农林复合系统与单作作物系统作物根系差异特征的研究

本文对太行山低山行陵区苹果－小麦复合系统与单作小麦系统作物根系的差异特征进行试验研究，结果表明：小麦起身至乳熟期间，复合系统内小麦吸水根根量比单作系统平均约高4.74%，但二者间根系垂直分布特征和时间分布特征的趋势均基本一致，将果树引入原本单作的作物生态系统对作物根系时空分布格局的影响不明显。     

苹果-小麦复合系统中作物根系时空分布特征

本文对太行山低山丘陵区苹果－小麦复合系统内根系时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：复合系统内小麦吸水根根系在垂直方向上有根系密集区和根系稀疏区之分，分属0－40cm和40－80cm土层，分别占总量的81．93％和18．07％；在水平方向上，根量随带距的变化大致呈“两侧多、中间小”的分布趋势，并随生育期的延续，这种水平差异趋势越来越显著；在时间上，灌浆期是小麦根量“由多向少”变化的转折时期。     

花椒杂草系统地下生物量的空间分配格局

农林复合系统中,地下生物量的分配格局是目的物种和间作作物竞争的结果,因而可以看作是模式物种选择及系统设计的依据。在花椒杂草系统模式更新改造中,为了达到间作作物选择和行间配置的合理性,采用壕沟法研究了系统地下生物量的空间分配现状。结果表明：（1）花椒杂草系统地下生物量总量248．57g·m^-2,杂草生物量占82％,花椒仅占18％;（2）该系统地下生物量总量和杂草生物量在水平空间上呈均匀分配,而在垂直空间上随土层加深呈负指数分配,其表达式分别是Y=1024．6exp^-0.5254x（R^2=0．9688,x为土层深度,cm）和Y=1187．2exp^-0.6889（R^2=0．9989,x为土层深度,cm）;花椒根量均匀分配于垂直空间,而在水平空间上呈负指数式分配,其表达式为Y=118．3exp^-0.3817x（R^2=0．8215,x为距树干距离）;（3）花椒吸水根生物量均匀分配于地下空间,杂草吸水根生物量的分配呈现出明显的分层现象,其吸水根总量的81．11％分配于0～15cm土层,而15cm以下土层仅占18．89％;（4）所研究的256个500cm^3的取样单元中,花椒和杂草吸水根的重合率50．4％,非重合率49．6％;然而在127个吸水根非重合单元中,花椒吸水根仅占29．1％,杂草吸水根却占了70．9％。文中根据花椒和杂草地下空间生物量的分配现状,讨论了四川盆地丘陵区退耕还林地花椒模式更新中间作物选择、行间配置和水肥管理应注意的问题．     

不同复垦措施对铁尾矿砂废弃地复垦效果的研究

以河北省临城县南沟村铁尾矿砂废弃迹地为试材,采用田间调查和室内测定相结合的试验方法,研究了不同复垦措施对苹果幼树生长发育以及铁尾矿砂废弃地治理效果的影响。结果表明：壤土与尾矿沙混合填充深度1 m的1号地苹果幼树长势良好,其干径、基径、主枝粗等均极显著大于采用壤土填充深度仅50 cm的2号地,差值分别达到0.74 cm、0.52 cm、0.52 cm;1号地苹果幼树根系活力显著高于2号地;1号地土壤孔隙度大于2号地,全N、全P、速效K含量以21~30 cm土层最高,分别为0.128%、0.23%、0.135 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.027 mg/g;2号地全N、全P、速效K含量以11~20 cm土层最高,分别为0.135%、0.16 g/kg、0.11 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.013 mg/g。     

阿克苏地区中龄期苹果树的根系空间分布研究

采用剖面挖掘和分层取样法,利用WinRHIZO Pro2010a根系分析系统对新疆阿克苏地区苹果园漫灌条件下的中龄期(基径9 cm)红富士苹果树的吸收根(根径<2 mm)和输导根(根径≥2 mm)的空间分布状况进行了研究。结果表明,在水平方向的土壤中,苹果树吸收根与输导根根长密度与根表面积表现出"单峰型"的分布规律,吸收根根长密度和根表面积最大值出现在离树干水平距25～50 cm处的土壤内,输导根根长密度和根表面积最大值出现在离树干水平距0～25 cm处的土壤内,80%以上的根系分布在离树干水平距0～125 cm的土壤内。在垂直方向即土层中,苹果树的吸收根根长密度表现出"双峰型"的分布规律,吸收根根表面积与输导根的根长密度和根表面积都表现出"单峰型"的分布规律,80%以上的吸收根与输导根分布在0～80 cm的土层内。总之,距树干0～125 cm的土壤内及0～80 cm的土层是中龄期苹果树的重要分布区域,可作为拟定阿克苏地区苹果园中龄期苹果树田间水分、养分管理措施的理论依据。     

黄土塬区苹果园蒸散与环境因素的关系

【目的】分析不同时间尺度下不同林龄苹果林蒸腾量与环境因子的关系,建立蒸腾量与环境因子的关系模型,研究蒸腾量、降水量、土壤储水量之间的关系以及不同林龄苹果林蒸腾占蒸散的比例,为果树生长重要时期提出减少土壤蒸发、控制果树蒸腾和提高果树水分利用效率的方法提供参考。【方法】在黄土高原沟壑区的典型代表长武塬,选取10龄和20龄苹果林生态系统为研究对象,用热扩散探针法对2015年苹果树生长季日、月尺度下苹果树干液流速率进行连续监测,用位于距样地50 m处的自动气象观测站连续监测获取气象数据,同时进行土壤水分含量以及土壤蒸发量的测定。【结果】1)日尺度下,苹果林蒸腾与空气温度和水汽压差均呈现正相关关系,但当VPD1 kPa时,2个林龄的苹果林日蒸腾量均有所下降;月尺度下,与蒸腾相关的环境因子仍为空气温度和水汽压差。2)在月尺度下,按土壤储存与消耗的水量可以将试验期分为3个时期:土壤水分迅速耗水期(5—7月)、土壤水分平稳期(8月)、土壤水分缓慢消耗期(9—10月)。10龄苹果林蒸腾耗水主要集中在0~300 cm土层,而20龄苹果林蒸腾所需水分来源于0~600 cm土层,在极度缺水的7月份,300~600 cm土层的贡献更多。3)20龄苹果林Tr/ET为29.25%~67.51%,10龄苹果林Tr/ET为36.44%~62.06%,2个林龄的Tr/ET整体表现为先升高后降低。20龄苹果林Tr/ET在8月达到峰值后急剧下降,而10龄苹果林经过1个缓慢下降的过渡期后,从9月份开始急剧下降。【结论】随着时间尺度的增大,进入蒸腾量与环境因子回归方程的环境因子个数减少且水汽压差在日、月尺度下均为不同林龄苹果林蒸腾的主导因子。10龄苹果林蒸腾耗水主要集中在0~300 cm土层,而20龄苹果林蒸腾所需水分来源于0~600 cm土层,在极度缺水的7月份,300~600 cm土层的贡献更多。8月下旬之后,应对20龄苹果林采取适当的保墒措施以减少土壤蒸发,但对10龄苹果林而言,相应的保墒措施可以在9月份之后进行,以期为翌年苹果树健康生长提供优质的土壤水分条件。     

祁连山青海云杉中龄林混交度对细根形态特征的影响

【目的】研究青藏高原东部祁连山地区青海云杉中龄林混交度对各土层细根生物量和形态特征的影响,以期为当地森林恢复和林分经营提供理论依据。【方法】选择混交度分别为0、0. 2、0. 4和0. 6的青海云杉天然中龄林样地,调查混交度对0～20和20～40 cm土层各树种细根生物量密度、比根长、比表面积、根表面积密度和根长密度的影响。【结果】混交度为0. 4的青海云杉林以10～25 cm径级(63. 72%)、24～32 m高度级(48. 72%)和16～20 m高度级(11. 18%)乔木占比最大,且均显著高于其他3个混交度的林分;青海云杉林总细根生物量密度主要分布在0～20 cm土层,占细根总量的68. 31%～83. 49%,其数值随混交度增大呈现先升后降趋势,混交度0. 4时最大,为616. 26 g·m~(-3); 20～40 cm土层总细根生物量密度随混交度增大而增大,在混交度0. 6时最大,为227. 17g·m~(-3);在0～20 cm土层,细根根长密度和根表面积密度表现为混交度0. 4混交度0. 2混交度0混交度0. 6,比根长和比表面积表现为混交度0. 4混交度0. 2混交度0. 6混交度0;在20～40 cm土层,根长密度、根表面积密度和比根长均表现为混交度0. 6混交度0. 4混交度0. 2混交度0,比表面积表现为混交度0. 6混交度0. 2混交度0. 4混交度0;随混交度增大,云杉对0～40 cm土层林分细根生物量密度、比根长、比表面积、根表面积密度和根长密度的贡献逐渐减小,而白桦对0～40 cm土层林分细根生物量密度、比根长、比表面积、根表面积密度和根长密度的贡献持续增大;混交度对细根根长密度和根表面积密度的影响主要表现在0～1 mm径级细根上。【结论】与其他混交度林分相比,混交度为0. 4的青海云杉中龄林具有更合理的径级结构和高度级结构,异龄、复层的林分结构可以减小相邻植株间生态位竞争重叠范围,优化林分空间利用效率,提高群落稳定性,细根生物量密度及细根形态特征如比根长、比表面积、根表面积密度和根长密度达到最大。在未来青海云杉中龄林经营中,合理控制混交度在0. 4左右,可促进群落细根发育,利于森林持续健康发育。     

川西南干热河谷地区引种巨尾桉人工林生态经济效果的初步研究

1999年 7月 ,从广西引进半年生巨尾桉组培苗 ,在攀枝花市仁和地区试种 34hm2 。测定结果 2 4年生巨尾桉林分的平均胸径为 6 1cm ,平均树高为 6 6m ,平均立木蓄积量为 32 33m3 ·hm-2 ;林分生物量及生产力分别为 2 5 85t·hm-2 和 10 77t·hm-2 ·a-1;林地枯枝落叶累积量及其最大吸水量分别为 7 11t·hm-2 和37 0t·hm-2 ,分别比草坡地高 2倍～ 5倍 ;林地土壤 (0～ 4 0cm)容量为 1 36g·cm-3 ～ 1.4 5g·cm-3 ,比草地略低 ;土壤总孔隙度及通气度分别为 5 1 2 9%～ 6 2 32 %和 19 5 5 %～ 2 6 38% ,分别比草地略高 ;土层最大、毛管及最小持水量分别为 34 93%～ 4 5 31%、31 5 4 %～ 39 82 %、2 1 94 %～ 2 6 32 % ,相应比草地略高 ;林内日平均气温及日较差分别为 2 2 2℃～ 2 3 1℃和 4 4℃～ 8 9℃ ,分别比草地低 0 2℃～ 2 4℃ ;林内空气相对湿度日均值为 80 %～ 88% ,比草地高 3%～ 16 %。初步显示出巨尾桉人工幼林的生态经济效益     

运用层次分析法优选新疆加工苹果

为给加工苹果品种资源选择及其理论研究提供参考依据,初步优选出适于新疆栽培的加工苹果佳系,采用层次分析法(AHP),建立涵盖了生长结果习性、经济性状、加工性能、抗逆性等评价因子的综合评价指标体系,对普查的13个品系的生态适应性进行了综合评价。结果表明:13个参试加工苹果优良品系的综合评价值从大到小依次为X1X2X3X4X5X6X9X7X8X10X11X12X13,其中的X1、X2、X3、X4、X5这5个品系表现出了极强的适应能力及加工特性。     

混交条件下水曲柳落叶松根系的生长与分布

用土钻法调查了水曲柳、落叶松纯林及其混交林的根系分布 ,并在温室内用盆栽和床栽方法测定了混栽及纯栽水曲柳、落叶松的根系生长。野外调查结果表明 :在混交林中 ,水曲柳、落叶松根系的水平分布不同 ,在水曲柳、落叶松相邻行间和水曲柳带内 1、2行间 ,水曲柳根密度分别为 32 37 2g·m- 3 和 3130 2g·m- 3 ,无明显差异。而在水曲柳落叶松相邻行间和落叶松带内 1、2行间 ,落叶松的根密度分别为 939 4g·m- 3 和2 745 3g·m- 3 ,差异明显。水曲柳根系有向落叶松带伸展的趋势 ,而落叶松根系的分布则受到水曲柳的抑制。混交林中根系的垂直分布更加均匀 ,在水曲柳落叶松相邻行间 ,0～ 10cm、10～ 2 0cm和 2 0～ 30cm土层内根量分别占总根量的 41 9%、2 8 7%和 2 9 4%。而水曲柳纯林中分别为 6 1 0 %、31 6 %和 7 4% ;落叶松纯林中分别为 5 5 6 %、2 7 9%和 16 5 %。温室栽培实验表明 :无论盆栽和床栽 ,混栽水曲柳的根生物量和地上生物量均高于纯栽 ,尤其是≤ 2mm细根生物量增加明显 ,盆栽时增加 2 8 8% ,床栽时增加 36 5 %。而混栽时落叶松的根生物量和地上生物量均低于纯栽。水曲柳的地下 地上比较高 ,约是落叶松的 2倍。水曲柳的根生物量约是落叶松的 4～ 6倍。上述结果说明 ,水曲柳的地下竞争能力     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.