PCR cloning, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of a xylanase gene from the phytopathogenic fungusAscochyta pisiLib.

A gene encoding a xylanase,xyl1, was isolated from the phytopathogenic fungusAscochyta pisiLib. by PCR cloning using degenerate primers. DNA sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 736 bp interrupted by an intron of 55 bp. The ORF encodes a predicted protein of 227 amino acids. The precise splicing site of the intron was identified from the sequence of a PCR product obtained using the same degenerated primers on a cDNA template. The cDNA product and a northern blot demonstrated that the gene is transcribed into mRNA when the fungus is cultured in media containing xylan as sole carbon source. The Neighbour-Joining method using the Clustal W(1.5) program demonstrated that theA. pisixylanase is a member of the family 11 glycosyl hydrolases, and that this family represents at least five phylogenetically consistent groups. The family 11 glycosyl hydrolases can be linked with family 10 glycosyl hydrolyses through bifunctional enzymes fromRuminococcus flavefaciensand, to a lesser extentNeocallimastix patriciarum.     

禾谷缢管蚜水通道蛋白基因RpAQP1的克隆、分子特性和表达分析

为探究禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)水通道蛋白基因RpAQP1的序列特征及其在不同龄期的表达,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆了RpAQP1基因的cDNA全序列,采用生物信息学软件分析了RpAQP1编码蛋白的特性,利用qRT-PCR分析了RpAQP1在不同龄期的表达量。结果显示:禾谷缢管蚜水通道蛋白基因RpAQP1的cDNA全长为1 216 bp,其750 bp的开放阅读框编码250个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为27.36 kD。RpAQP1属于水通道蛋白亚家族DRIP(果蝇内嵌蛋白Drosophila integral protein)的一员,具有6个跨膜区,2个保守的NPA结构单元和1个压缩区域Ar/R;qRT-PCR结果显示,RpAQP1在整个发育历期均有表达,其在2龄若蚜中表达水平最高,是成蚜表达量的1.432倍;在4龄若蚜中表达量最低,为成蚜表达量的0.444倍,显著低于其它龄期,而其余各龄期RpAQP1表达量无显著差异。     

Involvement of Iron and Ferritin in the Potato–Phytophthora infestans Interaction

This work shows that the infection of potato (Solanum tuberosum) detached leaves by the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, was drastically reduced by adding deferoxamine, an exogenous iron chelator. Reactive oxygen species in leaves inoculated with P. infestans were also reduced after adding deferoxamine. A leaf ferritin cDNA fragment was obtained by PCR and used as probe for screening a tuber cDNA library. A cDNA (named StF1) encoding the iron-storing potato ferritin was cloned. StF1 is 915 bp in length and has an open reading frame of 230 amino acids that contains the information for the mature 28 kDa subunit of potato ferritin. StF1 was used as probe in northern blot hybridizations to analyze expression of the ferritin gene. In leaves, ferritin mRNA accumulated in response to pathogen attack. In tubers, ferritin mRNA increased upon treatment with the elicitor eicosapentaenoic acid. These results suggest that iron plays a role in the potato-P. infestans interaction.     

花鼠乳酸脱氢酶C基因cDNA的克隆、分析及原核表达

为研究花鼠乳酸脱氢酶C(lactate dehydrogenase C,LDH-C)对花鼠免疫不育控制的影响,以花鼠睾丸c DNA为模板,通过RT-PCR技术得到花鼠LDH-C基因c DNA编码区,并进行序列分析,构建花鼠LDH-C的原核表达载体,导入到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和免疫印迹法对表达产物进行鉴定。结果显示:扩增出的c DNA片段为999 bp,编码332个氨基酸,含有完整的开放阅读框;负电荷残基与正电荷残基均为36个;预测蛋白质分子量为37k D,理论等电点为7.04,无信号肽和跨膜区,推测其是一种非分泌、疏水性蛋白。α螺旋、无规则卷曲以及延伸链是s LDH-C蛋白二级结构的主要成分。重组菌在IPTG诱导下获得了约37 k D带有His-Tag的目的蛋白。     

花椒窄吉丁气味结合蛋白AzanOBP5的克隆与表达

为进一步明确花椒窄吉丁Agrilus zanthoxylumi气味结合蛋白AzanOBP5在昆虫嗅觉识别过程中的功能,基于花椒窄吉丁转录组数据(SUB6796283)利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术对花椒窄吉丁气味结合蛋白基因AzanOBP5进行全长克隆并进行生物信息学分析;通过实时荧光定量检测技术测定基因AzanOBP5在成虫不同组织中的表达情况。结果显示,克隆获得基因AzanOBP5全长740bp(GenBank登录号为MT318834),5''端非编码区为172bp,3''端非编码区114bp,开放阅读框453bp,编码150个氨基酸。序列分析表明,AzanOBP5氨基酸序列与苹果小吉丁Agrilus mali AmalOBP5的氨基酸序列一致性最高。成功构建pET-21a-AzanOBP5重组质粒并在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中表达,经过诱导和纯化条件的优化及Western blot鉴定,得到的融合蛋白His-AzanOBP5大小符合预期。基因AzanOBP5在雌雄成虫的不同组织中均有表达,其中在成虫腹部的表达量最高。表明花椒窄吉丁气味结合蛋白基因AzanOBP5除参与嗅觉识别过程外,还可能具有其他生理功能。     

烟蚜热激蛋白Hsp90基因的克隆及在UV-B胁迫下的表达分析

为探讨UV-B胁迫对烟蚜Myzus persicae热激蛋白Hsp90基因表达量的影响,采用RT-PCR与RACE技术克隆了烟蚜热激蛋白Hsp90基因的全长,并对其进行生物信息学分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了烟蚜Hsp90基因在不同时长UV-B胁迫下的表达量变化。结果表明,烟蚜Hsp90基因的cDNA全长为2 670 bp,编码728个氨基酸,编码蛋白质的相对分子量为82.6 kD,等电点为4.95,获得的氨基酸序列具有Hsp90蛋白家族的1个签名序列及C末端MEEVD基序,推测其属于胞质型热激蛋白。系统进化树结果显示,烟蚜Hsp90与其它昆虫Hsp90具有很高的相似性。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,不同时长UV-B胁迫下烟蚜Hsp90均有表达,随着照射时间延长,Hsp90表达量表现为先上升后下降的趋势;与对照相比,照射时间为15、30、60、90和120 min时,Hsp90表达量均显著升高,且在60 min时Hsp90表达量达最大,是对照组的2.05倍。表明Hsp90基因在不同时长UV-B胁迫下差异表达,在烟蚜适应紫外胁迫的分子机制中具有重要作用。     

禾谷缢管蚜RpGST1基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

为揭示禾谷缢管蚜耐药性的分子机理,采用RT-PCR方法克隆了禾谷缢管蚜谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferases,GSTs)的cDNA序列,命名为RpGST1(GenBank登录号KP192850),并构建原核表达载体pET32-RpGST1,对RpGST1基因进行原核表达、SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测。结果显示,禾谷缢管蚜RpGST1基因的编码区长651 bp,编码216个氨基酸,分子量约为24.06 kD,理论等电点为6.20;RpGST1基因在大肠杆菌中成功表达出一个分子量约为45 kD的融合蛋白,与预测的融合蛋白分子量大小一致。通过克隆RpGST1基因的cDNA序列并进行序列比对分析,表明构建了GST基因的原核表达载体并成功表达。     

华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita中肠羧酸酯酶基因 HoCL1的克隆与序列分析

利用粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)围食膜蛋白多克隆抗体,从已构建的华北大黑鳃金龟 Holotrichia oblita 中肠cDNA表达文库中筛选得到1个编码羧酸酯酶的cDNA克隆 HoCL1 ,其开放阅读框(ORF)长1 599 bp,编码532个氨基酸,推导的蛋白质分子质量为59.5 kDa,等电点(p I)为4.5。 HoCL1蛋白具有羧酸酯酶的保守结构域:1个二硫键形成的位点和1个丝氨酸活性中心,三联体催化活性中心位于Ser207、Asp333和His422上,不含有氮联糖基化位点和氧联糖基化位点,只含有3 个半胱氨酸残基。依据氨基酸序列同源性分析和保守结构域分析,HoCL1属于B类酯酶,与赤拟谷盗 Tribolium castaneum 羧酸酯酶相似性最高,为35.2%。通过与其他昆虫羧酸酯酶序列比对及构建系统发育树,发现HoCL1羧基端的氨基酸序列保守性低,但靠近N端的活性中心处的氨基酸序列则高度保守,可与赤拟谷盗、异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis 羧酸酯酶聚类在一起。羧酸酯酶 HoCL1 基因的克隆鉴定为进一步研究该基因在华北大黑鳃金龟体内的表达及功能奠定了基础。     

象耳豆根结线虫Hsp70基因的克隆与原核表达

采用RT-PCR、c DNA末端快速扩增法(RACE),克隆了象耳豆根结线虫Hsp70基因的全长c DNA(Me Hsp70)序列。Me Hsp70 c DNA全长2 203 bp,含有1 959 bp的开放阅读框,编码653个氨基酸,相对分子量为71.09 k Da,具有3段Hsp70家族的签名序列,Gen Bank登录号KF739434。同源性分析表明,氨基酸序列与其他真核生物的Hsp70序列具有很高的相似性。该Hsp70与其他物种中的Hsp70进行系统进化分析,结果显示,Hsp70的系统发育树不能体现物种间的亲缘关系,推测其反映的是不同物种间Hsp70生物学功能的相似性程度。构建了一个原核表达载体p EASY-E1-Me Hsp70,当IPTG终浓度为0.4~1.0 mmol/L时,能诱导表达融合蛋白。Me Hsp70基因的克隆和表达,将为象耳豆根结线虫的生态适应性机理研究提供依据。     

Effect of the fungicide fenitropan on the metabolism of some higher plants and Fusarium oxysporum

The effect of fenitropan [(1RS, 2RS)-2-nitro-1-phenyltrimethylene di(acetate)], a new fungicide from EGYT Pharmacochemical Works, on the photosynthetic activity, respiration, RNA content and protein synthesis of some higher plants and Fusarium oxysporum, was investigated. The effect on the aminoacylation of tRNAs suggests that fenitropan is an inhibitor of the aminoacyl tRNA ligases accepting aromatic amino acids.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白基因的克隆及光强度对其表达量影响

为明确韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga紫外敏感视蛋白基因Bo-uv的作用及其与趋光性的关系,利用常规PCR方法克隆获得Bo-uv基因的全长cDNA序列,分析了其敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白氨基酸序列之间的系统进化关系,运用qPCR技术检测了不同发育阶段、不同组织及不同光强度下Bo-uv基因的相对表达量。结果表明,Bo-uv基因cDNA全长2 757 bp,开放阅读框1 542 bp,编码514个氨基酸。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊紫外敏感视蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它12种昆虫同源蛋白的氨基酸序列一致性为21.93%～43.00%,与橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的氨基酸序列同源性最高。Bo-uv基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊蛹末期、成虫期表达,在成虫头部的相对表达量较高。在0～10 000 lx光强范围内雌、雄成虫体内该基因的相对表达量均呈先增高后降低趋势。与对照相比,1 000 lx光强度下其相对表达量显著升高,10 000 lx时相对表达量显著降低。表明光强度能够有效地调控Bo-uv基因的表达,该基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊感知外界光刺激过程中具有重要作用。     

A New Cell Wall Located N-rich Protein is Strongly Induced During the Hypersensitive Response in Glycine Max L.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill, cv. Williams 82) plants and cell cultures respond to avirulent pathogens with a hypersensitive reaction. After inoculation of soybean with Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, carrying the avirulence gene avrA, or zoospores from the fungus Phytophthora sojae Race 1, a resistance-gene-dependent cell death programme is activated. A new gene was identified by differential display of mRNAs that is specifically activated during the early phase of incompatible pathogen-soybean interactions but does not respond to compatible pathogens. The gene is strongly induced within 2h after addition of P. sojae zoospores. A similar kinetic pattern was observed for P. syringae (avrA) inoculated soybean cell cultures. The gene encodes a deduced protein of 368 amino acids with a very high content of asparagine and was therefore termed N-rich protein (NRP). The protein is composed of two distinct domains, of which only the C-terminal domain has striking homology to proteins of unknown function from other plants. An antibody raised against the recombinant NRP recognizes a protein of 42kDa. The protein is located in the cell wall as indicated by cell fractionation studies. Comparison of the genomic DNA-sequence with the cDNA, identified two introns within the open reading frame. The NRP-gene is not directly induced by salicylic acid or hydrogen peroxide, indicating a distinct and specific signal transduction pathway which is only activated during programmed cell death. The NRP-gene appears to be a new marker in soybean activated early in plant disease resistance.     

Cloning of the pathogenicity-related gene <Emphasis Type="Italic">FPD1</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">lycopersici</Emphasis>

We selected a reduced-pathogenicity mutant of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a tomato wilt pathogen, from the transformants generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) transformation. The gene tagged with the plasmid in the mutant was predicted to encode a protein of 321 amino acids and was designated FPD1. Homology search showed its partial similarity to a chloride conductance regulatory protein of Xenopus, suggesting that FPD1 is a transmembrane protein. Although the function of FPD1 has not been identified, it does participate in the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici because FPD1-deficient mutants reproduced the reduced pathogenicity on tomato.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AB110097     

玉米弯孢叶斑病菌全基因组分泌蛋白的预测与分析

为深入了解玉米弯孢叶斑病菌致病的分子机制,采用信号肽分析软件Signal P 4.1与PSORTb 3.0.2、跨膜螺旋结构分析软件TMHMM 2.0与THUMBUP、GPI锚定位点分析软件big-PI Predictor和亚细胞器蛋白定位分析软件Target P 1.1这6款软件综合预测该菌全基因组中10 372条蛋白序列,并对筛选出的分泌蛋白信号肽基本特征进行分析。结果表明,在玉米弯孢叶斑病菌全基因组编码蛋白中共发现804个具有典型信号肽的分泌蛋白,占全基因组蛋白总数的7.8%;编码这些蛋白的开放阅读框最小为219 bp,最大为7 113 bp,平均为1 252 bp;引导它们的信号肽长度分布在13~37 aa之间,平均为19 aa。信号肽中出现频率最高的氨基酸依次为丙氨酸、亮氨酸和丝氨酸。信号肽切割位点与根癌土壤杆菌、粗糙脉孢霉和马铃薯晚疫病菌一样,同属于A-X-A型。70个具有功能描述的分泌蛋白主要是和细胞代谢与转运、信号转导有关的酶类;还有一些降解细胞壁组分及与致病相关的酶类,可能与玉米弯孢叶斑病菌的毒性有关。     

入侵害虫松树蜂嗅觉共受体SnocOrco基因的鉴定及其表达模式分析

为探究我国重大入侵害虫松树蜂Sirex noctilio的嗅觉分子机制,通过RT-PCR技术克隆松树蜂嗅觉共受体SnocOrco基因的cDNA全长序列,并进行生物信息学分析,且采用qPCR技术明确SnocOrco在组织中的特异性表达谱和时空表达特性。结果表明,SnocOrco基因（GenBank登录号：MK748989）开放阅读框全长1 446 bp,编码481个氨基酸,氨基酸序列具有7个跨膜螺旋结构和1个高度保守结构功能域Pfam：7tm_6。SnocOrco属于稳定的疏水性膜蛋白,同源性比对和系统发育分析结果显示,氨基酸序列与膜翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目和双翅目其它昆虫的Orco都具有很高的同源性,其中与麦茎蜂Cephus cinctus的CcinOrco同源性最高,达到87.14%,在系统发育树中聚为一支。qPCR结果显示,SnocOrco主要在雌、雄成虫触角中高表达,约为外生殖器中表达量的6 000倍和4 000倍,且在雌成虫中的表达量高于雄成虫中的表达量;在2~7日龄成虫触角中SnocOrco的相对表达量在2日龄时达到最高,之后随着日龄的增加呈下降趋势;昼夜节律显示,SnocOrco相对表达量从9：00—15：00呈先上升后下降的趋势,在11：00时达到最高。表明SnocOrco基因在松树蜂两性交流中起着重要作用。     

Cloning, Sequencing and Expression of a Xylanase Gene from the Maize Pathogen Helminthosporium Turcicum

A gene encoding an endoxylanase from the phytopathogenic fungus Helminthosporium turcicum Pass. was cloned and sequenced. The entire nucleotide sequence of a 1991 bp genomic fragment containing an endoxylanase gene was determined. The xylanase gene of 795 bp, interrupted by two introns of 52 and 62 bp, encoded a protein of 227 amino acids showing up to 95% amino acid homology with other fungal xylanases. The precise splicing site of the introns was identified by sequencing the corresponding cDNA. A northern blot showed that the gene is expressed when the fungus is grown in a medium containing xylan as a sole carbon source. The cloned xylanase gene was expressed in maize plants during infection.     

Possible roles and functions of LPL1 gene encoding lysophospholipase during early infection by Magnaporthe grisea

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea differentiates appressoria, which are required to attack its rice plant host. Clone A26, tentatively named LPL1, was previously found to be homologous to the known lysophospholipase genes from our subtractive cDNA library. The LPL1 protein had a consensus motif (GxSxG) and a catalytic triad (S, D, H) of esterases in the deduced amino acid sequence, and the protein expressed in Escherichia coli had lysophospholipase activity. To clarify the functions and possible roles of LPL1, the gene was disrupted by targeted gene replacement. The ΔLPL1 mutants formed fewer appressoria on the hydrophobic surface of GelBond film, and the appressoria had reduced turgor pressure and penetration into cells of the leaf sheath. The ΔLPL1 mutants and wild-type differentiated normal appressoria on other artificial substrata such as polycarbonate plate and on rice leaf sheath. Cytological analysis of the appressoria indicated that ΔLPL1 mutants had a delay in the disappearance of lipid droplets. These findings imply that LPL1, phospholipid metabolism, or both are involved in glycerol biosynthesis and accumulation to generate turgor pressure in the appressorium. LPL1 was, however, dispensable for full pathogenicity, suggesting that other complementary pathways or similar genes related to phospholipid metabolism probably function in M. grisea.     

烟粉虱MED隐种蜕皮激素受体基因cDNA克隆、转录与组织表达

蜕皮激素受体(ecdysone receptor,Ec R)是调控昆虫蜕皮、变态和生殖等过程中基因表达的重要调控因子。为研究Ec R在烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci生长发育中的作用,利用RT-PCR和RACE等技术扩增了烟粉虱MED隐种Ec R基因的c DNA全长序列,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其在烟粉虱不同发育时期相对表达量的变化。Bt Ec R c DNA序列全长2 844 bp,含有一个1 518 bp的开放阅读框,共编码505个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为56 k D,等电点为6.43,含有特殊结构功能域:DNA结合域(DBD_Ec R)和配体结合域(LBD_Ec R),该序列编码的蛋白质序列与其它已报道的昆虫Ec R蛋白序列具有很高的相似性,命名为Bt Ec R(Gen Bank登录号:KR534774)。Bt Ec R在MED隐种若虫、雌成虫各发育时期均有表达,若虫期在伪蛹前期达到最高值,成虫期呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且在羽化后第7天达到最高值,约为羽化第1天的23倍。研究结果为揭示Bt Ec R在烟粉虱整个生长发育过程中的作用提供了重要依据。