现代高产奶牛饲养管理要点

强化奶牛饲养管理，根据奶牛不同阶段地生理特点，采用不同的饲养管理手段，推行先进地科学饲养管理水平，不断提高奶牛的饲养管理水平，减少疾病发病率，同时降低成本、提高产量、增加效益，对提高奶牛养殖效益至关重要。     

改进奶牛现行饲养方法的探讨

奶牛的产奶量随着基因选择、营养改善、疾病控制和其他饲养管理的改进而不断提高。我们在北京市国企奶牛经济调查中对奶牛的饲养方法进行了探索，目的是与奶牛经营者共同讨论能否改进现行的饲养方法，以争取奶牛生产获得更好的效益。１传统饲养方法的讨论饲养奶牛为的是将...     

饲喂糯玉米秸秆对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响

为合理利用糯玉米秸秆,选择60头奶牛,分4组进行饲喂糯玉米秸秆的饲养试验.结果表明:用糯玉米秸秆替换原日粮中的粗料(即普通玉米秸黄贮和普通玉米秸压缩块)和部分精料饲喂奶牛,不仅能够增加产奶量和改善乳品质,而且能够减少精料的饲喂量、降低饲养成本和提高经济效益.其中粗料为糯玉米秸秆,每天每头牛补饲精料9.75 kg效果最佳.     

逍遥运动--舍饲奶牛管理的重要措施

以往奶牛粗放式饲养，大多都是半放牧、半舍饲饲养方式，不需要单独增加运动量。近年来，随着草原禁牧工作逐步推进到位，奶牛科学化、标准化饲养技术将贯彻到奶牛饲养管理全过程中。奶牛实行全舍饲饲养方式后，运动场空间相对较小，奶牛每天的运动量不足，会给奶牛生产带来诸多问题，造成奶牛生产力水平降低，相对效益下降。逍遥运动的主要作用加强血液循环，提高产奶量因此，预防蹄病的发生，强健四肢维持正常的繁殖能力，预防难产、胎衣不下，加强消化功能，降低消化系统疾病的发生，舍饲奶牛进行逍遥运动是日常饲养管理中的一项必要工作。     

农村奶牛饲养存在的问题与解决对策

近几年来，农村奶牛饲养业有了较大的发展，已经成为农村发展、农民增收的一个新的亮点。但是在奶牛饲养中，由于一些奶牛饲养场（户）对奶牛防疫认识、管理不到位，致使疾病常有发生，给奶牛饲养造成损失。更为可怕的是对于一些人畜共患的疾病，如布氏杆菌病、结核病等，如果忽视管理、治疗，一旦蔓延流行，不但会给奶牛饲养造成重大损失，影响牛奶的消费，制约奶牛业的发展。还会严重影响人畜健康。因此，奶牛饲养场（户）一定要提高认识，把防疫工作当作奶牛饲养的头等大事来抓，万万不可粗心大意。     

高效奶牛饲养技术

高效奶牛饲养技术西北农业大学姚军虎，金公亮第四讲饲养管理奶牛的基本原则１．奶牛饲养１．１饲养奶牛以粗饲料为主奶牛的粗饲料包括青干草或秸秆，牧草或青贮料等。一般情况下，日粮干物质中精粗比为３０～６０：７０～４０，犊牛或高产奶牛的精料比例可高些。粗饲料作...     

农户提高养奶牛经济效益的措施

目前奶牛最好的品种是荷斯坦牛，年平均产奶量6500～7500kg，在饲养条件较好的情况下，个别奶牛年产奶量在10000kg以上。农户饲养的奶牛，大多数是从大型奶牛场选购的淘汰个体，普遍存在奶牛品种质量差、产奶量低等缺点。要想提高饲养奶牛的经济效益，必须选择优良品种，到饲养管理规范、信誉高、规模大的奶牛场选购。选购奶牛时应查看奶牛的档案、系谱和奶牛的防疫记录。     

奶牛乳房炎的综合防制措施

我国约有奶牛500万头，养殖户饲养的奶牛数量约占我国奶牛总数的2／3，成为我国奶牛业的重要组成部分。饲养奶牛对许多养殖户来讲是一新鲜事物。因此在奶牛生产中存在着生产技术科技含量低、饲养管理不规范、牛舍阴暗潮湿、运动场狭小或无、分娩牛和泌乳牛同舍饲养、预防疾病意识差等问题，使得奶牛乳房炎的发病率居高不下，严重影响了奶牛的产奶量、乳汁品质、奶牛使用的期限，增加了饲养奶牛的成本。制约经济效益的产生和获取。     

奶牛饲养关键的100天

王光文先生编译的“奶牛饲养关键的 100天”，是指奶牛产前 30天与产后 70天的饲养阶段，此阶段由于对奶牛生产有重大影响，故我们本期刊出，供奶牛饲养场、户参考。《中国奶牛》编辑部     

奶牛乳房炎的综合防制措施

我国约有奶牛５００万头，养殖户饲养的奶牛数量约占我国奶牛总数的２／３，成为我国奶牛业的重要组成部分。饲养奶牛对许多养殖户来讲是一新鲜事物，因此在奶牛生产中存在着生产技术科技含量低、饲养管理不规范、牛舍阴暗潮湿、运动场狭小或无、分娩牛和泌乳牛同舍饲养、预防疾病意识差等问题，使得奶牛乳房炎的发病率居高不下，严重影响了奶牛的产奶量、乳汁品质、奶牛使用的期限，增加了饲养奶牛的成本，制约经济效益的产生和获取。目前用于防治奶牛乳房炎的方法和药物很多，但可理解为“对症治疗”，在生产实践中不能有效控制奶牛乳房炎…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.