鄱阳湖区土地利用景观格局特征研究

在RS与GIS技术的支持下,该文对鄱阳湖区1990～2002年间的土地利用景观变化进行了分析。研究结果表明,1990～2002年鄱阳湖区面积变化的趋势是耕地减少、林地增加、草地减少、水体增加、居民点与工矿用地大幅度增加,未利用地维持不变。利用二级土地利用景观类型,对景观变化的原因进行了分析。利用多样性指数、优势度、分维数、破碎度等景观指数对鄱阳湖区土地利用景观格局特征的研究表明,1990～2002年鄱阳湖区土地利用景观格局总体变化趋势是多样性增加、优势度减少、分数维减少、破碎度增加。最后,该文利用典型相关分析法对鄱阳湖区景观格局变化的社会经济驱动力进行了定量分析,认为导致景观分维数、景观破碎度变化的主要驱动力是人口与国内生产总值,导致景观多样性和优势度变化的主要驱动力是境内公路里程与农村居民年均纯收入。     

中国热带天然林可持续经营标准与指标中土壤和水指标的研制

利用1986年和2000年TM/ETM卫星遥感数据,运用GIS软件分析了黄河源区土地利用时空变化,借助Excel软件进行景观格局变化研究。结果表明:黄河源区近15a来高覆盖度草地、湿地和冰川面积急剧减少,未利用土地面积增加,土地荒漠化程度加剧,土地利用综合程度指数下降。景观格局趋于破碎化,景观多样性和分维数呈下降趋势,优势度上升。     

银川市景观格局动态变化研究

应用遥感和GIS技术对城市化过程中城市景观格局及其动态过程进行研究,可以更好地认识研究区的空间特征及其景观要素的演替。选取2001年和2005年的银川市CBERS图像,提取研究区两个时期的景观类型,并选取斑块面积、斑块数量、景观多样性指数、景观优势度指数、景观均匀度指数和景观破碎度指数等景观生态指标,对研究区的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明:在研究时段内景观斑块类型没有发生变化,景观多样性指数和均匀度指数增加,优势度指数和破碎度指数有所减小,研究区的景观类型分布更趋均衡化;建筑用地、耕地和林地面积增加,尤其建筑用地面积增加较快,水体和未利用土地的数量减少,水体的斑块数量减少较多。说明银川市在研究时段内各土地利用类型的比例和空间分布格局都有较大变化。     

重庆市合川区土地利用变化及生态环境效应评价

以2000—2009年的土地利用数据为基础,运用土地利用动态度、景观格局指数和生态系统服务价值系数,分析了重庆市合川区土地利用时空变化及其景观格局和生态环境效应。研究结果表明,2000—2009年,研究区土地利用变化主要表现为耕地和园地面积的大量减少和林地及建设用地面积的快速增加;其中耕地、园地面积分别减少了8.25%和11.50%,而林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通水利用地面积分别增加了42.17%,16.88%和22.25%。景观格局呈现斑块数目减少,斑块密度降低,破碎度和优势度下降,多样性和均匀度增加的特征。区域生态系统服务总价值由19 713.46万元增加到20 462.07万元,生态系统服务功能在水分调节,废物处理和食物生产功能等方面有所下降,而在气体调节,气候调节,侵蚀控制,土壤形成,生物多样性,原材料提供和娱乐文化等方面的生态系统服务功能有所增强。     

汉中市土地利用变化的动态变化研究

基于汉中市1996—2010年土地利用现状变更调查数据,运用土地利用动态度模型、土地利用程度模型、空间差异模型,对汉中市14 a间土地利用的时空变化进行了详尽的分析。研究表明:汉中市耕地、未利用地面积减少,林地、牧草地、居民及工矿用地、园地和交通用地增加;研究区土地利用变化速度较缓,年变化率为0.17%,其中牧草地年变化率（2.30%）最大,耕地的年变化率也较大;2010年土地利用综合指数为215.64,土地利用程度不太高,汉中市土地利用处于调整期;研究区土地利用的多样化指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数呈下降趋势,而优势度指数则呈上升趋势,说明人类活动对景观格局有较为明显的影响。     

基于GIS的喀斯特地区土地利用景观空间格局研究——以广西壮族自治区河池市为例

本研究以1999/2000年的Landsat-TM遥感影像为基础数据,利用GIS技术,对广西河池市土地利用景观进行了遥感解译与制图,在此基础上运用景观类型指标(如斑块数、斑块面积、平均斑块面积等)和景观格局指标(如类型多样性指数、景观优势度、景观均匀度、景观破碎度、景观分维数等)对研究区土地利用的空间格局进行定量分析,并运用洛伦兹曲线分析了土地利用的聚集程度。研究结果表明,2000年河池市土地利用景观类型以林地为主,其次为草地、耕地、水域和城镇及建设用地,分别占土地利用总面积的72.62%、14.07%、11.93%、0.88%和0.51%。2000年该市土地利用景观的多样性指数为1.70,景观破碎度指数为1.18,分维数为1.43。土地利用类型多样复杂,景观破碎度较高,连通性差,容易受到外界的干扰,尤其是人类活动对土地利用的影响,使得原本脆弱的生态环境极易遭到破坏而日益恶化。研究该地土地利用景观空间格局可以为可持续开发利用土地及土地管理与设计提供依据,并为研究土地利用空间格局的演化打下基础。     

基于IKONOS影像的城市景观格局研究——以银川市开发区为例

选用2001年和2005年的IKONOS遥感图象,应用GIS软件Arcview提取各景观斑块,并计算斑块面积、斑块数量、景观多样性指数、景观优势度指数、景观均匀度指数和景观破碎度数等景观生态指标,对研究区的景观格局进行分析。结果表明:研究区近几年景观格局变化较大,景观的多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐增加,破碎度指数和优势度指数则呈现减小的趋势。各种景观类型中耕地变化最为明显,斑块面积和斑块数目大幅度减小:居住用地的斑块面积增加较大,道路用地、公共用地和防护林地的面积也有所增加,水域面积有所减小。     

GIS支持下的铁瓦河小流域景观空间格局动态变化研究

景观空间格局的分析成为景观生态学研究的核心之一。以铁瓦河小流域1994～2002年土地利用分布图为基础,在ARCVIEW和ARC/INFO的支持下,通过选取和计算景观格局指数来分析该流域8年来的景观空间格局动态变化。分析结果表明:除了坡耕地、未利用土地面积减少外,其它类型斑块面积都有所增加,其中梯耕地、林地、水域、园地等增加幅度较大,居民点及工矿用地面积增加幅度较小;8年间,流域景观内各类型斑块的总数量明显增加,其中未利用土地和坡耕地数量明显增加,破碎度指数增加,林地等斑块数量明显减少,破碎度指数大大降低;小流域景观的多样性和均匀度指数有所增加,景观的破碎程度加大,表明景观的异质性程度提高,土地利用向多样化均匀化及破碎化方向发展。     

基于遥感的平顶山市土地利用及其景观格局变化研究

基于平顶山市1994年TM和2002年ETM 这2个时段的遥感图像,获取不同时期的土地利用信息,分析了平顶山市土地利用时空变化,借助FRAGSTATS软件进行了景观格局变化研究。研究结果表明,土地利用变化的总趋势是耕地、林地减少,荒草地、工矿用地、城市用地增加,土地利用综合程度指数增加;从景观尺度上看,斑块密度、多样性指数、优势度和均匀度指数增加,最大斑块指数、景观形状指数减小。最后提出了生态可持续发展对策。     

珠江三角洲地区土地利用和景观格局变化研究

珠江三角洲是中国经济快速发展地区之一,土地利用发生剧烈变化。利用1990,2000,2006年3期遥感解译数据,借助GIS空间分析功能和景观格局指数,分析了珠江三角洲土地利用和景观格局时空演变过程。研究结果表明,1990—2006年,珠江三角洲土地利用发生变化的面积13 580.81km2,占土地总面积的32.93%,后6a变化速度明显快于前10a;城镇用地、农村居民点、其它建设用地快速扩张,水域面积显著增加,水田、旱地、林地面积快速减少;斑块数量显著增加,土地利用景观不断破碎,多样性增强。水田、旱地、林地、水域和城镇用地近圆指数较小,斑块形状复杂;分维数介于1.26～1.44,各地类形状趋向复杂,人类对其干扰不断增强;林地是整个区域土地利用格局的基质,分离度最小,水田、城镇用地、旱地和水域的分离度相对较小,呈现连片分布状态。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.