受小蠹虫不同阶段为害的云南松光合生理反应分析

分析了15年生云南松在横坑切梢小蠹、云南纵坑切梢小蠹在蛀梢和蛀干为害期的针叶光合生理反应.Dun-can多重比较结果表明:云南松在小蠹虫蛀梢和蛀干期显著影响了针叶同化CO<,2>的能力,针叶净光合速率分别下降了31%和65%,气孔导度、蒸腾速率等光合指标也出现极显著下降(P<0.01).相关性分析表明:针叶净光合速率与各生理生态因子的相关关系以及主要生理生态因子之间的相关关系在小蠹虫不同的蛀害期而不同.小蠹虫蛀梢和蛀干为害显著降低了针叶叶绿素含量(P<0.05),但受蛀梢为害的云南松针叶叶绿素a/b值显著高于健康或受蛀干为害的云南松.针叶最大荧光(Fm)、最大光量子效率(Fv/Fm)以及Fv/Fo均因小蠹虫蛀梢和蛀干为害而显著下降,尤以在被蛀干时的针叶Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo下降幅度更大.综合分析表明:受小蠹虫"胁迫"(蛀梢、蛀干)后针叶叶绿素合成受到显著影响,引起了寄主云南松光合机构的破坏,导致寄主云南松树势下降,这必为喜欢攻击亚健康或衰弱林木的次期性昆虫创造合适的寄主.     

花绒寄甲控制果园桃红颈天牛的研究

花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides是林木蛀干害虫天牛类的重要天敌昆虫,已在我国应用于多种天牛类害虫的生物防治.桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii是多种蔷薇科果树和园林树木的主要蛀干害虫,近年来在华东和华北地区危害严重.为有效、可持续性地控制桃红颈天牛对果园桃树危害,根据受害树的受害等级于2020年...     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治天牛和木蠹蛾的研究

林木蛀干害虫生活在树皮和木质部内,这种场所温度稳定、湿度较大、又不受紫外光的直按照射,为昆虫病原线虫的寄生和繁殖提供了良好的环境。为了进一步扩大病原微生物在林木害虫上的应用,1986—1987年进行了线虫对天牛和木蠹蛾的毒杀和防治试验。     

木材虫害及其预防

昆虫种类很多,食性复杂.木材害虫,主要为食材性昆虫(或称食木性昆虫)和食菌性昆虫. 树木采伐后到制材加工过程中,木材含水率不同,蛀入木材中产卵的害虫也不一样.通常以木材的纤维饱和点(含水率为30%)为界限,蛀入含水率高于木材纤维饱和点的原木或锯材中产卵的害虫,称为湿材害虫;蛀入含水率低于木材纤维饱和点的干木材或半干木材中产卵的害虫,称为干材害虫.但有些害虫既危害湿材,也危害干材,如危害橡木(栎类)的害虫主要为蠹虫类(甲虫),如粉蠹虫、小蠹虫,长小蠹虫、长蠹虫等,既有湿材害虫,也有干材害虫.     

以昆虫为指示物种监测和评价森林生态系统健康初探

森林生态系统健康是保证生态系统服务功能的前提, 森林生态系统健康评价方法及指标体系已成为森林生态系统健康研究的核心内容。昆虫是森林生物多样性的重要组成部分, 在森林生态系统主体群落中, 昆虫与植物密切关联。森林害虫胁迫及昆虫多样性变动, 对于评估森林生态系统健康状况具有重要价值。研究显示, 昆虫多样性可应用于对森林生态系统健康的快速评估。     

园林蛀干害虫的生物防治

蛀干害虫是园林植物的毁灭性害虫,严重阻碍城市园林植物的健康生长。由于蛀干害虫长期营隐蔽性生活,化学防治难度较大,本文从寄生性天敌昆虫、捕食性天敌、病原微生物、昆虫病原线虫、植物性杀虫物质、基因工程等方面对园林蛀干害虫生物防治的研究和应用进行了论述,对存在的问题及其应用前景进行了展望。     

森林昆虫和病原物的害与益

森林昆虫和病原物虽然能引起林木损伤与死亡，但它们在森林演替，物质循环和能量流动，食物来源，创造野生动物生境等方面都作了积极的贡献，而且在一个生态系统发展前景中，对于森林生物多样性，土壤肥力，森林的长时期健康和稳定性等方面，它们的促成作用也是必不可少的，因此，森林经营者应当考虑昆虫和病原物的害与益的两方面作用。     

浅论昆虫绘图的特点和要求

浅论昆虫绘图的特点和要求朱兴才（陕西省林业科学研究所，陕西杨陵７１２１００）本人从事生物昆虫绘图工作三十余年，先后完成了《陕西林木病虫图志》第一、二辑（李宽胜主编）、《农业科学技术手册》（省农林局主编）、《中国森林昆虫》（萧刚柔主编）、《中国森林病害...     

杨树蛀干害虫天敌啄木鸟的保护和利用

啄木鸟是蛀干害虫的重要天敌,是森林益鸟,素有"森林医生"之美誉,其对害虫的控制作用国内外学术界都作过报道.郑作新等(1958)在不同季节中剖检22个啄木鸟胃,其内部50.17%为昆虫,主要种类为象甲、伪步行甲、天牛幼虫、金龟甲及鳞翅目昆虫避债蛾、螟蛾等.高瑞桐等(1994)在杨树人工林内的调查表明,啄木鸟对黄刺蛾和杨二尾舟蛾的控制率分别达到50%和70%以上.     

新疆引进花绒坚甲防治黄斑星天牛的应用技术进展

文章综述了目前我国和我区关于林木害虫天敌昆虫的引进、繁育和利用等方面的主要研究进展,并根据我国现代科学的发展和丰富的生物防治技术,对新疆的林木蛀干害虫—黄斑星天牛天敌昆虫的引进、保护和利用提出建议,使天敌昆虫在新疆具有更广泛的应用。     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林中食叶昆虫食叶量测试

在尖峰岭热带山地雨林，对食叶昆虫食叶量测试，供试验种计有２７科５０种。所得结果表明：昆虫食叶面积或重量百分率，各树种变动幅度在０．４５％－２８．０１％之间，平均为７．７１％，这种食叶量水平，对林木生长并无影响。但食叶昆虫的存在，对热带森生态系统来说，在维持生物群落动态平均方面，起着积极作用。     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林中食叶昆虫食叶量测试

在尖峰岭热带山地雨林中,对食叶昆虫食叶量测试,供试树种计有27科50种。所得结果表明:昆虫食叶面积或重量百分率,各树种变动幅度在0.45％～28.01％之间,平均为7.71％,这种食叶量水平,对林木生长并无影响。但食叶昆虫的存在,对热带森林生态系统来说,在维持生物群落动态平衡方面,起着积极作用。     

森林生态系统健康评价研究进展

在参阅大量文献资料的基础上,综述国内外森林生态系统健康评价的研究现状,以及森林生态系统健康评价的方法与指标体系,针对国内外森林生态系统健康评价中存在的问题进行展望,提出今后森林生态系统健康评价的研究方向和重点,对进一步准确地进行森林生态系统健康评价具有重要的理论意义。     

福建茫荡山自然保护区昆虫多样性的初步研究

对茫荡山自然保护区的5个不同生境进行了昆虫多样性调查,并分别用物种丰富度S、个体数N、多样性指数H’、均匀度指数R和优势度指数D对不同的群落进行了统计分析。结果表明在不同生境中物种丰富度、个体教、多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数皆不相同．其中常绿阔叶林内昆虫的丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度均为最高,针阔混交林次之,毛竹林为最低,但是毛竹林物种的优势度却是最高的。表明昆虫的多样性与其生境的植物种类、丰富程度密切相关。     

Direct measurements of carbon exchange at forest disturbance sites: a review of results with the eddy covariance method

ABSTRACT

Boreal and temperate forests cover a large part of the Earth. Forest ecosystems are a key focus for research because of their role in the carbon (C) balance and cycle. Increasing atmospheric temperatures, different disturbances (fire, storm and insects) and forest management (clear-cutting) will change considerably the C status of forest ecosystems. Using the eddy covariance (EC) method, we can define interactions among environmental factors that influence the C-balance and whether a forest ecosystem is functioning as a C-sink or C-source or possibly is C-neutral. In our review of published studies of different disturbances, we found that most of the post-disturbance studies based on EC method focused on the effects of forest fire and clear-cutting, only a few studies studies focused on the effects of storms and insects. Generally a forest is a C-source until several years after disturbance and then a forest is able to absorb C and become a C-sink. Recovery to C-sink status required up to 20 years in clear-cut areas. Recovery following wildfire disturbance was much longer, possibly more than 50 years. Recovery to C-sink status required approximately 5 years after storm and insect outbreak, however we can not predict overall recovery period because of the missing data.     

The effect of microhabitat and trophic conditions on the colonization density of cambio-and xylophagous insects in fir stumps (Abies alba Mill.) in selected stands of the świętokrzyskie mountains (Poland)

Most of the investigated fir stumps (79%), aged 2–4 years after tree cutting, were occupied by cambio-and xylophagous insects (on average 32 individuals per 1 stump). There were identified 2 cambiophages, 1 cambio-xylophagous species and 5 xylophages. Colonization density of these insects in fir stumps was influenced by microhabitat and trophic conditions. The highest density was found in fir stumps without mosses and lichens cover, moderately decomposed and wet, situated in partly insolated places. Fir stumps are a good base for reproduction and development of secondary and technical invaders of wood, which is important for forest management. Of particular significance isPissodes piceae that apart from stumps invades also weakened and withering fir trees, causing their death.     

桉树人工林生态量化评价指标体系的建立

随着桉树人工林经营水平的提高,桉树人工林不仅满足木材的需求,还发挥生态效益等其他功能。本文通过专家咨询法对桉树人工林生态目标量化评价指标进行筛选,采用层次分析法和德尔菲法确定指标的权重,最终形成5个一级指标、18个二级指标、36个三级指标的指标体系。一级指标中,碳汇权重最大,达0.2944,体现了碳汇在现今生态系统中的重要程度。第二是生物多样性,达0.2715,生物多样性是评价生态系统的核心指标。第三是生态系统健康,权重为0.2363,生态系统健康是生态系统的基础,生态系统其他功能的发挥程度取决于生态系统健康的程度。生态系统水环境和生态系统土壤环境的权重分别是0.1029和0.0949。     

Evaluation of the forest ecosystem health in Beijing area

The evaluation of ecosystem health has become one of the main research topics of ecosystem science, thus more and more assessment methods and frameworks have been put forward in recent years. However, the attention people pay to ecosystem health is actually more about what the social functions the ecosystem affords, which depend on the integrity and maintenance of the ecosystem structure and function, and the intensity of disturbance from outside. Accordingly, this research commenced from three main aspects, selected the evaluation indices, and then established the Evaluation Index System of Beijing Forest Ecosystem Health (EIS-BFEH). In the EIS-BFEH, each of the three foundations contained an easily-operated and standard sub-index system, which compounded the specific natural and social conditions of Beijing and was concrete enough to measure and evaluate. Then with the method of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the comprehensive index (CI) could be obtained, which represented the health of the forest ecosystem. As a case study, the forest ecosystems in the Badaling area were sampled, evaluated, compared and ranked by use of the EIS-BFEH. The result show that the health of natural forests is much better than that of plantations in the Badaling forest center: the average comprehensive index of the former is 7.9, while the latter is only 6.6. From the results, it could also be found that there are nine units in the healthy state, two units in the subhealthy state, and only one unit of Robinia pseudoacacia in the morbid state.