Development and validation of instruments measuring body image and body weight dissatisfaction in South African mothers and their daughters

OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate questionnaires concerning body image perception, body size dissatisfaction and weight-related beliefs in multi-ethnic South African mothers and their daughters. SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Girls attending primary school (ages 9-12 years, n = 333) and their mothers (n = 204) were interviewed regarding their demographics and body image. Weight, height and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body image questions and body mass index (BMI) were compared with silhouettes adapted from the Pathways Study for girls and Stunkard's body image figures for mothers. A Feel-Ideal Difference (FID) index score was created by subtracting the score of the silhouette selected by the participants as 'Ideal' from the one selected as most closely representing their current appearance or 'Feel'. We hypothesised that a higher FID index score would be associated with greater body size dissatisfaction. RESULTS: BMI percentiles in girls (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) and BMI in mothers (r = 0.68, P < 0.05) were positively correlated with the selected silhouettes based on size. Participants who reported feelings of being 'fat' and those who perceived that their family and friends were more dissatisfied with their body size had significantly higher FID index scores. Scores were lower in black than white girls (all P<0.05). No differences were found in FID index scores between ethnic groups of mothers. Internal reliability of the 'thin' and 'fat' belief constructs for girls was demonstrated by standardised Cronbach's alpha values > or = 0.7. CONCLUSION: Silhouettes, FID index, 'fat' and 'thin' belief constructs (in girls) are age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and can be used in further intervention studies to understand body image.     

The impact of body mass index and Western advertising and media on eating style, body image and nutrition transition among Jordanian women

OBJECTIVES: To identify the impact of body mass index (BMI) and Western advertising and media on the stage of the nutrition transition among Jordanian women, and to evaluate their impact on eating styles and body image. DESIGN: A randomised cross-sectional survey that included a variety of culturally measured Likert-type scales and body size images. In addition, BMI was calculated based on measured height and weight. SETTING: In the homes of the participants. The data were collected by female interviewers who worked for the Jordan Department of Statistics. SUBJECTS: The sample was based on a random and representative selection of 800 mostly urban Jordanian women. A pre-test sample of 100 women was also used to validate the instruments. RESULTS: Women tended to agree that they ate based on emotional cues. They had high levels of disordered eating attitudes and behaviours and 42.1% were considered restrained eaters. However, these women also had higher than expected body esteem levels and desired a healthy body size. As expected, being obese was associated with a desire to lose weight, being a restrained and emotional eater, and having more disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. Similarly, Western advertising and media were associated with restrained and emotional eating, desired weight loss, and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to develop health education materials that explain the influence of obesity on health and the negative psychological and physical consequences of restrained and emotional eating, building on the current cultural preferences of healthy body size. Further implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

基于点云采集设备的奶牛体尺指标测量

为验证Xtion在奶牛体尺测量上应用的可行性,该文以提高现有体尺指标测量技术的精度、效率及自动化程度为目标,选用Xtion作为采集设备,石膏奶牛模型和真实奶牛作为试验对象,在实验室环境下,采用高精度三维扫描仪扫描奶牛模型作为对比点云数据,以不同距离下Xtion采集的数据作为测试点云数据,通过统计误差定量分析数据精度和密度随采集距离变化的规律,以确定合适的采集距离。养殖场环境下,在小于1.2 m采集距离条件下利用Xtion获取奶牛点云数据,采用Meshlab对点云数据进行可视化和交互测量,定性分析阳光、体表材质等因素对获取点云数据质量的影响,并将交互测量与人工测量结果进行对比分析。结果表明,在遮挡太阳光和采集距离大于0.6小于1.2 m条件下,平均误差小于±5 mm,相对误差小于10%,Xtion作为点云采集设备用于奶牛体尺测量是可行的。     

Isolation and enzymatic digestion of body complex of soybean seed

The body complex of the soybean seed (BCSS) was isolated from the single cells (27.2%) by a sequential procedure of autoclaving with water, cellulase digestion for the primary cell wall, pectinase digestion for the secondary cell wall, and defatting with hexane washing. Its characteristics were then investigated. The defatted BCSS (DBCSS) consisted of protein (76.5%) and mannose-rich carbohydrates (3.2%). Screening of the food-processing protease for the digestion of DBCSS was carried out, and a kind of alkaline protease was selected. The inner protein of DBCSS was easily extracted with 0.1 M sodium carbonate buffer, pH 10, and the insoluble shell of the body complex (SDBCSS) was left. SDBCSS consisted of hydrophobic amino acid-rich protein. SDBCSS was easily digested by the selected alkaline protease. SDBCSS was dissolved by boiling with sodium dodecyl sulfate-mercaptoethanol, and it was found to consist of a protein of approximately 3 kDa. The high enzymatic digestion including the selected protease for soybean seed and defatted soybean meal was carried out; both were extracted and digested with a yield of >99.5%. The final indigestible residue was found as paired hexagonal and filamentous organs of the soybean cells.     

羊只体尺参数测量及其形态评价研究进展

羊的体尺参数及基于体尺参数的形态评价可以反映羊的生长发育特性、生产性能及其遗传特性。因此,研究体尺参数测量及其形态评价是决定羊场合理养殖和提高养殖效益的有效途径。该文综述了羊只体尺参数测量及其形态评价的研究现状、羊只体尺参数测量指标及其形态评价方法;分析了羊体尺参数与生长发育、生产性能及遗传特性之间的关系;得出了体尺的个性化评价与羊只或羊群性能改善具有强相关性显著的结论。阐述了传统体尺测量中存在的技术局限性,指出了目前羊只体尺无应激测量的发展趋势,为基于体尺的肉羊品种的育种改良、性状测定、精细化养殖提供理论依据。     

车身高度与可调阻尼集成控制系统

为改善车辆的整车减振性能,建立了车辆8自由度整车数学模型,提出了车辆车身高度与阻尼集成控制的理论分析及计算方法,并设计了可调阻尼减振器及车辆空气悬架集成控制系统。在仿真计算基础上,进行了实车道路试验,分析了车辆集成控制的电控空气悬架及其控制系统对整车动态特性的影响,计算和试验结果基本吻合,实现了车身高度与可调阻尼减振器集成控制的空气悬架与整车的良好匹配,提升了车辆的综合性能。该研究验证了集成控制策略的有效性,同时为电控空气悬架系统研究奠定了基础。     

大豆油体乳液稳定性和流变性分析

研究大豆油体乳液的基本物理化学性质,将为其工业应用提供参考。以水为介质提取大豆油体,方法无毒,利于食用。对其在不同pH值（pH值2～8）、NaCl浓度（0～250?mmol/L）和加热处理（30～90℃,30?min）条件下的Zeta电位、平均粒径和乳析稳定性进行测定,并对其流变性进行考察。大豆油体乳液的Zeta电位为+20?mV～-40?mV（pH值2～8）,等电点约为4.5。在pH值≤3和pH值≥6条件下,平均粒径均为0.4?μm左右;而在3＜pH＜6时,产生了乳析现象。在较高NaCl浓度下（＞25?mmol/L）,粒径较大和发生了乳析现象。大豆油体乳液在30～90℃加热处理时较稳定。大豆油体乳液呈现出弱凝胶的性质,其黏度随着油质量分数的降低而降低。研究表明,大豆油体乳液在一定的环境条件下是稳定的。     

Anthropometry and body composition of south Indian babies at birth

OBJECTIVES: To assess the consequences on body composition of increasing birth weight in Indian babies in relation to reported values in Western babies, and to assess the relationship between maternal and neonatal anthropometry and body composition. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Bangalore City, India. SUBJECTS: A total of 712 women were recruited at 12.5+/-3.1 weeks of gestation (mean+/-standard deviation, SD) and followed up until delivery; 14.5% were lost to follow-up. Maternal body weight, height, mid upper-arm circumference and skinfold thicknesses were measured at recruitment. Weight and body composition of the baby (skinfold thicknesses, mid upper-arm circumference, derived arm fat index and arm muscle index; AFI and AMI, respectively) were measured at birth in hospital. RESULTS: The mean+/-SD birth weight of all newborns was 2.80+/-0.44 kg. Birth weight was significantly related to the triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness of the baby. In a small number of babies with large birth weight for gestational age, there was a relatively higher normalised AFI relative to AMI than for babies with lower or appropriate birth weight for gestational age. Maternal height and fat-free mass were significantly associated with the baby's length at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Skinfold thicknesses in Indian babies were similar to those reported in a Western population with comparable birth weights, and the relationship of AFI to birth weight appeared to be steeper in Indian babies. Thus, measures to increase birth weight in Indian babies should take into account possible adverse consequences on body composition. There were no significant relationships between maternal anthropometry and body composition at birth on multivariate analysis, except for sum of the baby's skinfold thicknesses and maternal fat-free mass (P<0.02).     

大弹涂鱼鱼体和肌肉营养成分分析及营养评价

对北海的大弹涂鱼（Belephthalmus pectinirostris）全鱼和肌肉的营养组成进行了分析与评价。结果表明,全鱼的风干样品中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷的含量分别为86．30％、52．97％、18．97％、11．93％、3．08％和3．44％;肌肉鲜样水分和粗蛋白分别为79．22％和16．86％;肌肉干物质中水解氨基酸含量为78．06％,游离氨基酸总量为1．62％;必需氨基酸指数为58．19。认为大弹涂鱼是营养价值和经济价值都比较高的一种海水养殖品种,值得开发推广养殖。     

Mediterranean diet in relation to body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio

OBJECTIVE: The Mediterranean diet is rich in fat and starch, and hence may be related to overweight. We therefore investigated the relationship between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). DESIGN AND SETTING: Data were obtained from the control group of a network of case-control studies on cancer conducted in major teaching and general hospitals in four Italian areas between 1991 and 2002. An interviewer-administered validated 78-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to obtain information on the subjects' habitual diet. Information on socio-economic factors, lifestyle habits and anthropometric measures was also collected. A Mediterranean diet score (MDS) was derived on the basis of eight characteristics of the Mediterranean diet. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 6619 patients (3090 men, 3529 women) admitted to hospital for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to known risk factors for cancer and long-term modifications of diet. RESULTS: In multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, study centre, education, tobacco smoking, occupational physical activity and total energy intake, the MDS was not related to BMI (beta = 0.05 for men and -0.04 for women) or WHR (beta = 0.000 and 0.001, respectively) in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the major characteristics of the Mediterranean diet is unrelated to BMI and WHR, confirming previous data from Greece and Spain.     

外来入侵植物黄顶菊残体的恢复再生能力和在土壤中的分解特性

在华北平原, 外来入侵植物黄顶菊[Flaveria bidents (L.) Kuntze]是一种农田和生态环境中的恶性杂草, 使用除草剂清除势必威胁到农业生产尤其是蔬菜生产的安全性。本课题研究了黄顶菊的不同部位离体茎段和残留部分的恢复再生能力; 并采用土壤培养试验, 研究了含氮量为12.2 g·kg^-1的黄顶菊烘干残体和含氮量为23.3 g·kg^-1的白三叶草残体在土壤中的分解过程及矿质氮的供应能力, 探讨人工拨除的黄顶菊作为绿肥的可能性。试验表明, 黄顶菊不同部位离体茎段的再生能力达10%~80%, 不同大小的残留部分再生能力达70%~100%。因而人工除草后必须将拔除的黄项菊残体带出田间以防其再生。在整个60 d的土壤培养期间, 黄顶菊和白三叶草残体均表现为施入土壤的前10 d内表观CO₂-C日释放量最大, 以后趋于平稳; 但黄顶菊残体处理土壤的CO₂-C日释放量一直低于白三叶草。黄顶菊残体处理的土壤微生物量氮高于白三叶草残体处理及土壤对照; 微生物量碳则为黄顶菊残体处理低于白三叶草残体处理, 且与土壤对照相近。在培养的前20 d, 黄顶菊残体分解过程中显著固定了土壤矿质氮素, 培养40 d后的表现为矿质氮释放。黄顶菊残体具有提高土壤氮素营养和微生物量, 增肥土壤的作用, 人工拨除的黄顶菊经灭活处理后可以作为绿肥施入田间。     

Whole-grain intake as a marker of healthy body weight and adiposity

OBJECTIVE: To review evidence relating to the consumption of whole grains and healthy body weight (BW). DESIGN: Systematic review and analysis of observational studies reporting whole-grain consumption and measures of BW and adiposity, including the effect on macronutrient intakes and lifestyle factors. SETTING: Medline and other databases were searched for the period 1990 to 2006 to produce a full reference list; observational studies were retained for further analysis if they included an appropriate control group and reported whole-grain intake and body mass index (BMI) or a measure of adiposity. SUBJECTS: Fifteen trials were identified which included data from 119 829 male and female subjects aged 13 years and over. RESULTS: The combined and weighted mean difference in BMI from 15 studies representing 20 treatment groups (n = 119 829) using a random-effects model was 0.630 kg/m2 lower when high versus low whole-grain intake was compared, P < 0.0001 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.460, 0.800 kg/m2). In high consumers, adiposity assessed as waist circumference was reduced by 2.7 (95 % CI 0.2, 5.2) cm, P = 0.03 (six data sets, n = 4178) or as waist:hip ratio by 0.023 (95 % CI 0.016, 0.030), P < 0.0001 (four data sets, n = 20 147). Higher intake of whole grains led to increased dietary fibre intake (9 g, P < 0.01), while total and saturated fat intakes decreased by 11 g and 3.9 g, respectively. CONCLUSION: A higher intake of whole grains (about three servings per day) was associated with lower BMI and central adiposity. In addition, people who consume more whole grains are likely to have a healthier lifestyle as fewer of them smoke, they exercise more frequently and they tend to have lower fat and higher fibre intakes.     

猪体三维电学模型构建与验证

针对剩余电流保护装置因保护死区造成的投运率低和误动作问题,构建生物体的电学模型,获取大量的触电信号,进一步研究触电电流与剩余电流间的相互关系,可为解决保护装置存在的上述问题奠定基础。该文以猪为研究对象,采用Otsu算法将CCD相机采集的标准图像二值化,利用Canny边缘检测法提取图像轮廓并细化,在对图像归一化处理的基础上采用圆弧拟合法获取猪体轮廓关键点,并运用整体变换法获得猪体514个关键点的三维空间坐标,在ANSYS平台上建立猪的三维实体模型;基于修正系数法研究猪体组织介电特性的基础上,构建猪的电学模型并进行触电仿真试验。结果表明：触电电压相同时,面接触触电方式,左前肢-左后肢和左前肢-右后肢触电路径下平均电流密度分别为0.973和0.641 A/m2,线接触触电时分别为0.782和0.579 A/m2;相同触电方式下,左前肢-左后肢触电路径中的电流密度大于左前肢-右后肢触电路径中的电流密度,相同触电路径下,面接触触电方式触电电流密度大于线接触触电的电流密度;2种触电方式下各30组数据,触电仿真电流与触电物理试验获得电流的平均相对误差为3.5%,该电学模型在生物体触电仿真研究中可行。研究结果可为进一步研究人体电学模型提供参考。     

Food insecurity, weight control practices and body mass index in adolescents

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether experienced food insecurity was associated with weight control behaviour of adolescents. DESIGN: A national survey of 16-year-old students with the six-item food security scale, questions concerning intentions of trying to change weight, physical activity patterns, and measurement of height and weight. SETTING: Representative sample of 29 schools in Trinidad, West Indies. SUBJECTS: Data analysed for 1903 subjects including 1484 who were food-secure and 419 who were food-insecure. RESULTS: In the whole sample, food security status did not vary by body mass index (BMI) category. 'Trying to gain weight' and 'spending most free time in activities involving little physical effort' were each associated with lower BMI. 'Trying to gain weight' was more frequent in food-insecure subjects (135, 32%) than in food-secure subjects (369, 25%, P = 0.012). After adjustment for BMI, age, sex, ethnicity and socio-economic variables, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 'trying to gain weight' for food-insecure subjects was 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.82, P = 0.014). Food-insecure subjects (197, 47%) were more likely than food-secure subjects (575, 39%) to report that most of their free time was spent doing things that involved little physical effort (P = 0.003). This association was not explained by adjustment for BMI, age, sex and ethnicity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.76, P = 0.002) or additional socio-economic variables (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.57, P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who experience food insecurity are more likely to intend to gain weight but engage in less physical activity than food-secure subjects with the same BMI.