宁波市松材线虫病除治现状与前景

宁波市松材线虫病除治现状与前景来燕学（宁波市森检站３１５０００）松材线虫病是松林最大的毁灭性病害。宁波市于１９９１年８月在象山县境内发现该病危害后，立即组织力量，采取积极的封锁扑灭措施，取得了初步成绩，基本上控制了危害。１发生概况１．１地理分布宁波市...     

黄山风景区预防松材线虫病的检疫对策

黄山风景区预防松材线虫病的检疫对策姚剑飞鲍传润叶要清（黄山风景区管理委员会园林局２４２７０９）黄山，是我国首批由国务院审定公布的国家级重点风景名胜区之一，她以独特的山岳自然风光闻名于世。奇松、怪石、云海、温泉被称为黄山“四绝”，构成了黄山风景区主要的...     

松材线虫病在山东长岛的发生与治理

松材线虫病是危害松树的毁灭性病害,目前,长岛县是山东省乃至我国北方地区唯一的松材线虫病疫区。该病具危害性大、传播蔓延速度快、防治难度大等特点,其病原是松材线虫Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ,传播媒介主要是松墨天牛Ｍｏｎｏｃｈａｍｕｓａｌｌｅｒｎａｔｕｓ。为有效遏制松材线虫病发生日趋严重的势头,封锁扑灭长岛线虫病疫区,现将该病在山东省长岛县的发生,治理情况探讨如下。1　发生地概况长岛县位于胶辽两大半岛之间,渤海海峡之中,是一个四面环海的海岛县。全县由大小32个岛屿组成,境内多低山缓丘,为暖温…     

感染松材线虫病松树滑刃目线虫调查

 本研究首次在全国范围内调查感染松材线虫病松树体内滑刃目线虫的种群组成,包括种类记述和数量组成分析。结果表明:在300份样品中共分离得到10种滑刃目线虫,隶属于3科、4属,其中有2个国内新记录种;它们是松材线虫、拟松材线虫、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫、薄荷滑刃线虫、大核滑刃线虫、小麦长尾线虫(国内新记录种)、爱尔密那长尾线虫(国内新记录种)、李氏长尾线虫、吴氏长尾线虫和外滑刃科线虫一种;描述并且图示比较它们的形态特征。种群数量组成分析表明:松材线虫在感病松树体内占据绝对的优势,削弱了松树线虫群落组成的多样性,即线虫群落结构趋向单一化。研究还表明,利用长尾属线虫的捕食习性来控制中国松材线虫病的流行与危害值得进一步探索与研究。     

泰宁县松材线虫病发生现状与防控对策

松材线虫病[Bursaphelenchus xylophilus(Sterner et Buhrer)Nickle]是由松材线虫引起的,以松墨天牛为主要传播媒介的一种松树毁灭性流行性病害,被称作松林"SARS"、"癌症",属国际国内林业重大检疫性有害生物。通过对福建省泰宁县松材线虫病发生基本情况、发生特点及治理现状的调查,分析了其发生原因及疫情控制工作中存在的问题,并提出相应的防控策略,以期为泰宁县松材线虫病的除治提供参考。     

井冈山市松材线虫病防控形势分析与对策

松材线虫病防控是关系到一个地方生态安全、经济发展的重要工作,井冈山市是江西省的重点生态区,也是全省松材线虫病防控重点预防区,围绕重点预防区,有针对性落实各项预防措施,做到严防死守,确保重点生态区安全。该文分析了井冈山市松材线虫病防控形势和对生态经济的影响,并提出防控工作存在的主要问题和加强防控工作的对策。     

信丰县松材线虫病预防形势与对策

本文分析了信丰县松材线虫病预防工作的严峻形势,总结了近年来松材线虫病预防工作的实践和取得的成效,提出了加强队伍建设,强化动态监测;强化内查外拒,严防病源人为传播;加快松林改造,构建自然屏障等预防对策。     

几种松树松材线虫病木和健木pH值差异的研究

 对江苏、安徽2疫区的黑松、赤松、马尾松、火炬松、湿地松等5个树种松材线虫病Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的病、健木pH值差异性分析结果表明:感病品种黑松、赤松、马尾松病木pH值降低,且差异显著;较抗病的湿地松虽然也降低,但差异不显著;抗病性强的火炬松病木pH值反而高于健木,且差异显著。由此可见,不同松树品种松材线虫病的病、健木pH值的差异性也不同,对松材线虫越敏感和受害越严重的,其病木pH值降低的就越多,与健木pH值差异就越显著。该分析结果初步为我国松材线虫为害比较严重的几种主要松树品种,利用指示剂进行松材线虫病快速检测的可行性提供了一个依据。     

安徽省松材线虫病控制策略研究与实践

安徽省松材线虫病控制策略研究和实践涉及防治策略、管理技术、法规和制度等内容。制订了8项松材线虫病防治技术安徽省地方标准，预防除治并举，坚持分类指导、分区施策的基本治理策略，采取了疫情监测、疫情封锁、疫情扑灭、疫木管理等管理措施，确定了不同类型区的控制对策及治理模式，建立了基于GIS的松材线虫病管理系统，基本形成了一个依法防治松材线虫病的法规制度体系，保障了各项管理措施和技术措施的落实，使安徽省松材线虫病控制效果十分明显。     

Induction of resistance against pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus using selected pine endophytic bacteria

Pine wilt disease (PWD) is the most destructive disease threatening pine worldwide. The disease is mainly caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is vectored by pine sawyer longhorn-beetles, Monochamus spp. This study aimed to select resistance-inducing pine endophytic bacteria for management of PWD. To set up a defence-related genes expression pattern for screening, four chemical inducers (salicylic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), β-aminobutyric acid and α-aminobutyric acid) were tested in vitro on pine calli and in vivo on pine seedlings. Treatment with GABA had the greatest reduction in PWD severity on pine seedlings. The pattern of defence-related gene expression in calli treated with GABA was used to select potential resistance-inducing bacterial strains. In addition, 92 bacterial strains were isolated from pine tree needles and stems and were tested for expression of defence-related genes in pine calli in vitro. Among the tested strains, 13 showed a similar pattern to GABA treatment in at least four tested defence-related genes and were selected for the seedling assay. From the seedling assay, three bacterial strains (16YSM-E48, 16YSM-P180 and 16YSM-P39) showed significant reduction in PWD severity compared to the untreated control. Moreover, among the selected strains, cell-free culture supernatant of strain 16YSM-P180 significantly reduced PWD severity in inoculated pine seedlings. The selected strains were identified based on the 16S rRNA sequence as Pseudomonas putida 16YSM-E48, Curtobacterium pusillum 16YSM-P180 and Stenotrophomonas rhizophila 16YSM-P39. These selected strains are suggested as potential alternatives for management of PWD by induction of systemic resistance.     

Suppression of pine wilt disease by an antibacterial agent,oxolinic acid

BACKGROUND: Pine wilt disease (PWD) is very complex and has been reported to be caused by pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, and its accompanying bacteria. However, there is no report on the control of PWD by antibacterial agent. The present study was performed to investigate disease control efficacy of antibacterial agents against PWD. RESULTS: Among six antibacterial antibiotics tested, oxolinic acid (OA) showed the strongest antibacterial activity against five bacteria isolated from three strains of pine wood nematode. In in vivo assay, it effectively suppressed the development of PWD in three‐year‐old seedlings of Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.; it showed 71% control when injected at 3 mg per seedling. A mixture of OA and the nematicidal agent abamectin (Ab) showed higher disease control efficacy against PWD than either OA or Ab alone. In addition, OA alone and a mixture of OA and Ab also controlled PWD in approximately 20‐year‐old pine trees under field conditions. CONCLUSION: This is the first report on the suppression of PWD by OA. The result strongly indicates that PWD could be controlled by antibacterial antibiotic alone and a combination of antibacterial and nematicidal agents. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于灰色关联度分析气候因素对江西省松材线虫病的影响

为分析不同气候因素对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus引起的松材线虫病的影响程度,本文以江西省全南县(代表赣南,松墨天牛一年2代)和德兴市(代表赣北,松墨天牛一年1代)遭受松材线虫病危害的马尾松林生态系统为研究对象,获取2018年-2021年松材线虫病普查数据和1990年-2021年的主要气象因子数据,结合滑动平均法和灰色关联度分析法比较分析两地的气候差异和疫情年间气候变化对松材线虫病发病面积的影响。结果显示:除德兴市的年均相对湿度和年降水量与历年平均值相比有所降低外,两地其他气象因子均呈上升趋势;灰色关联度分析表明,年均最高气温和年均风速是影响赣南松材线虫疫情的重要气象因子,年均最高气温和年降水量是影响赣北松材线虫疫情的重要气象因子;气温升高促进松材线虫和其媒介昆虫的生长繁殖与活动,风速升高可使媒介昆虫远距离传播松材线虫,降水量减少可降低松材线虫和媒介昆虫染病死亡几率。赣南赣北气候的整体变化趋势都有利于松材线虫病的扩散蔓延。     

松材线虫伴生细菌与松树萎蔫病关系的初步研究

利用马尾松水培离体松枝作接种材料,接种消毒后的松材线虫、线虫虫体上分离到细菌分离物GD1以及两者的混合体。结果表明,单独接种消毒后的松材线虫蔌细菌分离物GD1均不能使松枝萎蔫,只有两者混合接种才能使松枝发病枯死。从而说明了松材线虫的伴生细菌对松树萎蔫病的发生起着重要的作用。     

Development and preventative effect against pine wilt disease of a novel liquid formulation of emamectin benzoate

Injection of the poorly water-soluble emamectin benzoate (EB) into pine trunks required the development of an efficient liquid formulation. For injection into big trees in forests a good rate of injection and a high active content were required. Tests on the viscosity and EB-solubilizing ability of 14 various solubilizers in diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGMBE) led to the selection of Sorpol SM-100PM as the solubilizer of the formulation. Relationships between the solubilizing ability and amounts of Sorpol SM-100PM and DGMBE relative to that of EB, and between the concentration of the latter and the viscosity or the injection rate of the formulation led to a novel 40 g litre(-1) emamectin benzoate formulation (Shot Wan Liquid Formulation), which was composed of EB (40), Sorpol SM-100PM (120), DGMBE (160) and distilled water (50 g litre(-1)) in methanol. Injection of this formulation at a dose of 10 g EB per unit volume of pine tree prevented over 90% of the trees from wilting caused by pine wood nematode, and this preventative effect continued for 3 years. Neither discolouration of the leaves nor injury around the injection hole on the trees was observed after injection of the formulation.     

注干用10%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐可溶粒剂的研制及对松材线虫病的防治效果

为有效防治松材线虫病,研制了注干用10%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐 (以下简称甲维盐) 可溶粒剂,并通过在马尾松树干基部钻孔施药,考察了其对松材线虫病的防治效果。以苯甲酸钠、单水乳糖、可溶性淀粉和羧甲基纤维素为水溶性载体,采用混料均匀试验设计及偏最小二乘回归分析法对水溶性载体的配方进行了优化。将水溶性载体与溶于正丁醇和乳化剂OP-10的甲维盐 (油相) 在不同时间下混合并造粒,通过对其性能指标的追踪检测得出粒剂最佳配比和混合时间。结果表明:10%甲维盐可溶粒剂的最佳配比 (质量分数) 为:甲维盐10.0%(折纯),乳化剂OP-10 6.7%,正丁醇12.0%,苯甲酸钠39.0%,单水乳糖20.5%,水溶性淀粉3.0%和羧甲基纤维素4.5%;机械混合时间为10 min,粒剂外观为乳白色圆柱体,各项性能指标合格。注干施药结果表明:在浙江临安东湖村松材线虫病疫区,注干110棵马尾松,1 a后马尾松死亡率为0,对照区为6.1%;在福建泉州仙公山疫区,注干230棵马尾松,1 a后马尾松死亡率为1.7%,对照区10.8%。结果表明,所研制的10%甲维盐可溶粒剂可在松脂分泌旺盛的松树上注干施药,制剂造粒工艺简单,无包装物污染,对松材线虫病防治效果显著。     

中国番木瓜枯萎病病原菌的首次鉴定

从发病的番木瓜茎基部组织分离培养得到纯分离物,采用形态学和分子生物学方法进行分离物鉴定。经过致病性测定证实,分离物确定为番木瓜枯萎病的病原菌;通过形态学观察表明,与茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)形态一致。根据真菌的核糖体DNA(rDNA)内转录间隔区(ITS)的保守性和变异性,采用通用引物ITS1和ITS4进行PCR扩增,然后将PCR产物纯化后直接测序,对测试菌株与10株来自GenBank中的菌株ITS序列进行聚类分析,结果表明,测试菌株与GenBank上注册的茄腐镰刀菌GU134886、GQ451337、EU625405、EF534183和GQ376115聚在同一分枝上,分子鉴定结果与形态学观察结果一致,此为国内首次报道。     

甘蓝枯萎病病原菌的鉴定

 采用温室接种致病性测定、形态学观察和分子鉴定方法对甘蓝枯萎病病原进行了研究。从北京市延庆县9个甘蓝生产基地采集甘蓝枯萎病病样96份,分离获得来自甘蓝病株根、短缩茎、叶片等器官的30个真菌分离物。经过致病性试验证实,分离物GLW3和GLW8为甘蓝枯萎病病原菌。经形态学鉴定,GLW3为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),GLW8为轮枝样镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)。利用镰刀菌的核糖体DNA(rDNA)内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)的保守性和变异性,分别采用真菌通用引物和镰刀菌属及轮枝样镰刀菌特异性引物对GLW3和GLW8进行PCR扩增,并将测序结果在GenBank中进行同源性比对分析,分子鉴定与形态学鉴定结果一致。轮枝样镰刀菌作为甘蓝枯萎病的病原菌系首次报道。     

Relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the migration or proliferation of pine wood nematodes

To study the relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the migration or proliferation of pine wood nematodes (PWN) (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), we conducted experiments using clonally-propagated Japanese black pines (Pinus thunbergii) with pre-evaluated individual resistance levels. Bark including the cortical resin canals—one of the main migration pathways of PWN—was removed by girdling, but neither the migration of PWN nor symptom development of pine wilt disease were inhibited by this treatment in non-resistant clones. Histological observations showed no significant differences in the lumen area or the number of cortical- and xylem- axial resin canals between resistant and susceptible clone groups from a half-sib family. A bioassay using methanol extracts from resistant and susceptible clones showed that extracts from both clones showed similar attractant effects to PWN, but neither had repellent effects. The resistant clones were multi-inoculated with PWN into three split points to mimic migration in the stem. The proportion of damaged plants was not significantly different from that in single-inoculated plants (control). In this experiment, the number of PWN detected from partially-damaged plants was much higher than that from non-damaged plants. An inoculation test using stem cuttings showed that the population of PWN increased in susceptible cuttings at 1–20 days after inoculation (dai), while it remained unchanged or gradually decreased in resistant cuttings. These findings suggested that the factors contributing to resistance were associated with inhibiting the proliferation of PWN, rather than inhibiting their migration.