苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省潜在危害性风险分析和管理对策

苹果小吉丁虫是果树危险性蛀干害虫之一,已给国内部分地区的栽植苹果以及新疆的野苹果造成了巨大的损失。目前陕西部分地区已发现苹果小吉丁虫危害,为明确苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的主要苹果产区的风险程度,以制定科学合理的管理对策。参考国际上有害生物风险分析程序和分析方法,结合苹果小吉丁虫寄主在陕西省的分布情况,对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性进行了综合评估。苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性R值为2.42,该吉丁虫在陕西省属于高度危险性有害生物。针对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的高度危险性,提出了加强检疫、监测预防和风险管理等的管理对策。     

济南近郊山林双条杉天牛防治方法

双条杉天牛是柏科树木上最严重的钻蛀性害虫之一，属于危险性有害生物，在我国多地区造成了严重危害，针对双条杉天牛的危险性，济南市林场提出了全面普查监测、实施分区防治和加强疫区治理的管理措施，防治效果较好。     

双条杉天牛幼虫人工饲料的筛选

双条杉天牛Semanotus bifasciatus(Motschulsky)是柏科树木最严重的钻蛀性害虫之一。开发双条杉天牛的人工饲料是开展该害虫防治技术研究及生物学相关基础研究的重要条件。本研究在参考了其他天牛人工饲料配方的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法设计饲料配方,通过对不同配方饲料对双条杉天牛幼虫的饲养效果进行比较和极差分析,最终筛选出双条杉天牛幼虫的人工饲料最优组合为:琼脂4.7%、蔗糖3.5%、对-羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.5%、酵母粉3.1%、柏树木粉30%、抗坏血酸0.5%以及水。使用该人工饲料可将双条杉天牛幼虫成功喂养至羽化,并且蛹羽化率高达81.25%,总成活率为54.16%。本研究的结果可为天牛科其他天牛人工饲料的开发提供借鉴。     

广西红火蚁定性和定量的风险分析研究

有害生物风险分析（PRA）是国际植物保护公约（IPPC）和WTO规则中评估生物危险性的重要方法,是开展有害生物检疫管理的基础工作。在广泛收集和掌握红火蚁的国内外分布状况、潜在危害性、危害对象的经济重要性、定殖扩散的可能性、危险性和管理难度的基础上,本文参照国际上有害生物风险分析指标体系,通过定性和定量风险分析研究,对广西红火蚁的风险做出科学的综合评价,得出风险评估值R=2.28。风险分析表明,红火蚁在广西属于高度危险性有害生物。因此,通过风险分析进一步科学论证了防控红火蚁的重要性、必要性和紧迫性。此分析方法也为今后评估外来有害生物风险提供了重要借鉴。     

稻水象甲入侵四川的风险分析

为了分析稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)在四川的风险性,根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)规定的有害生物风险分析(PRA)程序,从省内外分布状况、潜在经济危害性、寄主植物经济重要性、传播扩散可能性和危险性管理难度等5个指标对稻水象甲在四川的风险性进行了分析。研究表明稻水象甲的综合风险值为2.09,为高度危险检疫性有害生物。稻水象甲对四川稻区具有高度危险性,为确保水稻安全生产,应对其加强检疫、加大监测和扩大宣传。     

缅甸烟草霜霉病菌入侵中国云南的风险分析及管理对策

本文分析了缅甸烟草霜霉病菌入侵中国的风险。根据ISPM规定的有害生物风险性分析程序,从烟草霜霉病菌国内外分布、潜在危险性、受害作物的经济重要性、传播扩散可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面对其在中国云南的风险进行了综合分析。结果表明烟草霜霉病在中国云南的综合风险值R为2.56。该病菌在云南是高度危险的检疫性有害生物,本文针对烟草霜霉病提出相应的管理对策。     

乳状耳形螺在中国的适生区预测与危险性评价

乳状耳形螺(Otala lactea(Müller,1774))是一种重要的农业有害生物。应用生物气候相似距方法进行适生性研究表明,该螺可在中国绝大部分地区适生,高度适生区主要包括新疆和长江以北地区以及西藏、四川、云南的局部地区或零星地区;危险性评价显示,该螺的综合风险值R为2.51,属于特别危险的外来物种,入侵风险极高。乳状耳形螺在中国无分布,加强对该螺的检疫是防御其入侵中国最为经济有效的措施。     

重庆市黄斑星天牛风险性分析

黄斑星天牛(Anoplophora nobilis Ganglbauer)是重庆市现公布的补充森林植物检疫对象,也是国际上公认的重要检疫性有害生物.属鞘翅目天牛科星天牛属,主要寄主为杨属、旱柳、榆树、复叶械等.国内主要分布在陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、河南、四川的132个县市区,尤其在西北4省猖獗发生,极大地威胁三北防护林工程建设成果,致使大片林分枯死,损失严重.对黄斑星天牛采取检疫性措施,控制其传入危害,对目前重庆市大力发展的杨树产业意义重大,文章就该虫在重庆的危险性进行了分析.     

云杉碎木长蠹的检疫风险初评

云杉碎木长蠹(Xyloperthella picea)是一种钻蛀性害虫,该虫食性杂、寄主广,在国外分布广泛,是一种极危险性林木有害生物,已被韩国、日本列为检疫性有害生物。本文通过对该虫国外分布状况,寄主状况,传入并在我国定殖的可能性等方面进行综合分析,得出该虫属于高度风险的有害生物,并建议将该虫列入检疫性有害生物名录。     

菜豆象在中国的风险性分析

运用有害生物危险性分析(PestRiskAnalysis,PRA)的方法,从国内分布状况、潜在为害性、寄主植物经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及危险性的管理难度等方面,综合评价了菜豆象的危险性。结果表明,菜豆象的综合风险性值为2.09,对我国是具有高度危险性的有害生物,并提出了相关风险性管理对策。     

浙江黑松叶蜂危害特征及风险分析

浙江黑松叶蜂在福建局部地区发生严重危害,通过对其危害特征进行分析,发现其具有:危害症状隐蔽性,发生具有暴发性,幼虫危害历期长,根治难度大等特点。同时,经过风险分析评估表明,该虫种为福建省重要的林业有害生物和中度危险的林业有害生物,对全省松林已构成了很大威胁,建议应将其列入福建省林业主要虫害进行管理,加强对其的综合治理,防止其继续扩散蔓延。     

2019年四川省草地贪夜蛾迁入虫源地分布及迁飞路径

为明确2019年四川省草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的虫源地分布及迁入路径,利用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台模拟草地贪夜蛾的迁入及迁出轨迹,并利用GrADS气象图形处理软件进一步分析其迁飞期间的天气背景。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾最早于2019年4月下旬迁入川西南及川南地区,其虫源主要来自云南省;5月上中旬进入大规模迁入和向北扩展期,四川盆地大部分地区见虫,最远可达川东北32.087° N;川西南及川南虫源来自我国云南省和缅甸,川东虫源来自我国贵州省,而川西、川中虫源多为川内虫源扩散而至;6月中旬本地的草地贪夜蛾进一步向北迁飞,到达四川盆地西北地区,甚至进入陕西省,除川西高原外,四川省各地均可见虫。草地贪夜蛾在四川省的整体迁飞路径表现为由南向北,再由东北向西北扩展。结合迁飞轨迹与水平风场分析发现,由孟加拉湾而来的西南暖湿气流可为草地贪夜蛾迁飞提供运载气流。     

The complex symbiotic relationships of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in forestry

Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article.     

条沙叶蝉生物学与生态学研究

作者依据成虫产卵、若虫存活与发育等指标测定了条沙叶蝉对19种供试禾本科作物及杂草的寄主适应性,明确寄主植物14种,食料植物4种,非寄主食料植物1种。同时发现,不同小麦品种对条沙叶蝉存在不同程度抗虫性。通过室内试验和田间调查,明确条沙叶蝉各虫态生活习性及在关中年生活史和发生特点,在关中,条沙叶蝉1年发生4代,以卵越冬,全年各世代主要在杂草地完成周年发育循环,麦田发生条沙叶蝉主要是在小麦秋苗期。在20、25、30、35℃4种恒温与狗尾草、小麦、玉米3种食料条件下初步明确温度、食料对条沙叶蝉若虫发育、存活与成虫寿命及产卵的影响。     

Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf‐infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological,biorational and chemical control products

BACKGROUND: White grubs are the most widespread and damaging pests in turfgrass habitats of the northeast USA, and their management is highly dependent on chemical pesticides. Because this complex includes at least eight species, opportunities for pest management would be enhanced by understanding how susceptibility to control products varies across taxa. The objective of this laboratory study was to measure variation in the susceptibility of four species to 18 biological, biorational and chemical insecticides used as curative controls. RESULTS: Across species, the most efficacious biological and chemical insecticide alternatives were Steinernema scarabaei and chlorpyrifos respectively. For biorational and chemical insecticides, the European chafer [Amphimallon majale (Razoumowsky)] was the least susceptible species. For biologicals, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) was the least susceptible. Considering all control products, the oriental beetle [Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse)] was the most susceptible. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of variation in susceptibility supports the idea that a single product will not reliably suppress populations of all taxa, and highlights the need for pest management practitioners to identify white grub species before intervention. This differential susceptibility could have broader consequences for grub management if a numerically dominant target species is more completely suppressed than a co‐occurring species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

城市绿地有害生物风险分析体系构建及应用

为探索建立统一的城市绿地有害生物风险评价尺度,引入有害生物风险分析(PRA)理论.基于国际PRA规定程序,结合城市绿地生态系统特点及模糊数学理论,利用德尔菲法及层次分析法,探讨城市绿地有害生物风险分析体系工作程序、评价指标和评价值的计算方法.利用此方法评价了上海城市绿地中新发现的16种害虫和7种病害的风险性.结果表明:咖啡豹蠹蛾等3种害虫、柳杉赤枯等4种病害风险指数在0.6～0.8,风险级别为高;棉褐带卷叶蛾等9种害虫、杨树锈病等3种病害风险指数在0.4～0.6,风险级别为中;木樨瘿螨等4种害虫风险指数在0.2～0.4,风险级别为低.根据不同风险等级,提出相关风险管理策略.     

我国黄曲条跳甲综合治理研究进展

黄曲条跳甲Phyllotreta striolata是一种重要的世界性十字花科作物害虫,遍布欧洲、亚洲、北美洲和非洲等地区。近年来,在我国南方部分地区暴发成灾,并逐步向北扩张,给我国蔬菜生产造成严重影响。本文概述了黄曲条跳甲生物学特征、寄主植物偏好性特点和抗药性现状等研究内容。在此基础上,总结了包含农业防治、物理防治、生物防治、行为调控和抗药性治理在内的黄曲条跳甲综合治理研究进展。并根据目前研究现状和困难,提出了未来黄曲条跳甲研究重心和方向,为黄曲条跳甲可持续治理以及绿色防控技术的推广应用提供有力支撑。     

Common vole (Microtus arvalis) ecology and management: implications for risk assessment of plant protection products

Common voles (Microtus arvalis) are common small mammals in some European landscapes. They can be a major rodent pest in European agriculture and they are also a representative generic focal small herbivorous mammal species used in risk assessment for plant protection products. In this paper, common vole population dynamics, habitat and food preferences, pest potential and use of the common vole as a model small wild mammal species in the risk assessment process are reviewed. Common voles are a component of agroecosystems in many parts of Europe, inhabiting agricultural areas (secondary habitats) when the carrying capacity of primary grassland habitats is exceeded. Colonisation of secondary habitats occurs during multiannual outbreaks, when population sizes can exceed 1000 individuals ha^?1. In such cases, in‐crop common vole population control management has been practised to avoid significant crop damage. The species' status as a crop pest, high fecundity, resilience to disturbance and intermittent colonisation of crop habitats are important characteristics that should be reflected in risk assessment. Based on the information provided in the scientific literature, it seems justified to modify elements of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products, including the use of realistic food intake rates, reduced assessment factors or the use of alternativee focal rodent species in particular European regions. Some of these adjustments are already being applied in some EU member states. Therefore, it seems reasonable consistently to apply such pragmatic and realistic approaches in risk assessments for plant protection products across the EU. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry