Wasseraufnahme junger Zuckerrüben in Beziehung zur Salzkonzentration der wurzelnahen Bodenlösung

Water uptake of young sugar beets in relation to the salt concentration of the rhizospheric soil solution When plants absorb soil water from saline soils salts translocated to the roots surface accumulate in the soil solution close to the roots. Due to the salt dissolved in the rhizospheric soil solution its osmotic potential is several times lower than the osmotic potential of the soil solution far from the roots thus affecting their water uptake. Shoots of young sugar beets transpired about 3,0 resp. 1 ml/h/g shoot dry matter, when the roots were surrounded by soil solutions of –0,5 MPa resp. –2,0 MPa. There was nearly no water, uptake from soil solutions of –2,5 to –3,0 MPa. Ψ-values of this range are supposed to occur only around roots of highly salt adapted sugar beets. In a wide range the water content of a sandy soil did not affect the Ψ-value preventing water uptake.     

Salt tolerance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> (L). following inoculation with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizobium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas</Emphasis>

This study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting Rhizobium and Pseudomonas species on NaCl-affected maize. Two cultivars of maize (cv. Agaiti 2002 and cv. Av 4001) selected on the basis of their yield potential were grown in pots outdoors under natural conditions during July. Microorganisms were applied at seedling stage and salt stress was induced 21 days after sowing and maintained up to 50% flowering after 120 days of stress. The salt treatment caused a detrimental effect on growth and development of plants. Co-inoculation resulted in some positive adaptative responses of maize plants under salinity. The salt tolerance from inoculation was generally mediated by decreases in electrolyte leakage and in osmotic potential, an increase in osmoregulant (proline) production, maintenance of relative water content of leaves, and selective uptake of K ions. Generally, the microbial strain acted synergistically. However, under unstressed conditions, Rhizobium was more effective than Pseudomonas but under salt stress the favorable effect was observed even if some exceptions were also observed. The maize cv. Agaiti 2002 appeared to be more responsive to inoculation and was relatively less tolerant to salt compared to that of cv. Av 4001.     

Impact of soil texture on temporal and spatial development of osmotic‐potential gradients between bulk soil and rhizosphere

Solute transport from the bulk soil to the root surface is, apart from changes in soil moisture and plant nutrient uptake, a prerequisite for changes in soil osmotic potential (Ψ_o). According to the convection‐diffusion equation, solute transport depends on a number of parameters (soil moisture–release curve, hydraulic conductivity, tortuosity factor) which are functions of soil texture. It was thus hypothesized that soil texture should have an effect on the formation of Ψ_o gradients between bulk soil and the root surface. The knowledge about such gradients is important to evaluate water availability in the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum (SPAC). A linear compartment system with maize grown under controlled conditions in two texture treatments (T1, pure sand; T2, 80% sand, 20% silt) under low and high initial application of salts (S1, S2) was used to measure the development of Ψ_o gradients between bulk soil and the root surface by microscale soil‐solution sampling and TDR sensors. The differences in soil texture had a strong impact on the formation of Ψ_o gradients between bulk soil and the root surface at high and low initial salt application rate. At high initial salt application, a maximum osmotic‐potential gradient (ΔΨ_o) of –340 kPa was observed for the texture treatment T2 compared to ΔΨ_o of –180 in T1. The steeper gradients in osmotic potential in treatment T2 compared to T1 corresponded to higher cumulative water consumption in this treatment which can partly be explained by higher soil hydraulic conductivity in the range of soil matric potentials covered during the duration of the experiments. Differences between texture treatments in Ψ_o at the root surface did not result in differences in plant‐water relations measured as gas‐exchange parameters (transpiration rate, water‐use efficiency) and leaf osmotic potential. If soil osmotic and matric potential are regarded as additive in calculating the driving force for water movement from the soil into the root, the observed differences in water flux between treatments cannot be explained.     

Water deficit and abscisic acid production of Salicornia bigelovii under salinity stress

We investigated the mechanism of growth reduction of dicotyledonous halophyte Salicornia bigelovii under salinity stress by growing it at 0.005 to 500?mol?m^?3 sodium chloride (NaCl). The optimal range for growth of S. bigelovii was between 50 and 200?mol?m^?3 NaCl. A significant correlation was found between growth and water content, which indicated that water deficit was an important factor in growth reduction at both suboptimal and supraoptimal salinities. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration of the shoot was negatively related to growth and water content, which suggested that ABA induced by water deficit may inhibit growth at both the suboptimal and supraoptimal salinities. The cause of water deficit at supraoptimal salinity might be caused by nutritional imbalance and osmotic stress due to the low osmotic potential of the external solution. However, limited salt uptake may be one of the causes of water deficit under suboptimal salinity. We discuss a sodium ion (Na⁺) specific deficit rather than salt deficit as another possible cause of water deficit.     

The interrelationship between the cultivation of crops and soil‐strength dynamics

It is well accepted that the penetration resistance of soils is, among others factors, highly sensitive to the moisture status of the soil. This study tested the hypothesis of whether the dewatering of a soil by crops of varying dewatering capacities significantly affects the soil's penetration resistance and whether this contributes to an exceedance of the commonly accepted root‐growth threshold already in the range of plant‐available water. During a 22‐month period between March 2002 and December 2003, the soil water content of a former lignite strip mine in E Germany was studied. The soil had been restored with Saalian glacial till. Plots contained two different crops, a 3 y–old stand of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and a 7 y–old stand of wild rye (Secale multicaule L.). Soil water contents under the two crops were converted on the basis of the water‐retention characteristics into water tensions, allowing an investigation of the changes in the measured water content in the wider context of the water availability to the crops. During both growing seasons, the water tension under lucerne exceeded the permanent‐wilting point (10^4.2 hPa) for up to 20 weeks between 0 and 90 cm, which is equal to a predicted penetration resistance of >15 MPa. Water tensions under the wild rye rose only up to a maximum of 10³ hPa for the same period, so that the predicted penetration‐resistance values remained constantly <5 MPa. Our findings demonstrate that the dewatering by plants during the growing seasons affects the actual strength of the soil, which can lead to the exceeding of the commonly accepted root‐growth threshold.     

Determining soil water‐balance components using an irrigated grass lysimeter in NE Austria

The water balance of a certain soil profile in a certain time interval is subjected to changes of soil water content within the respective profile, and fluxes at its upper and lower boundary. Weighing lysimeters are valuable instruments for water‐balance studies. Typically, mass changes—thus, changes of soil profile water content—are detected by a weighing system, while seepage water outflow is measured by a tipping bucket, and precipitation data originate from a rain gauge. Hence, evapotranspiration as unknown component can be determined by solving a simple water‐balance equation. However, using separately measured precipitation data may cause implausible (negative) evapotranspiration. In this study, change of soil profile water content, seepage water, precipitation, and evapotranspiration were determined directly from 10‐min lysimeter data from 2011. Precipitation measured with the lysimeter was in total 20% greater than rain‐gauge values. Even dew formation was measured and considered as water‐balance component; however, its total amount was rather low. Evapotranspiration calculated on daily and hourly base indicated a sound correlation with measured data, but measured values were considerably smaller. Both calculated and measured dew amount were of the same magnitude. Comparison of lysimeter evapotranspiration with daily calculations (neglecting dew) and hourly computation (considering dew) delivered similar results. Generally, the utilized lysimeter facility and the specific data management provided sound water‐balance components with high accuracy and temporal resolution, respectively.     

Effect of nitrogen on the growth and photo‐synthetic activity of salt‐stressed barley

Pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to study the effect of nitrogen (N) nutrition on photosynthesis and water relations of barley plants under salinity conditions. Nitrogen decreased the sodium (Na) content and increased the potassium (K) content in shoots. The net photosynthetic rate of leaves increased significantly with added N increasing from 0 to 100 mg N/kg soil. The activity of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC_ase) in leaves of high‐salt plants was lower, and in leaves of the low‐salt plants higher than that in control plants. The photosynthetic rate was reduced by sodium chloride (NaCl) and was significantly correlated with total soluble protein per unit leaf area. At each N level, stomatal conductance in leaves was reduced considerably by salt. Proline content of leaves increased with increasing N level. It was higher in leaves of salt‐treated plants than in those of control plants. The osmotic potential of leaves decreased with increasing N applied, and the turgor pressure of high N plants remained higher under salt treatment condition.     

Effect of FeEDDHA on the water relations of wheat

Water potentials, osmotic potentials and stomatal resistances were measured daily in a growth chamber during a two‐week period, in growing leaves of a drought‐sensitive and a drought‐resistant winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), which had the roots maintained in nutrient culture media with 0.001 or 0.01 M FeEDDHA. For both cultivars, the high level of FeEDDHA increased water potentials, turgor potentials, and stomatal resistances, and decreased osmotic potentials. Roots of plants grown with the high level of FeEDDHA had lower concentrations of Ca and K, and higher concentrations of Fe, than those grown with the low level. The results showed that the concentration of FeEDDHA used in plant‐water‐relation studies should be defined because the chelate affects the water balance of plants.     

Water, Salt and Heat Influences on Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Seasonally Frozen Soils in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, China

To investigate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in seasonally frozen soils under saline and shallow groundwater supply conditions, in-situ lysimeter experiments with different groundwater table depths (WTD=1.8 and 2.2 m) were conducted in Inner Mongolia, China during the wintertime of 2012-2013. Changes in soil organic C and total N in multiple layers during various periods, as well as their relationships with soil water, salt, and heat dynamics were analyzed. Accumulation of soil organic C and total N during freezing periods was strongly related to water and salt accumulation under temperature and water potential gradients. Water and salt showed direct influences on soil C and N dynamics by transporting them to upper layer and changing soil microbial activity. Salt accumulation in the upper layer during freezing and thawing of soil affected microbial activity by lowering osmotic potential, resulting in lower C/N ratio. Nitrogen in soil tended to be more mobile with water during freezing and thawing than organic C, and the groundwater table also served as a water source for consecutive upward transport of dissolved N and C. The changes in C and N in the upper 10 cm soil layer served as a good sign for identification of water and salt influences on soil microbial activity during freezing/thawing.     

欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗对盐胁迫的生长及生理响应

[目的]探讨欧洲鹅耳枥(Carpinus betulus)对盐胁迫的响应及其耐盐性。[方法]以两年生欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗为材料,用不同浓度NaCl(0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%)溶液处理幼苗,研究不同盐分胁迫对其幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响。[结果](1)随着盐胁迫的加剧,欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗受到损害程度逐渐加重,相对苗高生长、相对地径生长和总干重均呈下降趋势,而根冠比则逐渐增大;(2)叶片相对含水量随着盐胁迫程度的增加而下降,且盐浓度越高,时间越久,变化幅度越大;(3)叶片叶绿素总量、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量随着盐胁迫程度的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势;(4)随着盐浓度的增加和盐害时间的持续,幼苗叶片MDA含量、相对电导率和脯氨酸含量总体上呈增大趋势,并在胁迫末期达到最大值。[结论]欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗在0.1%~0.2%盐胁迫下能通过调节保护酶活性和渗透调节物质来减轻危害;而在0.3%胁迫下,幼苗自我调节能力受影响,0.4%~0.5%胁迫对其造成严重的损害,表明欧洲鹅耳枥耐盐性较弱,不宜在滨海地区生长。     

Inoculation with the native Rhizobium gallicum 8a3 improves osmotic stress tolerance in common bean drought-sensitive cultivar

Abstract

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation potential in common bean is considered to be low in comparison with other grain legumes. However, it may be possible to improve the nitrogen fixation potential of common bean using efficient rhizobia. In order to improve osmotic stress tolerance of a drought-sensitive common bean cultivar (COCOT) consumed in Tunisia, plants were inoculated either by the reference strain Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 or by inoculation with rhizobia isolated from native soils Rhizobium gallicum 8a3. Fifteen days after sowing, osmotic stress was applied by means of 25 mM mannitol (low stress level) or by 75 mM mannitol (high stress level). Fifteen days after treatment plants were harvested and different physiological and biochemical parameters were analysed. Results showed no significant differences between the studied symbioses under control conditions. However after exposure to osmotic stress our results showed better tolerance of COCOT to osmotic stress when inoculated with the native R. gallicum 8a3. This can be partially explained by better water-use efficiency in both leaves and nodules, better relative water content in nodules and better efficiency in utilization of rhizobial symbiosis as compared with COCOT-CIAT 899 symbiosis. Hence, the present study suggested the better use of native soil isolated strains for the inoculation of common bean in order to improve its performance and nitrogen fixation potential under stressful conditions.     

The composition of the soil solution as influenced by fertilization and nutrient uptake

The composition of the soil solution in unfertilized and well-fertilized plots of three long-term field experiments has been determined at the beginning and at the end of the growing season. All the plots were manured and the K and P fertilizers given in the autumn before the growth of sugar beet. N was applied in the spring, 3–4 weeks before the first soil sampling.The soil solution was removed at a pressure of 5 atm. The composition and the corresponding osmotic pressure were calculated for the moisture contents at field capacity and wilting point.In spring the salt concentrations, cations + anions, at the field capacity were in the range 91–97 mmoles/l in the fertilized plots. In autumn the concentration had dropped to 13.9–20.3, a decrease of 78–85%. At the wilting point, the concentrations in spring were as high as 211–307 mmoles/l and in autumn 31.5–69 mmoles/l. The corresponding osmotic pressures at field capacity in the spring ranged 2.2–2.3 atm. and at wilting point 5.1–7.4 atm.In spring the unfertilized plots showed concentrations of 16–21 mmoles/l and osmotic pressures of 0.38–0.51 atm., the values decreasing 52–65% during the growing season.It was pointed out that the high soil-solution concentration and osmotic pressure at low moisture contents may lead to an unfavourable effect on root metabolism. Further, the obscuring effect of the varying soil-solution concentration on the relationships between root ion exchange and nutrient uptake by plants has been discussed.     

Nitrogen Uptake,Leaf Nitrogen Concentration,and Growth of Saskatoons in Response to Soil Nitrogen Fertility

ABSTRACT

Nutrient requirements of the saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia: Rosaceae), a relatively new horticultural crop on the Canadian prairies, are unknown. In this study, two-year old saskatoon plants of the cultivar ‘Smoky’ were grown in a greenhouse in pots under four different soil nitrogen (N) regimes (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg N L^?1). Half the plants were harvested after one growing season. After a five-month period of dormancy, the remaining plants were grown for a second growing season under the same soil N regimes. At harvest, plant growth, dry weight biomass, and leaf N concentration were measured, and soil N uptake was calculated. In both years, leaf N concentration and plant N uptake were strongly positively correlated (first year r = 0.93; second year r = 0.95) and increased linearly with an increase in soil N. Stem diameter and new shoot growth increased in both years of the study in response to additional N. The soil N treatments had no significant effect on plant biomass during the first growing season. In the second year, stem, root, total shoot and total plant biomass increased with increasing soil N.     

保水缓释肥对盐胁迫下水稻矿质元素分配的调控

研究了施加盐碱地保水缓释肥(ZL 2012 1 0400570.0)对盐胁迫水稻幼苗叶长、叶温、氮磷钾(NPK)及钠(Na)的吸收和转运的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫下,水稻植株最大叶长随基质肥配比(1%、2%和4%)的增加而增加,且随处理时间延长,其增加效应愈明显,而其叶温逐渐降低;随高盐(4.68 g kg~(-1)盐分)处理的进行,植株逐渐枯萎死亡。盐胁迫下,该肥料施用明显提高植株的NPK含量,降低Na含量。低盐(2.68 g kg~(-1)盐分)胁迫下,播种40 d,施肥显著增加N和K向植株地上部转运,但显著降低其P转运系数(P-TF)和Na转运系数(Na-TF),显著提高植株K~+、Na~+的选择性比率(S_(K,Na));而播种80 d,施肥导致植株N、P、Na转运下降,而K转运和S_(K,Na)显著上升。高盐胁迫下,施肥对植株氮转运系数(N-TF)无显著影响,而P和Na转运上升,钾转运系数(K-TF)和S_(K,Na)随肥施量增加而显著下降。综上所述,低盐胁迫下,施该颗粒状盐碱地保水缓释肥,可明显提高水稻幼苗植株的NPK吸收,降低植株Na的积累,显著提高了水稻幼苗植株对K的选择性运输,维持体内的离子稳态,从而显著提高水稻植株的耐盐性。高盐胁迫下,该肥短期内亦可明显促进植株矿质营养在体内的积累,降低植株Na含量,从而一定程度上缓解植株盐害。     

Cell osmolarity adjustment in Lycopersicon in response to stress pretreatments 1

Plant cell adjustments in water and osmotic status in response to heat, cold, and osmotic stress were investigated using microcultured plants from four assessions of Lycopersicon. Changes in plant water potentials were determined with an osmometer solution method, and osmolarity by a cell sap extraction method. Heat stress decreased water potential (raised osmolarity) and cold stress increased water potential (depressed osmolarity) for all species, but the magnitude of the adjustment was significantly greater for L. peruvianum (a drought resistant genotype). Microcultures produced on growth medium with elevated levels of osmotic agents (sorbitol, dextran, or glucose) developed correspondingly higher cell sap osmolarity. Plant water potential shifted in the same direction, but not to the same degree, as osmotic potential in response to stress. Since osmotic adjustment is a reported mechanism of stress (salt, temperature, and water deficit) tolerance, these tests suggest a method for prescreening of germplasm at the microculture plant level.     

不同供水条件下土壤水分与烤烟蒸腾耗水的关系

采用旱棚人工控水试验,研究了不同供水条件下烤烟的生理需水规律及蒸腾耗水与土壤水分的关系。结果表明,在充分供水条件下,烤烟全生育期蒸腾耗水量的变化呈单峰曲线,以旺长期蒸腾耗水量最大,成熟期次之,伸根期最小,各时期蒸腾耗水模系数分别为45.23%,34.8％和19.97％。烤烟的蒸腾耗水量与土壤供水量成正比,各生育期供水不足均影响烟株的蒸腾耗水,尤其以旺长期干旱的影响最大。根据本试验结果,计算出了不同供水条件下烤烟蒸腾耗水的土壤水分胁迫系数,建立了非充分供水条件下土壤水分胁迫系数的订正函数和烤烟实际蒸腾耗水的时间－水分函数模型。     

保水缓释肥对盐胁迫下水稻生长和光合特性的调控

为了探讨保水缓释肥对作物生长的调控,以"盐稻12号"为材料,研究了不同配比(1%、2%和4%)的盐碱地保水缓释肥(ZL 2012 1 0400570.0)对盐胁迫20、40、80 d水稻幼苗植株形态、根系发育、干重、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:无论是低盐还是高盐处理下,随着肥料施用配比的增加,植株长势逐渐增强,总根长、根体积、根表面积、根尖数、植株干重均显著上升,尤其在4%肥料施用下这些促进效果尤为明显;随着肥料施用配比的增加,叶片叶绿素含量、气体交换各参数、水分利用效率等均逐渐上升,而气孔限制值显著下降。综上所述,该盐碱地保水缓释肥明显增强水稻幼苗的耐盐性,主要与其能促进盐胁迫下根系生长,提高叶绿素含量,改善气孔限制,促进植株的光合作用并提高水分利用效率有关。     

A comparison of transpiration rates of young rape plants grown on salinized soils of different texture

During periods of water depletion the water supply of plants from saline soils is reduced due to the simultaneous decrease of the soil osmotic and the soil matric water potential. Common models on the water uptake from saline soils assume a similar depressing effect of osmotic and matric water potentials on the water uptake by plants. As plants differ in their ability to overcome salt stress and soils differ in their water retention curves there is some doubt for the general validity of this assumption. The paper presents results of an experiment with rape grown in a sandy and a silty soil at three salinity levels. The transpiration rate of the plants was determined during a period of 34 hours and related to the total water potential of the two soils. In case of the silty soil, the transpiration was related to the total soil water potential at all salinity levels. In the sandy soil, however, the transpiration was much more affected by decreasing soil matric potential than by equivalent decreases of the soil osmotic potential. The results show that the effect of both potentials on the water supply of plants is not the same and has to be treated separately.     

EXOGENOUS APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM NITRATE TO ALLEVIATE SALT STRESS IN RICE SEEDLINGS

□ Overall growth characteristics of many plant species cultivated in soil affected by salinity could be alleviated by the application of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) to the soil. The aim of this research was to investigate salt-tolerance in a salt-sensitive rice cultivar, ‘Pathumthani 1’ (PT1), in response to the exogenous application of 11.8 mM KNO₃, in comparison to ‘Homjan’ (HJ), a salt tolerant cultivar. Water potential (ψ_w) in both the roots and leaves of PT1 seedlings under salt stress dropped significantly, while it was maintained in PT1 pretreated with KNO₃, and similarly in HJ. The reduction of leaf water potential was positively related to total chlorophyll degradation, leading to diminished chlorophyll fluorescence, directly affecting growth in plants exposed to salt stress. In salt-sensitive PT1, the application of 11.8 mM KNO₃ improved salt-tolerance via the conservation of water use efficiency, the maintenance of photosynthetic pigments, enhancement of chlorophyll a fluorescence, and stimulation of growth characters.     

基于灰色关联分析的土壤水盐动态变化研究

根据洛惠渠灌区多年观测资料与实地调查,采用灰色关联法对灌区地下水矿化度、埋深与土壤含盐量的动态关系进行了分析。阐明了3者之间的年际动态变化规律和耦合关系,建立了灌区土壤水盐动态耦合关系模型。结果表明,地下水矿化度是影响土壤含盐量的主要因素,地下水埋深对盐分的转移也起着重要的作用,各因子之间相互作用,形成了复杂条件下的耦合关系;该灌区处于脱盐和相对稳定状态,受外界因素影响,土壤含盐量变化趋势与地下水矿化度和地下水位变化趋势不一致;基于地下水矿化度和地下水埋深的土壤水盐耦合关系模型具有较高的预测精度,能够很好地定量描述土壤水盐动态变化与其影响因子之间的响应关系。