The reproductive response of female ostriches to dietary protein

1. A study was conducted with breeding ostriches over two consecutive breeding seasons to determine their response to different concentrations of a well-balanced dietary protein.

2. Five concentrations of protein were fed to both females and males at an intake of 2.5 kg/bird d. The respective diets contained 75, 91, 108, 123 and 140 g protein/kg feed with energy held constant at 9.2 MJ metabolisable energy/kg feed.

3. Egg production (mean ± SE, 39.1 ± 3.6 eggs/female/season) was unaffected by dietary protein concentration. Similarly, no significant trends were found for the number of unfertilised eggs (9.1 ± 1.8), dead-in-shell chicks (8.2 ± 1.3), the number of chicks hatched (19.5 ± 2.5) and change in the mass of females (?16.3 ± 10.2 kg). Egg weight decreased linearly as dietary protein content increased.

4. Age of the ostrich female had a highly significant effect on the number of eggs laid, the number of chicks hatched, the number of dead-in-shell and infertile eggs produced per hen, as well as the mass change of female breeding birds, but did not affect the response of any of these variables to dietary protein content.

5. It was concluded that ostriches do not benefit from dietary protein contents greater than about 75 g/kg when this is fed at a daily total feed intake rate of 2.5 kg/bird during the breeding season.

     

Effect of cottonseed oilcake as a protein source on production of breeding ostriches

1. South Africa currently produces 70% of the world’s ostrich products. The profit margin of South African producers from the sale of ostrich meat, leather and feathers currently stands at 20%, 65% and 15%, respectively.

2. Local producers want to increase the production of ostrich products but keep production costs as low as possible. Maintaining optimal nutrition of breeding stock is necessary to increase the production of ostrich chicks, thereby decreasing the fixed costs per chick.

3. This research examined the impact on ostrich reproduction of replacing soya oilcake (SOC) as a protein supplement with cheaper cottonseed oilcake (CSOC). Although there are no data available on the impact of CSOC feed on ostrich reproduction, it is well known that gossypol, a naturally occurring toxin in cotton plants, negatively affects male reproduction in other monogastric species and that it may also reduce appetite.

4. Ninety-six breeding ostrich pairs were divided into two groups to compare the effects of diet (CSOC and SOC) during the breeding season on ostrich-breeding parameters. The replacement of SOC with CSOC had no significant effect on the number of total eggs produced (47.8 ± 5.3 versus 48.3 ± 5.1 per breeding pair, respectively) or infertile eggs (31.5 ± 3.9 versus 38.0 ± 5.2, respectively). Also, the number of dead-in-shell chicks did not differ significantly between groups (20.2 ± 3.3 versus 26.8 ± 3.8, respectively).

5. Even though none of these breeding parameters differed, the replacement of SOC with CSOC in the diets of breeding birds led to significantly more chicks hatching per hen from breeding birds fed on the SOC (36.1 ± 4.8) than the CSOC diet (17.2 ± 3.8).

6. Although it would thus seem that feeding breeding ostriches CSOC instead of SOC as a protein supplement will have a detrimental effect on chick production, more data are required to deliver a definitive answer.

     

日粮蛋白质和能量水平对猪肉品质的影响研究

猪肉品质的调控是一个复杂的生理生化过程,受诸多因素的影响,而日粮蛋白质和能量水平是影响肉质的关键因素。本文综述了蛋白质（氨基酸）、能量以及两者的比例对猪胴体肉品质的影响。     

The effect of dietary energy and protein levels on body weight,size, and microflora of ostrich chicks

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different dietary energy and protein supplements on performance, weekly body sizes or body frame size,...     

日粮蛋白、能量水平对母猪繁殖性能的影响

选用36头配种日龄相近，其父母代繁殖性能无显著差异的长大初产母猪，研究妊娠和哺乳28d3个不同蛋白和能量水平的日粮对母猪繁殖性能的影响。在保持日粮的蛋能比基本不变的条件下，为妊娠和哺乳母猪分别设置3个不同蛋白和能量水平的日粮，即高能高蛋白，低能低蛋白和原用日粮。结果表明：妊娠日粮蛋白能量水平对母猪产仔数，活仔数影响显著（P＜0．05），妊娠日粮蛋白能量水平对仔猪初生重无显著影响（P＞0．05），但高能高蛋白的试验组2略高于试验组1和对照组。仔猪断奶前的平均日增重受妊娠和哺乳日粮蛋白能量水平的影响不大。     

日粮能量、蛋白水平对生长期蛋鸡生产性能影响规律的研究

选用2周龄海兰白W-36母鸡2000只,研究日粮代谢能(ME)和粗蛋白(CP)水平对生长期蛋鸡生产性能的影响规律。试验分2～8周龄、8～14周龄、14～18周龄和18周龄至50%开产4个阶段进行。试验鸡随机分为10组,每组4个重复,每重复50只鸡。采用3×3(ME×CP)完全随机设计,形成9个试验组,其中,中能中蛋白组ME和CP水平为海兰鸡饲养标准(100%);其它试验组的ME和CP水平分别比中能中蛋白组高或低5%(105%或95%);对照组采用我国鸡的饲养标准(NY/T33—1986)。结果表明:①日粮ME对体重(BW)、采食量(FC)、单位体增重消耗的CP(CPC)、存活率(Livability)和开产日龄(Onset)均有显著影响,随ME水平的提高,鸡的8周龄、14周龄、18周龄BW显著提高(P<0.05);各阶段FC、CPC和2～8周龄、8～14周龄的Livability显著下降(P<0.05),Onset显著提前(P<0.05)。②CP水平在一定范围内(与海兰饲养标准提供的CP水平之比,即RelCP为95%～105%),对BW、FC、单位体增重消耗的ME(MEC)、Livability没有显著影响(P>0.05);但极低的蛋白水平(14～18周龄,对照组CP12%,RelCP85.71%)使得鸡的18周龄BW显著降低(P<0.05),14～18周龄的FC显著提高(P<0.05);CP水平在一定范围内对Onset有显著影响,14～18周龄极低蛋白水平显著提前了Onset;随着CP水平的提高,CPC显著提高(P<0.05)。③试验研究出了日粮ME、CP与BW、FC、Livability以及Onset的回归关系公式。④综合考虑鸡的生产性能和养鸡经济效益,实际生产中不应该选择高能日粮[相对能量水平(RelME)105%]。但是,究竟是选择中能日粮(RelME100%)还是低能日粮(RelME95%),应该根据当时的原料市场价格来决定。日粮蛋白水平以低蛋白(RelCP95%)为宜。     

Effect of breeder age and breeding season on egg production and incubation in farmed ostriches

(1) This research was carried out to investigate changes in egg production and hatchability as influenced by age and breeding season of 10 trios (two females, one male) of ostrich (Struthio camellus) during 1998 to 2002. (2) Breeding season affected number of eggs laid per female per season, average egg weight, length of laying period and clutch sequence. (3) The number of eggs laid per female per season was 25 in the first breeding season and 57 by the fifth breeding season. The laying period lasted 169 d in the first season whereas it was 210 d by the fifth season. The breeding season became longer year by year. (4) The number of clutches was two in the first season, three in the second and 4 in the later breeding seasons: the mean interval between cycles was 9 to 10.6 d and the mean number of eggs in one cycle varied from 12 to 14.4. (5) The breeding season affected the hatchability of fertile eggs, chick weight at hatching, hatchability of total eggs, fertility, malpositioned embryos, deformed chicks and assisted chicks during hatching. The first 4 variables increased and the last three decreased, with each breeding season. (6) Weight loss of eggs and length of incubation were unaffected by the breeding season. Hatchability which was 64.3% in the first season increased progressively and reached 73.1% in the fifth breeding season.     

日粮蛋白能量水平对大约克母猪繁殖性能的影响

本试验选用36头配种日龄相近、其父母代繁殖性能无显著差异的大约克纯繁初产母猪,研究妊娠和哺乳28d,3个不同蛋白和能量水平的日粮对母猪繁殖性能的影响。在保持日粮的蛋能比基本不变的条件下,为妊娠和哺乳母猪分别设置3个不同蛋白和能量水平的日粮。对妊娠期母猪实行限饲,平均采食量为2.05kg/d,哺乳母猪自由采食。结果表明:妊娠日粮蛋白能量水平对母猪产仔数、活仔数影响显著(P<0.05);对仔猪初生重、仔猪断奶前的平均日增重无显著影响(P>0.05);经济效益随妊娠和哺乳日粮的蛋白能量水平的提高而增加。本研究结果表明,提高妊娠和哺乳日粮的蛋白能量水平对母猪繁殖性能有一定的改善和提高,据此推荐初产母猪妊娠日粮较适宜的蛋白和能量水平分别为:CP,14.3%～15.5%,ME,12.54～12.98MJ/kg;哺乳日粮的蛋白和能量水平分别为:CP,17%～18%,DE,12.98～13.92MJ/kg。但妊娠和哺乳日粮的最佳蛋白能量水平以及它们对母猪繁殖性能的互作效应方面还有待进一步研究。     

饲粮能量、蛋白质水平对肉鸡肉质的影响

近年来 ,随着肉鸡业中对生长速率和饲料效率的遗传选育 ,肉鸡的生长速度提高了两倍多 ,料肉比达 2∶1。但伴随着生长率的不断提高 ,肉鸡肉质变得粗老 ,缺少风味 ,腹脂沉积增多 ,降低了消费者对肉鸡肉质的满意度 ,也给屠宰加工业增加了除去脂肪的麻烦。生长率不仅受遗传因素的影响 ,还受能量、蛋白质水平 (以下简称能蛋水平 )的影响 (Ｃｈｅｒｒｙ ,1 978;Ｍａｒｏｈ ,1 977)。本文综述了饲粮能蛋水平对肉鸡肉质的影响。1　能蛋水平对肉鸡肉质的影响1 1　直接影响　饲粮能蛋水平影响肉鸡腹脂沉积 ,直接影响肉质。许多研究表明 ,影响脂肪沉积…     

日粮蛋白、能量水平对哺乳母猪繁殖性能的影响

试验选用14头分娩日期相近的杜长大经产母猪,按体重、胎次随机分成2个处理,每个处理7个重复,1头1个重复。在28d的试验期母猪自由采食和饮水。研究饲喂按NRC(1998)配制的高蛋白、高能量水平日粮(蛋白为18.50%和代谢能为14.23MJ/kg)与按NRC(1988)配制的日粮(蛋白为17.10%和代谢能为13.19MJ/kg)对母猪生产性能的影响。分娩当天、28d测定母猪背膘厚度、体重、采食量;分娩当天、21d、28d测定仔猪窝重;21d采取母猪乳样,分析乳固形物、乳蛋白、乳脂成分。结果表明:高水平日粮对母猪采食量和失重有显著影响(P<0.05),对仔猪平均日增重和母猪乳成分没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

饲粮能量水平对泌乳母兔生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究饲粮能量对泌乳母兔生产性能和血清生化指标的影响,选用75只平均体重(3.85±0.15)kg预产泌乳母兔,开展为期38 d的饲养试验。试兔随机分为3组,单笼饲养,每组饲喂消化能(DE)水平分别为9.45 MJ/kg(A组),10.45 MJ/kg(B组)和11.45 MJ/kg(C组)的日粮,日粮其他营养成分依据NRC(1977)泌乳母兔营养需要配制,试兔常规饲养管理。结果表明:随日粮能量浓度的增加,母兔日采食量A组显著高于B、C组(P0.05),泌乳力、仔兔断奶成活率A、B组显著高于C组(P0.05),仔兔断奶窝重呈显著性降低现象(P0.05),断奶个体重A组显著大于B组(P0.05),和C组差异不显著(P0.05);血清总蛋白、球蛋白B组显著高于其他两组(P0.05),胆固醇、血脂四项C组显著高于A、B组(P0.05),白蛋白、尿素氮和血糖浓度各组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。综合分析认为,适宜的能量水平(9.45~10.48)MJ/kg可以提高泌乳母兔的繁殖力、断奶窝重、仔兔断奶个体重及成活率,降低血液胆固醇和甘油三酯浓度,过高能量水平不利于泌乳母兔生产。     

日粮中添加铜对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

为研究日粮中添加不同水平的铜对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响,本试验选用健康、初生重相近的1日龄商品代爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡3000只,并随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复200只鸡。在玉米—豆粕型基础日粮(含铜量5.7mg/kg)的基础上,分别添加2.3、42.3、82.3、122.3、162.3mg/kg的硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O),进行为期6周的饲养试验。整个试验期分为3个阶段:0～2周龄、3～5周龄、6周龄。设Ⅰ组为对照组,其它4组为试验组。在较合理的饲养管理条件下,记录各试验组鸡的增重、采食量,计算料肉比。试验结果表明,试验组鸡各阶段及整个试验期的增重、采食量、料肉比与对照组相比受饲料铜水平的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据试验结果,考虑到生产效益,建议肉鸡日粮中的铜供给量按NRC(1994)标准,即8mg/kg进行添加。     

日粮代谢能和粗蛋白质水平对育成期坝上长尾鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

试验通过研究不同代谢能和粗蛋白质水平日粮对育成期坝上长尾鸡生长性能和血液生化指标的影响,确定饲粮中适宜的代谢能和粗蛋白质水平,为制定饲养标准提供理论依据。研究采用2因素3水平的试验设计,日粮代谢能水平分别为11.0、11.5 MJ/kg和12.0 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平分别为14.00%、15.00%和16.00%。结果表明:日粮代谢能水平对生长性能有显著影响(P<0.05),粗蛋白质水平对生长性能的影响不显著(P>0.05),代谢能和粗蛋白质水平互作效应显著。日粮代谢能水平对血液中除尿酸和胆固醇含量之外的指标均有显著影响。日粮代谢能、粗蛋白质水平对血糖和胆固醇含量有显著影响,综合考虑生长性能和血液生化指标,建议坝上长尾鸡育成期日粮适宜代谢能水平为11.0~11.5 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质水平为14%~15%。     

饲粮不同蛋白质水平对半番鸭生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质日粮对半番鸭生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。按照组间平均体重接近原则,将360只14日龄半番鸭称重后分成3组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只。每组分别饲喂14%、16%和18%3种不同蛋白水平饲粮,饲养至70日龄屠宰,测定屠宰性能并采集血液测定生化指标。结果表明:14⁷0日龄半番鸭平均日采食量、平均日增重及料重比各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。70日龄半番鸭的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、腹脂率各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。70日龄半番鸭血液的总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、尿酸、尿素氮、甘油三酯、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白含量各组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,14%蛋白水平的饲粮完全可以满足半番鸭的生长需要,而不影响其生产性能和血液生化指标。     

The effect of dietary protein and fermentable carbohydrates levels on growth performance and intestinal characteristics in newly weaned piglets

Reducing the CP content and increasing the fermentable carbohydrates (FC) content of the diet may counteract the negative effects of protein fermentation in newly weaned piglets fed high-CP diets. To study the synergistic effects of CP and FC on gut health and its consequences for growth performance, 272 newly weaned piglets (26 d of age, 8.7 kg of BW) were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with low and high CP and low and high FC content as the factors. Eight piglets from each dietary treatment were killed on d 7 postweaning. Feces and digesta from ileum and colon were collected to determine nutrient digestibility, fermentation products, and microbial counts. In addition, jejunum tissues samples were collected for intestinal morphology and enzyme activity determination. During the entire 4-wk period, interactions between the dietary CP and FC contents were found for ADFI (P = 0.022), ADG (P = 0.001), and G:F (P = 0.033). The high-FC content reduced ADFI, ADG, and G:F in the low-CP diet, whereas the FC content did not affect growth performance in the high-CP diet. Lowering the CP content of the low-FC diet improved ADFI and ADG, whereas lowering the CP content of the high-FC diet did not influence growth performance. The low-CP diets resulted in a lower concentration of ammonia in the small intestine (P = 0.003), indicating reduced protein fermentation. In the small intestine, the high FC content increased the number of lactobacilli (P = 0.047), tended to decrease the number of coliforms (P = 0.063), tended to increase the lactic acid content (P = 0.080), and reduced the concentration of ammonia (P = 0.049). In the colon, the high-FC diets increased the concentration of total VFA (P = 0.009), acetic acid (P = 0.003), and butyric acid (P = 0.018), and tended to decrease the ammonia concentration (P = 0.076). Intestinal morphology and activity of brush border enzymes were not affected by the diet, although maltase activity tended to decrease with increasing dietary FC (P = 0.061). We concluded that an increase in the dietary FC content, and to a lesser extent a decrease in the CP content, reduced ammonia concentrations and altered the microflora and fermentation patterns in the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets. However, these effects were not necessarily reflected by an increased growth performance of the piglets.     

不同日粮能量和蛋白水平对特种野猪的表观消化率和生长性能的影响

选择54头健康断奶的50日龄50%野猪血缘的特种野猪为试验用猪(平均体重为7.92±0.61 kg),日粮消化能分为12.76,13.17和13.6M J/kg 3个水平;蛋白含量分为14%,16%和18%3个水平,采用3×3完全随机试验设计。研究了9种不同能量和蛋白质水平的日粮在舍饲条件下,特种野猪生长期的能量和蛋白质营养需要量。结果表明:在日粮表观消化率方面,不同能量水平对于总能、粗蛋白、干物质,高能组和中能组比低能组分别提高3.66%和2.55%(P<0.05),3.26%和1.29%(P<0.05);3.01%和1.74%。不同蛋白水平对于总能、粗蛋白、干物质,高蛋白组和中蛋白组比低蛋白组分别提高1.95%和1.36%(P<0.05);2.01%(P<0.05)和0.7%;1.55%(P<0.05)和0.92%。生长性能方面,不同能量水平中,中能组的日增重显著高于高能组与低能组(P<0.05),高能组平均日采食量,显著低于中能、低能组(P<0.05),对于料肉比,高能、中能组显著低于低能组(P<0.05)。不同粗蛋白水平中,对于平均日采食量,低蛋白水平显著高于高蛋、中蛋白水平(P<0.05),对于料重比,低蛋白水平显著高于高蛋白、中蛋白水平(P<0.05)。总之,日粮消化能在13.17 M J/kg和粗蛋白在16%水平有一个较好的生产性能,更能适应广西特种野猪的营养需要。     

日粮蛋白质和可发酵碳水化合物含量对刚断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道特性的影响

1前言由于日粮蛋白质在猪胃中有很高的缓冲能力,因此刚断奶仔猪日粮中高浓度的CP容易引起仔猪断奶后爆发大肠杆菌病(Prohaszka和Baron,1980),此外还会刺激蛋白质发酵,并促进致病性细菌在胃肠