牛分枝杆菌Ag85A基因在大肠埃希氏菌中的表达

以BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切已构建的pGEM-T-85A和pET28a（＋），并将纯化的Ag85A基因亚克隆至pET28a（＋）中，构建出原核表达质粒pET28a-85A。将pET28a-85A转化至感受态E．coli BL21（DE3）中，经IPTG诱导和SDS-PAGE分析，可见约32ku的外源蛋白带。Western-blotting分析表明，该蛋白具有牛分枝杆菌的抗原性。     

牛GM-CSF与金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素FnBPB共表达质粒的构建与原核表达

采用PCR方法对牛粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和金黄色葡萄球菌FnBPB的D区进行特异性的扩增,并通过重叠延伸PCR扩增GM-CSF-FnBPB串联基因,构建了克隆质粒pMD19-GM-CSF-FnBPB。利用表达载体pET-32a(+)对该融合基因片段进行原核表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明,在1mmol/L IPTG诱导浓度下,在39ku处出现了与目的蛋白一致的外源蛋白带,Western blot分析表明,该蛋白具有反应原性,进而证明该融合基因成功在原核细胞中表达。     

单增李斯特菌lmo2193基因克隆与原核表达

为了对单增李斯特菌新疆绵羊脑炎临床分离株LM90SB2的lmo2193基因进行克隆及其原核表达,采用PCR方法扩增lmo2193基因,连接pMD19-T载体进行克隆,筛选阳性菌进行测序比对。将目的基因克隆至原核表达质粒p ET32a中,构建重组质粒pET32a-2193,并转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞,经诱导表达后,利用SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定重组蛋白。结果显示:扩增得到的lmo2193基因序列长度为1 077 bp,与预期一致;该基因在大肠杆菌中大量表达,经SDS-PAGE检测和Western blot鉴定分析表明该产物为1个60 ku左右的融合重组蛋白。本研究成功克隆lmo2193基因,并获得大量表达,为进一步研究lmo2193基因功能奠定基础。     

金黄色葡萄球菌纤连蛋白结合蛋白A基因的克隆及其原核表达

根据GenBank中纤连蛋白结合蛋白A基因（fnbA）序列设计了1对特异性引物，以金黄色葡萄球茵基因组DNA为模板，进行PCR扩增；结果获得了3600bp的DNA片段。将PCR产物克隆至pGEM T easy载体中，成功地构建了克隆质粒pGEM—fnbA。以HindⅢ和XhoⅠ双酶切pGEM-fnbA和pET28a（＋），将纯化的基因fnbA亚克隆至pET28a（＋）中，构建了原核表达质粒pET28a-fnbA，并将其转化至E．coli BL21（DE3）感受态细胞中，经1mmol／LIPTG诱导和SDSPAGE分析，在约165ku处出现了与预期目的蛋白一致的外源蛋白带。Western—blotting分析表明，该蛋白具有金黄色葡萄球菌的抗原性。     

金黄色葡萄球菌FnBA活性基因的克隆及其原核表达

根据GenBank中纤连蛋白结合蛋白A基因(FnBA)序列设计了1对特异性引物,以金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA为模板,进行PCR扩增;结果获得了1 735 bp的DNA片段.将PCR产物克隆至pMD18-T载体中,成功地构建了克隆质粒pMD18-T-FnBA.以HindⅢ和BamH Ⅰ双酶切pMD18-T-FnBA和pET28a(+),将纯化的基因FnBA亚克隆至pET28a(+)中,构建了原核表达质粒pET28a-FnBA,并将其转化至E.coli BL21感受态细胞中,经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导和SDS-PAGE分析,在约85 000处出现了与预期目的蛋白一致的外源蛋白带.又经Western-blotting分析表明,该蛋白具有金黄色葡萄球菌的抗原性.     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒M基因和N基因的表达

将猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）的M基因和N基因从重组质粒pMD18-T—M—N中亚克隆至pBV220原核表达栽体上，成功构建了重组表达质粒pBVM—N。将pBVM—N转化大肠埃希氏菌DH5α感受态细胞．重组菌经温度敏感诱导表达，其细菌裂解物经SDS—PAGE可检测到分子质量约为19ku的目的蛋白，与M基因表达产物一致；经蛋白质分析软件Bandscan分析，其表达量可达19．1％；Western-blotting分析表明，该重组蛋白可被兔抗PRRSV血清所识别，与预期的M基因表达产物相一致，而N基因未获表达。     

鸡支气管炎病毒N基因克隆及在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

依据Genbank中传染性支气管炎病毒N基因序列,设计引物采用PCR方法从本实验室分离到的病毒株中扩增获得约1 230bp的N基因,并将N基因片段克隆插入pMD18-T载体获得pMD18-T-N;采用酶切(Eco RI、XhoI)的方法从已构建的T克隆质粒pMD18-T-N上获得IBVN基因片段,将其亚克隆插入原核表达载体pET32a,成功构建重组原核表达质粒pET32a-N。将重组质粒转入BL21(DE3)细胞,经IPTG诱导表达,可稳定、高效地表达N蛋白。SDS-PAGE结果表明,以终浓度为1mmol/mL的IPTG在37℃进行诱导,5h后表达量最高。这一原核表达载体pET32a-N的构建为进一步研究核酸疫苗奠定了前期基础。     

伪狂犬病病毒Guizhou-DY株gE基因主要抗原表位区原核表达及免疫原性研究

根据GenBank公布的伪狂犬病病毒GDSH株（EF552427）的gE基因序列设计1对特异引物,对伪狂犬病病毒 Guizhou-DY分离株的gE基因进行PCR扩增,将扩增产物克隆到pMD19-T载体上,构建重组质粒pMD19-T-gE636,经双酶切鉴定、核苷酸序列分析后,将gE基因主要抗原表位区亚克隆到pET-32a(+)原核表达载体上,成功构建原核表达质粒pET-32a(+)-gE636,并将其转化至BL21(DE3)中,诱导表达目的蛋白,表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳、Western blot分析,得到了约42.7 ku的条带,与预期大小相符,进一步提取、纯化目的蛋白,将目的蛋白加入弗氏佐剂免疫小鼠,免疫后采血检测抗体,结果显示目的蛋白能诱导小鼠产生一定的抗体,该研究为伪狂犬病亚单位疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

鸭坦布苏病毒NS1基因的克隆及原核表达

为原核表达鸭坦布苏病毒(Duck tembusu virus,DTMUV)NS1重组蛋白,本研究通过RT-PCR方法扩增NS1基因,将其亚克隆至pET32a(+)载体中构建重组表达质粒pET32a-NS1。将其转化大肠杆菌Rosetta中,经IPTG诱导表达了约59 ku的重组蛋白。Western blot分析表明,该重组蛋白可以与DTMUV阳性血清发生特异性反应,表明其具有良好的反应原性。     

犬瘟热病毒贵州株融合蛋白基因原核表达质粒的构建

为了研究犬瘟热病毒贵州株(CDV-GZ1)完整融合蛋白(F),试验采用PCR方法以pMD18-F质粒为模板,利用特异性引物扩增获得大小为1 989 bp的目的 DNA,并将其克隆至pET32a(+)原核表达载体中,获得重组质粒pET32a(+)-F。结果表明:目的基因插入位置和阅读框均正确,说明F基因原核表达质粒构建成功;质粒pET32a(+)-F在BL21(DE3)中经诱导表达未获目的蛋白,说明CDV融合蛋白可能不适合在该表达系统中进行完整蛋白的表达。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.