家禽业发展呼唤信息网络化

我国是家禽生产大国，家禽生产在畜牧业发展，国际家禽业中均占有重要地位。据统计数据显示，2003年全国家禽存栏达55亿只，占世界存栏总量的69.3%，出栏101亿只占世界出栏量的76.8%，全国禽肉产出率量达1320万吨（仅次于美国居世界第二位，占世界禽肉总产量的18%），人均禽肉占有量从1998年     

当前养禽业形势、趋势与对策

一.成就巨大形势喜人　　(一)改革开放20年来，以养鸡为主的养禽业异军突起，是畜牧业经济中最具活力、发展最快的产业。1998年全国家禽存栏42亿多只，出栏71.89亿只，居世界首位，1000只以上规模的蛋鸡场已达24.6万个，存栏蛋鸡6.26亿只，1997年总产蛋量达2166.8吨，与1987年的590.2万吨相比，增长260％，平均年递增13.67％，1998年总产蛋量为2200万吨，占世界总产蛋量的41.9％(1998年全球总产蛋量为5300万吨)居世界第一位。　　禽肉产量由1986年的187.9万吨增长到1998年的1637.6万吨，年递增17.8％，禽肉产量居世界第二位，人均占有量由19…     

福建省养鸭业的现状与展望

福建省是我国鸭业生产大省。据2000年统计，全省鸭的饲养量达1.41亿只，人均饲养量4.06只，居全国首位。其中年末存栏5032.6万只，出栏9061.8万只。在我省2000年出栏的20633万羽家禽中，鸭子的出栏量占44％。鸭肉产量12.16万吨，占禽肉总产量26.2万的46％。鸭蛋产量19.65万吨，占禽蛋总产量40.69万吨的48.3％。由此可见，我省鸭肉及鸭蛋已完全可以与鸡肉和鸡蛋平分秋色，占据了全省禽产品市场的半壁江山。     

畜禽产品安全性问题的分析及研究动态

我国是世界畜牧业大国，畜禽类产量居世界第一。2001年全国生猪存栏4.57亿头，出栏商品猪5.49亿头，猪肉产量4184.5万吨，我目生猪存栏数约占世界总存栏量的51.8％，猪肉产量占世界猪肉总量的46.8％。我国年产禽类400亿羽，2002年禽肉产量比2001年有较大幅度的增加，家禽存栏和出栏高于2001年同期水平。与此同时，我国动物源性食     

肉鸭营养需要特点及饲料配制技术

广东省是养鸭大省，据统计，2008年全省鸭的饲养量达2．87亿只，出栏量达2．14亿只，占家禽出栏数的19．5％。2004年世界和中国鸭的存栏量分别是10．2亿只和7．25亿只，广东省0．73亿只，分别占世界和中国的7．25％和10．20％。广东全省各地区都有养鸭，现有种鸭场超过200家，长年出栏肉鸭2000只以上的1700多家。广东省肉鸭良种覆盖面广。     

2OO4年佳木斯市畜牧工作安排

2004年畜牧业发展目标是生猪存栏达到135万头，比上年同期(下同)增长22．7％，出栏150万头，增长25％，向北方金锣公司交售商品猪必保实现50万头，力争60万头；奶牛存栏3万头，增长200％；肉牛存栏达到37万头，增长6．7％。出栏肉牛16万头，增长5％；山绵羊存栏达到43万只．增长7．5％。出栏肉羊18．6万只，增长8％；家禽存栏950万只，增长5．5％，出栏1250万只，增长25％，其中出栏肉鸡1000万只。畜牧业产值达到25．3亿元(现价)，占农业总产值比重达到37％。     

莒县家禽产业发展的情况 季善军

2013年上半年，全县主要畜禽生猪存栏57．5万头，出栏46．8万头；家禽存栏1169．6万只，出栏2225．8万只。肉、蛋、奶产量分别6．7万吨、2．25万吨、1．28万吨。全县畜牧业产值完成11．8亿元，其中禽业收入占畜牧业总收入的42％。家禽生产已成为我县畜牧业可持续发展和农民增收的重点项目之一。     

上半年重庆畜牧业呈恢复发展的良好态势

上半年重庆市畜牧业生产呈恢复发展的良好态势,家禽业已全面复苏．草食畜牧业仍保持良好发展势头．生猪生产呈现恢复势头强的态势。预计全市上半年生猪存栏1690万头．其中能繁母猪153万头,出栏1001万头．同比分别增长11％、18．6％和5．3％：牛存栏171万头,出栏22、8万头．同比分别增长0．1％和1、3％：奶牛存栏2．5万头,同比增长1％：山羊存栏380万只,出栏165万只．同比分别下降2％和1、5％;家禽存栏1．1亿只．出栏0．9亿只．同比分别增长2％和3％：肉类总产量93万t．     

广东省近两年养鸭业的回顾与发展思考

广东省是养鸭大省，据统计，2004年全省的鸭饲养量达2．7亿只，出栏量达1．96亿只，占家禽出栏量的20％。2004年世界和中国的鸭存栏量分别是10．2亿只和6．61亿只，而广东省是0．74亿只，分别占世界和中国存栏量的7．3％和11．2％。近两年养鸭业的发展，除了受饲料价格、管理水平等因素的影响之外，重大疫情的发生和出口的制约等因素使养鸭业面临比以前更严峻的挑战。具体情况分析如下：     

上半年我国家禽存栏下降3.4%

2006年上半年受禽流感疫情影响，家禽出栏下降，产量持平。据农业部行业统计，上半年家禽存栏54．7亿只，同比下降3．4％，出栏家禽55．4亿只，同比增长0．7％，禽肉产量832．4万吨，同比增长0．7％。当前家禽产品价格依然低迷，养殖效益明显下降，一些地区饲养一只肉鸡亏损2元左右。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.