Zinc-65 in marine organisms along the Oregon and Washington coasts

The concentration of zinc-65 in marine animals and plants near the mouth of the Columbia River is presented. Amounts of radiozinc found in the biota diminished rapidly with the distance from the river mouth. The highest levels were found in plankton, algae, and mollusks. Of the human foods, oysters exhibited the highest levels.     

Sediment Movement on the Continental Shelf near Washington and Oregon

The nuclides zinc-65 and cobalt-60 associated with river-borne particulate matter are incorporated in sediment on the Continental Shelf near the Colum- ia River. Changes in the relative concentrations of zinc-65 and cobalt-60 and in the ratio of the activity of zinc-65 and cobalt-60 suggest that radioactive sediment moves northward 12 to 30 kilometers per year along the shelf and 2.5 to 10 kilometers per year westward away from the coast.     

Zinc-65 in cyclotron workers

Small but persistent body burdens of zinc-65 have been found in cyclotron workers. This radionuclide and others are produced by nuclear reactions with the construction materials of the cyclotron. Only zinc-65 has gained entry into the body, but in amounts of less than 1 percent of the maximum permissible amount.     

Zinc-65 and Zirconium-95 in Food

Zinc-65 has been found in small amounts in muscle and liver samples obtained from cattle raised in Nevada, and also in commercial hamburger and beef liver from the southwestern area. Zirconium-95 and niobium-95 were found in the liver samples but not in the muscle or hamburger. A trace of zinc-65 was detected in milk buLt none in people.     

Periphyton: autoradiography of zinc-65 adsorption

The major site of sorption of zinc-65 in natural, matlike periphyton is on the upper surface of the community. There is a diffusion gradient within the community. Expression of results from short-term spiking experiments should thus be presented on an areal rather than gravimetric basis.     

Gamma Emitters in Marine Sediments near the Columbia River

Samples from sediment cores collected at 26 different locations 5 to 35 miles offshore in and around Astoria Submarine Canyon were analyzed for gamma emitters. Chromium-51 and zinc-65 were the principal radio-nuclides found, although several fission products and natural potassium-40 were also present. Radioactivity fell off sharply with distance from the mouth of the Columbia River, indicating that the river serves as a common source of the artificial radionuclides.     

黄土高原水土保持的社会经济效应评价研究

采用灰色关联分析法对黄土高原10条小流域开展水土保持后的社会经济效应做了定量评价,结果表明:水土保持对农村社会经济发展产生了极大的推动作用,农民人均收入水平是反映水土保持的社会经济影响好坏的首要因子,此外,人均粮食占有水平、土地利用率、人均水土保持投资、农业总收入以及基本农田面积也是反映社会经济效应的重要因素。只有当这些单项指标效益均较好时,整体的社会经济效应才会处于良好状态,水土保持要采用系统工程原理,才能保证生态环境与社会经济良性发展。     

3种划蝽食性的初步研究

以水绵、丝藻、死鱼、活鱼、活水草、死水草和底泥为供试食物,以存活时间、消化道残留物的颜色和食物的变化为依据,推断3种划蝽在实验室内的取食食物.研究表明,3种划蝽均能利用水藻和腐烂有机物,但它们的营养生态位发生了分化,显斑原划蝽(Cymatia apparens (Distant))嗜好取食丝藻,并能取食水绵、腐烂水草和死鱼,但不能利用底泥;钟丽烁划蝽(Sigara bellula (Horvath))嗜好水绵,能利用腐烂水草、底泥、丝藻和死鱼;沙棘小划蝽(Micronecta sahibergi (Jakovlev))嗜好丝藻和底泥,能取食死鱼、腐烂水草和水绵.     

冰温干燥贮藏食品的研究

本文在阐述了冰温干燥食品研究的基础上,剖析了各种食品解冻方法的利弊后得出,冰温干燥贮藏过的食品,在营销过程中仍可确保鲜度,将质量好的食品从生产者转移到消费者。     

生鲜食品导热系数影响因素的试验与分析

采用同步测量法测定了不同品种果蔬的导热系数与其可溶性固形物含量、自由水含量、含水量、密度、硬度等因素的变化规律.结果表明,对于不同种类的果蔬,与其导热系数存在显著线性相关的因素从大到小依次是含水量、可溶性固形物含量、自由水含量和密度,而和果蔬的硬度不存在显著线性相关关系.     

Traditional African American foods and African Americans

Traditional African American foods, also referred to as “soul food,” are often given a blanket label of “poor food choices.” The cultural value of these ethnic foods may be disregarded without sufficient study of their nutrient content. This study showed that of the various foods perceived as traditionally African American by the local sampled population, greens were the most often identified as such by 78% and the most frequently consumed (22%) by the subjects. 37% perceived chitterlings as a traditional food, yet only 30% consumed them, and only on an occasional basis. Okra, yams, and black-eyed peas had relatively high consumptions but were not often perceived as traditional African American foods. The latter may suggests a lack of historical food facts, relating to indigenous African foods or may indicate the mainstreaming of these foods. Cowpeas or black-eyed peas, okra, sesame seeds, and watermelon seeds were originally brought to North America from Africa. The literature contains scant information on this particular topic, which leaves unanswered: (1) the current consumption of traditional foods by African Americans, (2) certain availability of these foods; and (3) the positive contributions to the diet that these foods may contribute. The author recognizes that “African American” is the most appropriate and preferred term used widely today, to refer to African descendants in North America, however “Black” and “Black American” will be used interchangeably, to reflect consistency of literature cited herein. First, this article will define traditional African American foods and relate their historical significance. Secondly, it will present data on current food consumption from a sample population of African Americans surveyed in San Diego. Lastly, this article will explore possible applications of the research itself.     

Zinc-65 in foods and people

Disposal of trace amounts of Zn(65) is made in the Columbia River via Hanford reactor effluent water. The subsequent utilization of river water for irrigation permits the concentration of this radioisotope in farm produce and its eventual deposition in man. The Zn(65) in irrigation water, in farm produce, and in individuals utilizing these materials has been measured.     

海南东寨港红树林湿地鸟类监测与研究

利用样线法年对海南东寨港红树林湿地的鸟类进行调查,并对鸟类的物种多样性和生境进行了分析。结果表明,东寨港红树林湿地共记录有鸟类11目26科65种,总数量为24531只,其中水鸟有41种,占调查总种数的63％。全年水鸟的种类和数量具有明显的季节性变化,均为越冬期较多,繁殖期较少。不同生境的鸟类群落组成及物种多样性在不同季节的差异性显著。     

资源紧约束条件下我国粮食安全与耕地保护问题的研究

我国粮食安全受到人口增加、耕地减少、土壤退化、环境污染、水资源短缺等多种资源和环境因素的影响,耕地的数量、质量、生态等问题异常突出。本文分析了我国在实施粮食安全战略的过程中所面临的困境,探讨了如何控制农业面源污染,改善农业生产条件的具体措施,提出了我国的粮食安全必须立足本国,实施农业科技革命,实行最严格的耕地保护制度。     

扎龙保护区春季白鹤迁徙观察

2003年3月20日至5月31日,在扎龙保护区设了3个观察点对迁徒停歇的白鹤进行了观察,观察结果为：2003年春季在扎龙保护区停歇的白鹤数量为464只,迁来的时间为4月3日,全部迁走的时间为5月29日,在扎龙湿地停歇57d;迁来时共有5个群体,后期由于干旱缺水,生态环境发生改变,致使5群群白鹤集中为3个群体;水是白鹤选择中途停歇地的重要生态因子,在没有水的情况下,白鹤会另寻休息地和觅食地,继续补充体能,而不是立即从扎龙湿地向北迁飞;白鹤以传统的停歇地作为主要停歇地点,没有明显的采食地与夜栖地之分。由于扎龙湿地进行了生态补水,生态环境得到了极大改善,近几年来在扎龙温地停歇的白鹤种群数量逐渐上升。     

水分和有机物料对土壤锌-镉形态及化学性质的影响

为探求镉-锌复合污染土壤的有效治理途径,通过室内模拟培养试验,在不同水分条件下,运用连续提取法研究草炭和猪粪对土壤锌、镉形态及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,草炭和猪粪的施用明显降低了土壤中可交换态锌、镉的含量,增加了铁、锰氧化物结合态锌、镉的含量,随培养时间的增加,影响更显著。其中淹水的效果优于65%相对含水量,猪粪的效果优于草炭。有机结合态锌、镉的含量亦增加,但猪粪处理的增幅小于草炭。不同水分条件下,施用草炭和猪粪对土壤pH值的影响不同,与镉、锌各形态无显著相关性。施用草炭和猪粪增加了土壤无定形氧化铁的含量,其含量与铁锰氧化物结合态锌、镉的含量呈显著正相关关系。     

An empowered adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system using self-organizing map clustering to predict mass transfer kinetics in deep-fat frying of ostrich meat plates

Deep-fat frying (DFF) is a cooking process, in which water containing foodstuff is immersed into edible oils or fats at temperatures above the boiling point of water. This process is a fast and easy method to prepare tasty foods; therefore, despite the trend to low-fat foods, deep-fried products enjoy increasing popularity. Moisture content (MC) and fat content (FC) are very important quality indicators for fried foods in terms of health concerns and palatability of the products. This paper presents a new approach based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and self-organizing map (SOM) clustering for more accurate predicting MC and FC during DFF of ostrich meat plates. First the data set of each mass transfer parameter was categorized into two clusters by SOM method, and at the next stage each cluster was fed into an independent ANFIS models with the ability of rule base extraction and data base tuning. To train the ANFIS prediction system, triangular membership function (MF) was chosen. Results showed that the optimized ANFIS model with clustering improved the prediction ability of ANFIS and truly described mass transfer during the DFF (12.46% improvement with R =  0.96 for MC and 5.46% improvement with R = 0.92 for FC). This methodology can also be applied to optimize the operating conditions.     

动物性产品中硝基呋喃类抗生素残留检测方法研究进展

对动物性产品中硝基呋喃类抗生素及其代谢物的残留及其危害进行综述,分别介绍了高效液相色谱、液相色谱质谱联用、液相色谱串联质谱和酶联免疫吸附分析等目前检测硝基呋喃类抗生素及其代谢物的残留的常用方法,同时对此类检测方法的发展趋势进行了展望。     

番茄传家宝资源核心种质构建及评价

番茄品质改良近年来被广泛关注,而远缘杂交生殖障碍和转基因产品安全性限制了利用野生资源和基因工程技术对番茄品质的改良。作者采用SSR和RAPD技术对从国内、外引进的65份番茄"传家宝"资源(包括2份现代栽培品种Yellow cherry No.22和M82)进行系统进化分析,构建了包括15份番茄"传家宝"资源的核心种质并对其14个质量性状、12个数量性状和7个品质指标进行了分析。结果显示,番茄"传家宝"资源在亲缘关系上远离现代番茄栽培品种,其园艺学特征和品质特性表现出更丰富的遗传多样性,对栽培番茄品质改良具有潜在的应用价值。同时,作者对某些番茄"传家宝"资源应用前景以及培育功能番茄(如高花青素番茄)品种应采取的策略进行了讨论。     

烤烟生长发育及化学品质对水分胁迫的响应

采用防雨控水试验,研究了烤烟生长发育及化学品质对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明,在烤烟生长发育的各个阶段,随土壤相对含水量升高,烟株的株高和叶面积明显增大。土壤干旱或水分过多,烤烟根系体积、根系表面积、根系活力下降;烤烟团棵期、旺长期和现蕾期、成熟期最适宜的土壤相对含水量分别为65%,80%,80%,65%。烤烟成熟期,不同水分处理中部叶和上部叶蛋白质、烟碱、总氮的含量增加;总糖、还原糖的含量降低,而且土壤干旱时要比水分过多时下降的多,这使得烟叶的品质降低;糖碱比、氮碱比、施木克值以轻度干旱(65%处理)处理较合理。