Problems of resistance development in arthropod pests of agricultural crops in Russia

This paper presents the results of long‐term monitoring of insecticide resistance in populations of agricultural pests in Russia. Over the last 45 years, resistance developments were recorded for 36 arthropod pest species in 11 agricultural crops and pastures in relation to nearly all commonly used plant protection products. Development of group, cross and multiple resistance has been revealed in populations of many economically important pests. Toxicological and phenotypical (for Colorado potato beetle) methods have been devised to monitor the development of pesticide resistance. Based on experience over the last century, systems aimed at preventing the development of pest resistance to insecticides and acaricides are elaborated. These systems are based on resistance monitoring and using plant protection measures which minimize the toxic pressure on agroecosystems.     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of accidental insect pest introduction into Switzerland and its implications for plant protection1

The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of accidental introduction of pest organisms into Switzerland by means of international plant trade, and to discuss its consequences for the development of plant protection strategies. We found substantial levels of infestation in samples of all producing countries included in the study. Since the use of synthetic pesticides is the main basis of pest control in the ornamental industry, the results of this study indicate that chemical pest control has reached a limit above which no further reduction of pest population levels is possible. The increased pesticide tolerance of many arthropod pests is mainly due to increased levels of resistance to pesticides caused by their excessive use. Therefore, alternative methods supplementing pesticide use are required to develop an optimal pest management strategy for the future. It is proposed that, in the Swiss ornamental production industry, pest monitoring should be the first step in this direction.     

农作物病虫害防治农药速查系统构建与应用

为了让农户能够直观了解及掌握常见病虫害的防治信息,帮助农户通过智能手机在农田、果园和茶园等现场方便快捷地获取作物病虫害图文识别要点与科学防治方法,为农户提供在线植保技术服务,本研究采用RESTful Web 服务架构设计,运用HTML5移动Web开发技术,借助微信平台作为用户访问入口,开发了一款跨平台 (android/iOS) 的农药速查软件系统,实现了农药信息查询、病虫害图谱查询及后台数据管理等功能。通过建立农药与病虫害间的关联关系,实现了从农药名称和病虫害名称两个途径查询农药信息;所构建的数据库涵盖了蔬菜、果树、水稻、茶叶及烟草等共30种福建省常规种植作物上的重要病虫害农药防治技术。初步运用验证结果表明,该系统整体实用性和稳定性较好,适合在农村基层推广应用。基于微信平台的农药速查系统能够满足植保新技术普及和应用的需求,可为农户提供简单便捷、对症下药的在线植保科技服务,对提高用户安全施药和科学防控能力、推进农药的增效减量均具有重要意义。     

Determinants of farmers’ decisions on pesticide use in oriental tobacco: a survey of common practices

Information about pesticide use and perceptions of their risks among farmers is important for identifying problems associated with pest-control decisions and developing appropriate management practices in given crops. In tobacco, a plant sensitive to many pests and diseases, such information is lacking. The patterns of pesticide use in oriental tobacco, as well as the most important factors for farmers’ decisions relating to chemical pest control were studied among randomly selected farmers in northern Greece on the basis of self-reported information acquired through a pre-tested questionnaire. High reliance of farmers on pesticides and field use of all well-known classes of chemical pesticides were reported. While all the active ingredients reported were registered for pest control in tobacco, they differed considerably in terms of toxicity. A normal cropping season received at least 14–16 pesticide applications for soil disinfection, pest control, and weed control. Most farmers stated that they usually spray chemicals on a calendar basis or on the first appearance of a pest. Efficacy on target pests and market price of the pesticide products to be used were the most important criteria for selection of pesticides, i.e. products that are considered to be highly effective and/or that are cheap are more likely to be selected. Better-educated and more experienced farmers were found to pay more attention to environmental safety and pesticide toxicity. Most farmers felt that pesticide use can reduce crop damage by more than 75%, assuring high yields. Main determinants of pesticide use were primarily the fear of severe yield and economic losses and the doubts about the effectiveness and the correct implementation of alternative pest-control methods. Pesticide use could be reduced by exposing farmers to improved pest-control practices such as site-specific integrated pest management.     

Advocating a need for suitable breeding approaches to boost integrated pest management: a European perspective

Currently, European farmers do not have access to sufficient numbers and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing cropping systems more resilient to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes. In this context, plant breeding should consist of: (1) increased efforts in the development of new or minor crop varieties to foster diversity in cropping systems, and (2) focus on more resilient varieties showing local adaptation. This new breeding paradigm, called here ‘breeding for integrated pest management (IPM)’, may boost IPM through the development of cultivars with tolerance or resistance to key pests, with the goal of reducing reliance on conventional pesticides. At the same time, this paradigm has legal and practical implications for future breeding programs, including those targeting sustainable agricultural systems. By putting these issues into the context, this article presents the key outcomes of a questionnaire survey and experts' views expressed during an EU workshop entitled ‘Breeding for IPM in sustainable agricultural systems’. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ecological aspects of pest risk assessment1

The primary purpose of a national plant protection organization is to prevent the spread of quarantine pests. Such pests are characterized according to their predicted capability to be of economic importance in new areas. The determination of the potential of an exotic pest to cause crop losses is a preliminary component in a pest risk assessment (PRA) process. The initial PRA step includes two distinct ecological analyses. The first must predict the expected extent and frequency to which a new pest population will attain and/or surpass the economic injury level. This is necessary to justify the classification of an exotic pest as being of quarantine significance. Secondly, a PRA must estimate the likelihood of establishment for those quarantine pests for which an entry pathway exists. Both require that bioclimatic comparisons be made between the areas of origin and distinct target destinations. The bioclimatic methodologies of the past are currently being enhanced to specify more precisely‘quarantine pest zones of ecological equivalency’, i.e. areas within which the behavior of a specific quarantine pest can be expected to be the same. The information derived from studies that provide a basis for forecasting the behavior of indigenous pests can also be used in PRA.     

Preliminary monitoring of agricultural pesticides in a cooperative tobacco pest management project in North Carolina, 1971--first-year study

A preliminary tobacco pest management pesticide monitoring project was initiated in two counties of North Carolina in 1971 to develop an ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable system for protecting tobacco from damaging insect and disease pests. Results from the first year's study including sampling procedures, sample preparation, and analysis and residue data are presented in this paper.     

Weeds as hosts for new crop pests: the case of Protortonia navesi (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) on cassava in Brazil

Weeds may serve as reservoirs for new and invasive insect pests. The cassava root scale ( Protortonia navesi ) is a recent pest in the Brazilian 'Cerrado' that causes qualitative and quantitative damage by sucking plant sap. Recently, field surveys revealed that many common weeds in this region act as host for P. navesi in cassava fields. In a discrete survey, 15 weed species were identified that were hosting P. navesi . Among these, 13 species occurred during the cropping season and five were observed 4 months after cassava harvest. Eight months after harvest, only cassava volunteer plants were found to be hosting P. navesi . This survey provided a real example of the problem created when weeds host new crop pests. The management of weeds (including crop volunteers) needs to be considered as part of generalised pest management and pest invasion prevention schemes. Effective weed management can be a means of limiting the survival of new pests and the re-infestation of susceptible crop species in subsequent years. Simple studies like this point to a practical need to create greater collaborations between pest management researchers working within discrete pest categories.     

云南小规模农户蔬菜种植习惯和病虫防治行为研究

采用农民参与式调查方法,2003-2004年抽样调查了云南省昆明、大理、玉溪、楚雄、曲靖和丽江6市360户小规模蔬菜种植农户,系统调查了农户的蔬菜种植习惯、病虫知识、病虫防治态度和行为。调查结果表明:农民种植蔬菜具有多样性特征,360户在2004年种植了多达23种蔬菜。农民普遍缺乏蔬菜病虫生态知识,虽然具有一定的识别害虫能力,但是大多数农民不能区别害螨和病害的危害,不能识别大多数重要天敌,主要根据农药零售商的建议进行病虫防治,导致普遍过度依赖化学农药进行病虫防治。     

Surveillance and monitoring for plant parasitic nematodes – a challenge

Surveillance of pests is an important activity for (a) early detection and prevention of spread of indigenous and exotic pests, (b) delimiting pest distribution, (c) searching for pest free areas for meeting the requirements of national and international trade and (d) to achieve effective management of pests that affect crop production. Recent developments on these topics are reviewed with special reference to plant parasitic nematodes in India.     

Plant Protection and Production in Modern Society1

Many currently existing agricultural production techniques have been developed in total reliance on effective chemical pest control. Today, however, it is becoming clear that chemical pest control has a number of limitations, and its ever increasing costs may well make it a limiting factor in agricultural production. This has already occurred in a number of cotton growing areas. The need for increased world food production will require improved pest control methods. If no special precautions are taken, we will undoubtedly end up in many other crops with a situation similar to that of cotton. In view of the reduced availability of new pesticides, those currently available should be used in the optimal way. At the present time, the integrated pest control approach is the best means of accomplishing this. The introduction of such programs will require official support through legislation or technical assistance. In the future, various new developments in pest control are to be expected. Greater reliance will be placed on the use of computer science. Further effort will be needed in areas such as crop loss assessment, stored product pests, technical assistance to farmers and pesticide selectivity. Closer international collaboration on plant quarantine matters and pesticide registration are essential for the future of pest control.     

Towards the construction of a resistance risk evaluation scheme

Pesticide resistance management needs an indication of the risk of resistance developing in pests against pesticide applications. This paper describes an evaluation system for the ranking of these risks. The term pests includes all organisms which are causing economic damage in agriculture, including weeds and plant pathogens. The system distinguishes six broad risk categories. It is based on expert judgement of answers to a maximum of ten questions on crop husbandry, pest biology and pest control. The system has been developed for registration purposes in The Netherlands, and is currently being discussed within the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). ©1997 SCI     

江苏水稻生产全程简约化绿色防控策略研究与应用

针对江苏水稻病虫害灾变规律变化发展的新特点,以及农药减量控害难度加大、稻米品质质量要求提高等社会需求,结合农药残留风险关键控制点和农药施用对稻米品质的影响分析,提出了水稻病虫害"前防、中控、后保"的全程简约化防控新策略.构建了以"种苗处理和穗期病虫绿色用药"为核心、以"生态调控"为配套的水稻不同生长时期防控技术体系和基...     

International plant protection; the role of FAO

Plant protection has many international aspects; it is also quickly changing, especially in relation to sustainability. FAO’s activities in plant protection are grouped in four major thrusts: plant quarantine, pesticide management, integrated pest management and migratory pest control. The International Plant Protection Convention defines the FAO’s activities in plant quarantine, while, in response to the GATT Uruguay Round, harmonization of plant quarantine is also being undertaken. Pesticide management activities address the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and standard setting on pesticide residues. Integrated Pest Management is the core of the plant protection programme, together with international coordination of migratory pest control. All these activities are complemented by technical assistance programmes, including assistance with the establishment of plant protection services.FAO’s activities remain a compromise between what member countries see as desirable and what is affordable. Long term commitment is required to achieve result. New functions in quarantine and pesticide management have been taken up, but the international assessment of pesticides needs urgent attention. The paradigm change away from pesticide use will require further international cooperation. Substantial research and a new control system is needed for locust control.     

药用植物地下害虫发生现状与无公害综合防治策略

近年来,药用植物地下害虫为害日益突出,严重降低中草药的产量和品质。由于地下害虫在土壤中活动,取食药用植物的地下部分,给防治带来很大的困难。同时,农药的过度使用也给中草药安全带来了隐患。本文对药用植物地下害虫的主要种类、为害特点、发生规律和防治中存在的问题进行了综述,重点阐述了不同药用植物上常见的地下害虫种类,并提出了相应的无公害综合防治措施。     

近年我国农业植物检疫疫情新发形势分析

植物检疫的目标是控制检疫性有害生物传入、扩散和蔓延。在我国现行的农业植物疫情报告管理制度中,疫情快报最能反映疫情新发情况。为了准确掌握我国农业植物疫情新发动态,本文系统整理了2010年-2018年全国农业植物疫情快报数据,从时间和空间两个维度分析了我国疫情发生的严峻形势,并分析了不同种类农业植物检疫性有害生物的发生动态,以期为我国农业植物疫情及农业植物检疫性有害生物的研究和管控提供参考依据。     

Botanical Pesticides and Their Mode of Action

Pest management is facing economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanical pesticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as pest antifeedants, repellents and toxicants, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, a little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics and fermentation products) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries. Botanicals have been in use for a long time for pest control. The compounds offer many environmental advantages. However, their uses during the 20th century have been rather marginal compared with other bio-control methods of pests and pathogens. Improvement in the understanding of plant allelochemical mechanisms of activity offer new prospects for using these substances in crop protection. I’m trying in this article to present different kinds of botanical pesticides came from different recourses and their mode of actions as well as I will try to examine the reasons behind their limited use (disadvantages) and the actual crop protection developments involving biopesticides of plant origin for organic or traditional agricultures to keep our environment clean and safer for humankind and animals.     

农业害虫自动识别与监测技术

随着计算机和互联网技术的发展,信息技术已被广泛地应用于植物保护领域,推动农业害虫的监测走向信息化、智能化和精准化。我们综述了农业害虫自动识别与监测技术的最新研究进展,分析了各种技术的特点与优势。这些技术均需要特定的设备获取农业害虫及其生境的信息,提取昆虫信息特征,并利用这些特征进行昆虫种类的识别与计数,达到害虫监测的目的。图像识别技术适合于自动识别与监测栖息于作物表面的害虫,昆虫雷达(厘达或激光雷达)技术特别适合于自动识别与监测高空中飞行的害虫,而声音识别技术在自动识别与监测隐蔽害虫方面具有优势。最近发展起来的基于深度学习的害虫识别方法避免了传统的手工设计特征方法,提高了害虫识别的鲁棒性,展示了一旦建立完整的昆虫信息库就可以实现害虫自动识别与监测的可能;这给昆虫学家提出了一个艰巨的任务,即鉴定和正确标识机器学习所需的大量的昆虫信息。     

A web‐based decision support system to enhance IPM programs in Washington tree fruit

BACKGROUND: Integrated pest management (IPM) decision‐making has become more information intensive in Washington State tree crops in response to changes in pesticide availability, the development of new control tactics (such as mating disruption) and the development of new information on pest and natural enemy biology. The time‐sensitive nature of the information means that growers must have constant access to a single source of verified information to guide management decisions. RESULTS: The authors developed a decision support system for Washington tree fruit growers that integrates environmental data [140 Washington State University (WSU) stations plus weather forecasts from NOAA], model predictions (ten insects, four diseases and a horticultural model), management recommendations triggered by model status and a pesticide database that provides information on non‐target impacts on other pests and natural enemies. A user survey in 2008 found that the user base was providing recommendations for most of the orchards and acreage in the state, and that users estimated the value at $ 16 million per year. CONCLUSIONS: The design of the system facilitates education on a range of time‐sensitive topics and will make it possible easily to incorporate other models, new management recommendations or information from new sensors as they are developed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pesticide residues: Food surveys in the United Kingdom

The development of food surveys for levels of pesticide residues, toxic metals and polychlorobiphenyls and related compounds is outlined. The role of the surveys in monitoring the effect on the levels of compounds in specific foods following changes in pesticide usage is explained. Studies over 8 years on levels in the total diet show they are well below the acceptable daily intakes recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation for organchlorine and other pesticides. During this period the levels found have in general declined.