suggested that the chlorine atoms in the middle of the carbon chain obstruct the metabolic turn-over of 9,10-dichlorostearic acid, which may have an impact on the residence time of these compounds in the ecosystem.