长期施肥对土nirS型反硝化细菌的影响及其与N2O排放的关系

土壤反硝化作用是土壤N₂O产生的重要过程,亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)催化的亚硝态氮(NO^-₂)还原为一氧化氮(NO)是反硝化作用的关键环节,研究长期施肥对反硝化微生物的影响及其与N₂O排放的关系对于全面理解土壤反硝化过程具有重要意义。基于28年的旱作雨养长期施肥试验,通过常规监测、定量PCR和高通量测序等探讨了长期不同施肥(不施肥CK、偏施肥的单施氮肥N和氮钾配施NK、以及氮磷钾平衡施肥NPK)下■土N₂O排放和nirS反硝化细菌群落特征及两者之间的关系。结果表明:长期化肥施用(N,NK和NPK)均显著提高了N₂O累积排放量,其中平衡施肥(NPK)最高。长期化肥施用对nirS基因丰度和nirS型反硝化细菌的α-多样性无显著影响,但长期平衡施用化肥提高了uncultured_bacterium₂303和Rhodanobacter_sp._D206a的相对丰度,降低了unclass...     

长期三水平磷肥施用梯度对砂姜黑土细菌群落结构和酶活性的影响

磷素缺乏是砂姜黑土区作物生产的重要限制因子,然而不同磷肥施用量如何影响微生物群落结构尚不清楚。以安徽蒙城氮磷钾肥肥效长期定位试验为平台,选取P0(不施磷肥)、P1(P2O545 kg·hm~(–2))和P2(P2O590kg·hm~(–2))三个磷肥施用梯度,明确土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构之间关系。研究表明长期施用磷肥显著提升土壤肥力:与P0相比,P2处理土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、全磷、有效磷和铵态氮分别增长10.33%、31.36%、40.00%、384.19%和79.49%。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)是砂姜黑土中的优势菌,相对丰度分别为40.16%、19.75%和14.91%。长期施用磷肥可显著提高细菌多样性,改变细菌群落结构:P1和P2处理中的香农指数分别较P0处理提高2.49%和4.52%;具有溶磷作用的3个门(放线菌门、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes))和3个属(Terracoccus、Flavisolibacter和Arthrobacter)相对丰度随磷肥施入而显著升高,而一些寡营养型细菌(绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia))、具有反硝化作用(Kaistobacter和Rhodanobacter)和固氮作用(Bradyrhizobium和Burkholderia)的细菌相对丰度则在P2处理中显著降低。主坐标和多元回归树分析表明可溶性有机碳和全磷是导致不同磷肥处理中细菌群落结构差异的主要因素。b-葡糖苷酶、蛋白酶和脱氢酶等活性均随磷肥施入量增加而显著升高,酸性磷酸酶活性则没有显著变化。上述四种酶活性均与拟杆菌门、Flavisolibacter属等在施磷处理中富集的微生物成显著正相关。以上结果表明长期施用磷肥导致的土壤理化性质变化驱动土壤细菌群落变化,从而提高与碳氮循环转化相关微生物活性,其中可溶性有机碳和全磷是导致细菌群落结构改变的关键理化因子。     

长期施用化肥和有机肥料对黑土酸度的影响

利用1979年在哈尔滨设立的"黑土肥力与肥效长期定位试验"的试验处理,分析了长期施肥条件下,黑土pH值变化规律。结果表明,氮肥(尿素)的长期施用能够使耕层(0～20cm)黑土pH值下降,施二倍量氮肥(尿素)使耕层黑土的pH值下降最明显,由1979年的7.22,下降到2006年的5.70,是导致黑土酸化的主要原因。然而施用化肥的同时配合施用有机肥料黑土pH值下降缓慢,比单独施用化肥对黑土pH值造成的影响要小的多。这说明有机肥料可以降低土壤酸化的速度,避免土壤酸化现象的加重。     

作物茬口对黑土农田土壤反硝化细菌数量及群落结构的影响

【目的】反硝化作用导致农田土壤氮素损失和温室气体N2O的排放。研究不同作物茬口对土壤反硝化细菌群落结构的影响,旨在揭示作物茬口影响N2O排放的相关机制。【方法】定位试验位于黑龙江省海伦市前进乡光荣村(47°23′N,126°51′E),种植方式包括玉米连作(CC)、大豆连作(SS)以及玉米–大豆轮作,每年一季。取样时,轮作体系玉米已倒茬三次、大豆两次。采集CC、SS以及轮作体系中的大豆茬口(SSC)和玉米茬口(CSC)的表层土壤(0—15 cm)样品,利用实时定量PCR (qPCR)和高通量测序技术,分析土壤中的nirS和nirK型反硝化细菌丰度和群落组成。【结果】在4个作物茬口土壤中,CC处理的反硝化速率最高,玉米–大豆轮作体系中SSC和CSC处理的反硝化速率显著高于SS处理。轮作体系两个茬口SSC和CSC处理的nirS和nirK型反硝化细菌基因丰度多显著高于SS处理,而与CC处理多差异不显著。PCoA结果显示,SSC和CSC处理的nirS型反硝化细菌群落间差异显著,而CC和SS处理的nirK型反硝化细菌群落间存在显著差异。RDA分析结果表明,NO₃~–-N和C...     

攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔高度农田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构分析

  目的  探明攀枝花干热河谷地区不同海拔高度农田土壤的反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度特征。  方法  以攀枝花干热河谷地区1600 m、1800 m和2000 m三个海拔高度的农田土壤为研究材料,通过末端限制性片段长度多态性（T-RFLP）技术分析不同海拔高度农田土壤的nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度。  结果  不同海拔梯度农田土壤pH均小于7,土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾和铵态氮的含量随海拔升高而降低,碱解氮、有效磷和硝态氮含量随海拔升高先增加后降低;群落结构丰富度随海拔增加呈上升趋势,而香侬指数和均匀度呈现出先上升后下降的趋势;T-RFLP分析结果显示,35 bp的T-RFs相对丰度最大,随海拔增加而减少,其次是40 bp的T-RFs,随海拔增加而增加;系统发育分析显示,β-变形菌门为该区域优势反硝化细菌;冗余分析结果显示,土壤硝态氮和有效磷是驱动该区域土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落组成的主要因子。  结论  攀枝花干热河谷区不同海拔高度农田土壤中的nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构变化明显 (P < 0.05),且受土壤硝态氮和有效磷显著影响(P < 0.05)。研究结果可为深入认识干热河谷地区农田土壤反硝化细菌对海拔高度的响应机制提供理论依据。     

不同耕作方式下黑土微生物群落对干湿交替的响应

以吉林德惠市黑土长期田间定位实验地土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟培养,采用高通量测序方法(16S rRNA)研究免耕和垄作土壤微生物群落对不同频率和强度的干湿交替处理的响应。结果表明:干湿交替显著降低免耕土壤中微生物群落的多样性,且频率越高干旱强度越大多样性降低越显著;但干湿交替对垄作土壤的微生物多样性影响不显著。与对照相比,干湿交替显著增加免耕土壤中浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度,显著降低免耕和垄作土壤中Saccharibacteria菌门和Parcubacteria菌门的相对丰度。无论是免耕还是垄作条件下,干湿交替频率的不同导致土壤微生物群落结构产生显著差异,而干湿交替强度的不同对土壤微生物群落结构没有显著影响。研究结果为预测干旱气候对黑土生态功能的影响提供了理论基础。     

氮肥对稻田土壤反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的影响

以氮肥田间定位试验为研究对象,利用PCR-DGGE(聚合酶链反应变性梯度凝胶电泳)和荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)技术,通过对反硝化细菌nirS基因的检测,分析了定位试验第2年稻田反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的变化。DGGE图谱及依据其条带位置和亮度数字化数值进行的主成分分析(PCA)结果均显示:在氮肥定位试验第2年,与不施肥对照(CK)比较,在水稻各个生育期(分蘖期、齐穗期和成熟期)内,施用氮肥[150kg(N)·hm-2]的稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌群落结构均无明显变化;且稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌群落结构在水稻各个生育期间也均无明显差异。荧光定量PCR结果显示,在水稻生长发育过程中,施用氮肥的稻田根层土或表土中的反硝化细菌nirS基因拷贝数始终显著(P<0.05)高于其对应的不施肥对照。此外,无论施用氮肥与否,根层土中的反硝化细菌nirS基因拷贝数在水稻成熟期时都会显著(P<0.05)降低;但表土中的nirS基因拷贝数在水稻各生育期间无明显变化;且水稻成熟期时施用氮肥和不施肥的稻田表土中nirS基因拷贝数都显著(P<0.05)高于根层土。同时,与对照比较施用氮肥可促进水稻增产44%。研究表明,短期定位试验中施用氮肥能够显著提高稻田土壤反硝化细菌的丰度,但对其群落结构没有明显影响。     

施肥及秸秆还田对砂姜黑土细菌群落的影响

利用Illumina平台Miseq高通量测序技术对小麦分蘖期砂姜黑土耕层土壤细菌进行高通量测序,结合相关生物信息学分析,探讨了不施化肥秸秆不还田(CK)、施化肥秸秆不还田(F)以及不施化肥秸秆还田(W)3种处理土壤细菌群落组成、多样性和结构的变化。结果显示,测序共获得14 873个OTUs,计173 323条读数,平均读长439 bp。砂姜黑土细菌优势门(相对丰度10%)为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes);优势纲(相对丰度10%)为α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、鞘脂杆菌纲(Sphingobacteriia)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria);优势属(相对丰度1%)共47个,3个处理中均有分布的优势属21个,F处理的细菌优势属的种类最多,为39个。相对丰度最大的门、纲和属分别是变形菌门(38.7%~43.1%)、α-变形菌纲(14.5%~18.1%)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(4.6%~7.7%)。F处理细菌丰富度指数(Chao1指数和ACE指数)显著低于CK及W处理,W处理和CK处理土壤细菌丰富度指数无显著差异,与CK处理相比,F处理ACE指数降低22.8%。W处理土壤细菌Shannon多样性指数显著大于CK及F处理,W处理Shannon指数较CK处理提高4.1%,而F处理土壤细菌Shannon指数与CK处理无显著差异。F处理Simpson指数显著高于CK及W处理;F处理Simpson指数较CK处理提高38.1%,而W处理细菌Simpson指数最小,显著低于CK处理,较CK降低23.8%。分层聚类图显示在属的水平上,W处理和CK处理土壤细菌群落结构相似性较高,F处理与CK处理及W处理细菌群落结构差异较大。施化肥对土壤细菌优势类群组成、相对丰度及群落结构的影响大于秸秆还田,施化肥显著降低了土壤细菌丰富度,秸秆还田显著提高了土壤细菌的多样性。     

长期施用化肥对农田黑土有机碳和氮消长规律的影响

利用中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站黑土区的农田长期定位试验土壤(1990~2004年)为研究对象,研究了长期施用化肥对土壤有机碳和氮的消长规律的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥,氮用量的增加对土壤有机碳含量的影响较大,使土壤有机碳含量降低,而对土壤氮素的含量影响较小;磷用量的增加对土壤有机碳含量的影响不大,但使土壤全氮含量下降较多,因而C/N比呈上升趋势;而钾用量的增加对土壤中的有机碳含量基本上没有影响,但使土壤全氮量下降明显,有效氮含量略有降低,C/N比呈现增加趋势。因此,通过调控化肥的用量可以维持土壤中的有机碳、全氮及有效氮含量,保持土壤的持续生产力,提高作物产量。     

长期有机无机肥配施对东北黑土真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】分析长期有机无机肥配施对土壤真菌丰度、多样性及其群落特征的影响,探讨东北黑土真菌群落变化与施肥的相关性,为进一步调节土壤微生物结构,改善其生态功能提供参考依据。【方法】依托黑龙江省农业科学院36年长期定位试验站,选取4个不同施肥处理:不施肥处理（CK）、有机肥处理（M）、氮磷钾无机肥处理（NPK）和有机肥配施无机肥处理（MNPK）的耕作层土壤为研究对象,以真菌ITS基因为分子标靶借助qPCR技术和Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台,研究不同施肥处理对黑土中真菌群落丰度、多样性和组成的影响,并与土壤化学性质进行偶联分析,揭示群落与施肥的相关性。【结果】长期施用无机肥显著降低土壤pH,而有机无机配施可以有效缓解土壤酸化。NPK处理的ITS基因丰度显著高于MNPK;MNPK处理的细菌/真菌比值（26.91104）显著大于NPK,各处理比值由高到低为MNPK M CK NPK。细菌/真菌比值与土壤pH正相关;MNPK处理的真菌多样性指数值略大于NPK。Ascomycota和Zygomycota为土壤中主要真菌门,不同施肥处理之间真菌组成的相对丰度存在显著差异,对照处理Ascomycota的相对丰度为45.35%,MNPK和NPK处理分别为50.93%和56.16%。有机肥有利于降低病原真菌相对丰度,具有高度侵染性的Cochliobolus在MNPK（0.41%）和M（0.39%）中的相对丰度显著小于CK（3.25%）和NPK（2.08%）。CCA分析表明,土壤理化性质共解释土壤真菌群落结构变化的73.3%,有效磷（贡献量为32.4%,P=0.002）、铵态氮（贡献量为14.8%,P=0.01）和硝态氮（贡献量为16.2%,P=0.048）是3个重要的影响因子。【结论】不同施肥条件下土壤真菌丰度、多样性,以及菌群组成特征不同。与无机肥相比,有机肥无机肥配施能够有效改善真菌群落结构,降低真菌的丰度,增加真菌多样性,并提高土壤pH,减缓土壤酸化。土壤有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量是影响黑土土壤真菌群落结构变化重要因素。     

Chronic effects of different fertilization regimes on nirS-type denitrifier communities across the black soil region of Northeast China

Denitrification is one of the major processes causing nitrogen loss from arable soils.This study aimed to investigate the responses of nir S-type denitrifier communities to different chronic fertilization regimes across the black soil region of Northeast China.Soil samples were collected from sites located in the north(NB),middle(MB),and south(SB)of the black soil region of Northeast China,each with four chronic fertilization regimes:no fertilizer(No F),chemical fertilizer(CF),manure(M),and chemical fertilizer plus manure(CFM).Methods of quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)and Illumina Mi Seq sequencing were applied to assess the abundance and composition of denitrifier communities by targeting the nir S gene.The results showed that the M and CFM regimes significantly increased the abundances of nir S-type denitrifiers compared with No F at the three locations.The majority of nir S sequences were grouped as unclassified denitrifiers,and the different fertilizers induced little variation in the relative abundance of known nir S-type denitrifier taxa.Over 90%of the sequences were shared among the four fertilization regimes at each location,but none of the abundant operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were shared among the three locations.Principal coordinate analysis(PCo A)revealed that the communities of nir S-type denitrifier were separated into three groups that corresponded with their locations.Although similar fertilization regimes did not induce consistent changes in the nir S-type denitrifier communities,soil p H and NO-3-N content simultaneously and significantly influenced the structure of nir S-type denitrifier communities at the three locations.Our results highlight that geographical separation rather than chronic fertilization was the dominant factor determining the nir S-type denitrifier community structures,and similar chronic fertilization regimes did not induce consistent shifts of nir S-type denitrifier communities in the black soils.     

中国东北黑土上长期施用化肥对土壤微生物生物量和功能多样性的影响

An experiment with seven N, P, K-fertilizer treatments, i.e., control （no fertilizer）, NP, NK, PK, NPK, NP2K, and NPK2 where P2 and K2 indicate double amounts of P and K fertilizers respectively, was conducted to examine the effect of long-term continuous application of chemical fertilizers on microbial biomass and functional diversity of a black soil （Udoll in the USDA Soil Taxonomy） in Northeast China. The soil microbial biomass C ranged between 94 and 145 mg kg^-1, with the NK treatment showing a lower biomass; the functional diversity of soil microbial community ranged from 4.13 to 4.25, with an increasing tendency from control to double-fertilizer treatments, and to triple-fertilizer treatments. The soil microbial biomass, and the microbial functional diversity and evenness did not show any significant differences among the different fertilizer treatments including control, suggesting that the long-term application of chemical fertilization would not result in significant changes in the microbial characteristics of the black soil.     

Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from a maize-cropping black soil in northeast China by a combination of reducing chemical N fertilizer application and applying manure in autumn

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agricultural soils, mainly caused by chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer inputs, are major sources of N₂O in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, attempts to reduce N₂O emissions from agricultural soils by optimizing N applications are receiving increasing attention. Further, organic fertilizers are being increasingly used in China to improve crop production/quality and prevent or reduce soil degradation. However, organic and chemical fertilizers are often both applied in spring in northeast China, which promotes N₂O emissions and may be sub-optimal. Therefore, we hypothesized that reducing applications of chemical fertilizer N and applying manure in autumn could be an effective strategy for mitigating N₂O emissions from cropped soils in the region. To test this hypothesis, we established a field trial to investigate the effects of different combinations of chemical N fertilizer applications and animal manure in autumn on both N₂O emissions and maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields in northeast China. The treatments, expressed as NxMy (where Nx and My denote the total amounts of chemical fertilizer nitrogen (N) and manure (M) applied in kg N ha^?1 and m³ M ha^?1, respectively), were N₀M₀, N₂₃₀M₀, N₂₇₀M₁₂, N₂₃₀M₁₅, N₃₂₀M₁₈ in 2010 and N₀M₀, N₂₃₀M₀, N₂₀₀M₁₂, N₂₀₀M₁₅, N₂₈₀M₁₈ in 2011. Measurements of the resulting N₂O emissions showed that pulse fluxes occurred after each chemical N fertilizer application, but not after manure inputs in autumn or during soil-thawing periods in the following spring. Emission factors for the chemical fertilizer N were on average 1.07% (1.00?1.10%) and 1.14% (0.49?1.83%) in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Furthermore, by comparing the nine pairs of fertilization treatments, the relative increase in cumulative nitrous oxide-nitrogen (N₂O-N) emissions was found to be proportional to the relative increase in urea application, but independent of the amount of autumn-applied manure. These findings imply that N₂O emissions from fertilized agricultural soils in northeast China could be mitigated by supplying manure in the autumn and reducing the total amount of chemical N fertilizer applied in the following year. Although no significant difference in maize grain yield was found among the fertilization treatments, the grain yield-scaled N₂O emissions for the treatments with a lower chemical N application (e.g., N₂₃₀M₁₅ and N₂₀₀M₁₅ treatments) were significantly lower than those with a higher chemical N application (e.g., N₃₂₀M₁₈ and N₂₈₀M₁₈ treatments). Meanwhile, under the condition of the same application amount of chemical fertilizer N, the grain yield-scaled N₂O emission decreased with the increase of manure application rate. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that combining reductions in chemical N fertilizer and applying manure in autumn could be an effective strategy for mitigating N₂O emissions from N-fertilized soils in northeast China.     

东北地区黑土、草甸土长期施钾对玉米产量及耕层土钾素形态的影响

本试验研究了东北三省代表性的草甸土、黑土上连续13年施用钾肥对玉米产量和耕层土壤钾素形态的影响。结果表明,施钾可明显增加玉米产量,辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三个定位点NPK1处理分别较对照(NP)处理增产10.2%、13.6%、17.5%,但钾肥量增大(NPK2处理)产量没有表现出同步提高。施用钾肥可增加土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾、特殊吸附钾的含量和在全钾中的比例;施钾量增大,含量和比例随之提高,处理之间表现为NPK2NPK1NP。NPK2处理均与NP呈显著差异,两个土层表现基本一致,但在2040.cm土层下处理之间差距缩小。施钾总体增加了非交换性钾、矿物钾和全钾含量的同时降低了矿物态钾在全钾中的比例,三省试点的土壤表现基本一致。随土层加深,各点相应处理的不同钾形态含量和比例变化不尽相同。全钾在黑、吉、辽三点随土层深度的变化分别表现为降低、持平、升高。     

Mechanisms of soil N dynamics following long-term application of organic fertilizers to subtropical rain-fed purple soil in China

In this study, a ¹⁵N tracing incubation experiment and an in situ monitoring study were combined to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer regimes on the mechanisms of soil N dynamics from a long-term repeated N application experiment. The field study was initiated in 2003 under a wheat-maize rotation system in the subtropical rain-fed purple soil region of China. The experiment included six fertilization treatments applied on an equivalent N basis (280 kg N ha⁻¹), except for the residue only treatment which received 112 kg N ha⁻¹: (1) UC, unfertilized control; (2) NPK, mineral fertilizer NPK; (3) OM, pig manure; (4) OM-NPK, pig manure (40% of applied N) with mineral NPK (60% of applied N); (5) RSD, crop straw; (6) RSD-NPK, crop straw (40% of applied N) with mineral NPK (60% of applied N). The results showed that long-term repeated applications of mineral or organic N fertilizer significantly stimulated soil gross N mineralization rates, which was associated with enhanced soil C and N contents following the application of N fertilizer. The crop N offtake and yield were positively correlated with gross mineralization. Gross autotrophic nitrification rates were enhanced by approximately 2.5-fold in the NPK, OM, OM-NPK, and RSD-NPK treatments, and to a lesser extent by RSD application, compared to the UC. A significant positive relationship between gross nitrification rates and cumulative N loss via interflow and runoff indicated that the mechanisms responsible for increasing N loss following long-term applications of N fertilizer were governed by the nitrification dynamics. Organic fertilizers stimulated gross ammonium (NH₄⁺) immobilization rates and caused a strong competition with nitrifiers for NH₄⁺, thus preventing a build-up of nitrate (NO₃⁻). Overall, in this study, we found that partial or complete substitution of NPK fertilizers with organic fertilizers can reduce N losses and maintain high crop production, except for the treatment involving application of RSD alone. Therefore, based on the N transformation dynamics observed in this study, organic fertilizers in combination with mineral fertilizer applications (i.e. OM, OM-NPK, and RSD-NPK treatments) are recommended for crop production in the subtropical rain-fed purple soils in China.     

应用CropSyst模型模拟东北黑土区春小麦生长

Available water and fertilizer have been the main limiting factors for yields of spring wheat, which occupies a large area of the black soil zone in northeast China; thus, the need to set up appropriate models for scenario analysis of cropping system models has been increasing. The capability of CropSyst, a cropping system simulation model, to simulate spring wheat growth of a widely grown spring cultivar, ‘Longmai 19＇, in the black soil zone in northeast China under different water and nitrogen regimes was evaluated. Field data collected from a rotation experiment of three growing seasons （1992- 1994） were used to calibrate and validate the model. The model was run for 3 years by providing initial conditions at the beginning of the rotation without reinitializing the model in later years in the rotation sequence. Crop input parameters were set based on measured data or taken from CropSyst manual. A few cultivar-specific parameters were adjusted within a reasonable range of fluctuation. The results demonstrated the robustness of CropSyst for simulating evapotranspiration, aboveground biomass, and grain yield of ＇Longmai 19＇ spring wheat with the root mean square errors being 7%, 13% and 13% of the observed means for evapotranspiration （ET）, grain yield and aboveground biomass, respectively. Although CropSyst was able to simulate spring production reasonably well, further evaluation and improvement of the model with a more detailed field database was desirable for agricultural systems in northeast China.     

东北棕壤长期不同施肥处理轮作大豆氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮特征

【目的】在玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,基于棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对东北地区大豆生物量、产量、各部位吸氮量及收获期土壤0―100 cm硝态氮累积的影响,为该地区合理施肥提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】棕壤肥料长期定位田间试验始于1979年,包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量厩肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N和M1NPK)、高量厩肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N和M2NPK)9个处理。厩肥为猪厩肥,1992年后大豆季不施猪厩肥,仅在玉米季相关处理中施用。39年后,调查分析了大豆生物量、产量、氮素吸收利用及大豆收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮累积特征。【结果】高量、低量厩肥配施化肥处理大豆生物量、产量、总吸氮量及各部位吸氮量均显著高于单施氮肥和不施肥处理,其中,M1NPK处理大豆生物量、产量和总吸氮量最高,分别为9107、2979和314.2 k g/h m^2,较其他处理分别提高了6.1%~133.6%、23.9%~232.5%和11.7%~359.4%。施肥提高了大豆氮收获指数,但氮素生理效率降低。NPK和M1NPK处理的氮素收获指数最高,均为63.5%,而氮素生理效率较CK分别降低了30.6%和28.1%。大豆收获期各处理土壤硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加而降低。与播前相比,大豆收获期单施氮肥处理的0―100 cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加,NPK处理变化不显著,M1、M1N和M1NPK处理显著降低。低量厩肥配施化肥处理收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮积累量远低于高量厩肥配施化肥处理,较播前平均降低了79.2%。所有处理中,土壤硝态氮积累量以M1NPK处理最低,比其他处理平均降低了58.2%。【结论】在东北棕壤地区玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,玉米季低量厩肥(13.5 t/hm^2)与氮磷钾化肥配合施用时,大豆季仅施氮磷钾化肥既可提高大豆生物量、产量,促进氮素吸收,同时还可降低大豆收获期土壤硝态氮累积量,降低环境风险,是该轮作体系较为合理的施肥方式。     

Deep incorporation of corn straw benefits soil organic carbon and microbial community composition in a black soil of Northeast China

‘Deep incorporation of corn straw’ (CSDI) is to concentrate the burial of corn straw into the subsurface soil layer (20–40 cm) and to break the plough pan, thereby creating a loosened plough layer (0–20 cm) and a fertile subsurface soil layer. However, its impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the microbial community remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of 1-year CSDI (CD1), 3-year CSDI (CD3) and 5-year CSDI (CD5) on soil aggregates and aggregate-associated SOC, as well as bacterial and fungal community characteristics (examined by the high-throughput gene sequencing method). The results demonstrated that SOC and soil fungal diversity were decreased by CD1, but increased by CD3 and CD5. Compared with the control, CD5 promoted 2–0.25 mm soil macroaggregation, significantly increased SOC by 8.94% and aggregate-associated SOC by 5.96%–8.84%, consequently improving the physical protection of SOC by soil aggregates. CD3 and CD5 enhanced the richness and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, and altered community composition. For soil bacteria, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi was increased, while that of Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Sphingomonas and Bacillus was decreased. For soil fungi, the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Mortierella and Fusarium was greatly improved, but that of Basidiomycota was reduced. These obvious variations in microbial community structure were beneficial to straw degradation and SOC accumulation. Overall, the optimization of microbial community with CSDI plays a positive role in promoting soil organic matter, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, and thus improving soil fertility.     

双季稻田冬闲期土壤细菌数量及结构对施氮的响应

[目的]研究不同施氮水平对湖南双季稻区冬闲期土壤细菌结构与数量的影响,为双季稻区水稻可持续生产提供理论依据。[方法]依托湖南省双季稻区连续8年的定位试验,选取3个氮肥水平处理:CK(不施氮肥)、N1(施N 100 kg/hm^2)、N2(施N 200 kg/hm^2),取稻田冬闲期5—20 cm耕层土样,采用高通量测序和荧光定量PCR方法测定了土壤细菌数量与结构。[结果]与CK相比,N1、N2处理显著增加了双季稻产量,提升了冬闲期土壤总氮、全碳含量,降低了土壤pH、硝态氮及碳氮比(P<0.05)。N1和N2处理的细菌16s rDNA基因拷贝数分别为CK的48.25和40.31倍。施氮显著增加土壤总细菌丰度,土壤细菌丰度与土壤全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,与土壤全碳呈显著负相关。施氮改变了冬闲期稻田土壤细菌的多样性及群落结构。与CK相比,N1处理提高了稻田土壤微生物多样性;N2处理显著增加稻田土壤细菌丰富度,但显著降低稻田土壤细菌多样性。此外,3个处理土壤菌群相对丰度最高的是Proteobacteria(变形菌门),达40.16%~51.16%。N2处理的变形菌门相对丰度显著高于CK与N1,N1处理的变形菌门相对丰度显著低于CK。3个处理属水平细菌相对丰度较高的是Anaerolineaceae_uncultured(厌氧绳菌属)和Nitrospira(硝化螺旋菌属),其相对丰度分别为8.6%~14.56%和8.16%~11.46%。Spearman相关性分析显示,11个优势门菌群数量均与土壤化学性质存在显著相关性。稻田11个优势菌群的数量与土壤化学性质显著相关。[结论]湖南双季稻区施氮降低冬闲期稻田土壤pH和C/N比,低施氮水平可增加稻田微生物多样性,高施氮量虽然增加稻田细菌丰富度,但降低了微生物多样性。