聚合物稳定沙土的作用机制探讨

对聚合物稳定沙土的作用机制从分子间作用、聚合物性质和界面作用等3个方面进行研究。结果表明:干燥状态下阴离子基团与沙土颗粒的结合作用为化学键形式,强于非离子基团的氢键结合;但阴离子基团含量过高会降低聚合物处理后沙土的水稳定性。合适的高分子沙土稳定材料应该具有良好的水分散性、较高的平均分子质量、合适的阴离子和非离子基团含量以及较伸展的分子构象。提出了干燥状态下聚合物与沙土颗粒之间存在粘接作用,聚合物性质与其沙土稳定效能之间的关系也可以用粘接原理进行解释。     

木质素磺酸盐及其接枝产物作沙土稳定剂的研究

概述了沙土稳定高分子材料的分类及其应用；研究了禾草类木质素横酸盐及接枝产物对流动沙土的稳定作用，认为木质素磺酸盐本身不是适用的沙土稳定剂；通过对其粗产品直接进行接枝改性，产物的沙土稳定效率得以明显提高，应用试验表明，改性产物用量在10g/m^2时，沙土可以抵御风速为76km/h的侵蚀；而接枝非离子型单体可以进一步提高沙土的抗水蚀效果；最后提出了对适用的沙土稳定剂的一些要求。     

木质素亲水改性研究

为提高木质素的功能性,利用2-溴代异丁酰溴改性木质素制备木质素基引发剂,然后采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法将亲水单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)、乙酸乙烯酯(VAC)和丙烯酸(AA)分别接枝到木质素上,合成亲水性木质素基接枝共聚物。对接枝聚合物进行接触角测试和红外光谱分析,结果表明:接枝单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯时,木质素接枝聚合物亲水效果最佳;木质素接枝前后接触角分别为45°、21.6°,接枝后木质素亲水性能提高。红外光谱分析显示,木质素接枝甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(Lignin-g-PHEMA)共聚物中具有HEMA的特征峰,表明单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯成功接枝到木质素分子上。     

糠醛渣分级转化制备分散剂和吸水性树脂

采用分级转化策略，首先将糠醛渣中的木质素组分制备成木质素基分散剂(LS),在糠醛渣用量100 g、去离子水用量1 000 g,反应温度70℃、反应时间3 h、氢氧化钠用量6.5 g、亚硫酸钠1.6 g、甲醛0.2 g的条件下得到的木质素基分散剂的分散力为105%。以分离得到的纤维素残渣制备吸水性树脂，探究了反应温度、引发剂过硫酸铵(APS)用量、交联剂N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)用量、复合单体丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)总用量对吸水性树脂吸水倍率的影响。在丙烯酸中和度为60%,引发时间0.5 h,复合单体用量9 g,引发剂用量1.3 g,交联剂用量0.05 g,反应温度52℃,接枝共聚反应时间3 h的优化条件下，吸水性树脂的吸水倍率达到64.6 g/g。FT-IR分析表明AM、AA和纤维素残渣发生了接枝反应；SEM表明反应生成了交联网状结构的产物；热重分析说明AA和AM的引入提高了吸水性树脂的热稳定性；XRD表明AA、AM的接枝反应发生在纤维素残渣的骨架上。     

磺化氨基树脂对风沙土的结构改良作用研究

介绍了一类新型的土壤结构改良用聚合物———磺化氨基树脂(SAF)。通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察证实了树脂对沙土颗粒的连结作用,从而使其形成较大的团聚体结构。为得到良好的风沙土结构改良效果,SAF树脂的磺化度应该为14.0%~18.0%,氨基原料中三聚氰胺的用量应该占尿素质量的20%。由此制备的SAF树脂当其施用剂量为风沙土干质量的0.3%时,对风沙土的结构改良效果与阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在施用剂量为0.1%时的效果相当。经估算,此时SAF树脂的材料成本仅占PAM的75%。     

不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况

【目的】研究鹅掌楸人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况,为合理经营鹅掌楸人工林、促进林业可持续发展提供依据。【方法】以不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林)土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查和室内分析,测定各粒级土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量,分析土壤团聚体稳定性主要指标即平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD),阐明土壤团聚体有机碳及其贡献率状况。【结果】不同林龄鹅掌楸人工林的土壤团聚体组成各不相同,但均以大团聚体(> 0.25 mm)为主,含量为54.98%~84.90%,且成熟林的大团聚体含量较幼龄林、中龄林分别显著提高了17.84%、25.52%;土壤团聚体稳定性指标:平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均以成熟林的最大、幼龄林其次、中龄林最小,并且土壤团聚体稳定性指标存在明显垂直分布特征,随土层加深呈下降趋势;土壤团聚体有机碳含量及有机碳贡献率都以大团聚体中为最高;随着林龄增加,成熟林土壤团聚体有机碳含量显著高于幼龄林、中龄林,且于各林龄内,各粒级团聚体有机碳含量随土层加深呈下降趋势;土壤大团聚体有机碳贡献率随鹅掌楸林龄增加显著增大,并于成熟林土层达到80%;土壤团聚体与土壤团聚体有机碳含量相互联系,相辅相成。【结论】随鹅掌楸人工林的林龄增加,土壤大团聚体组成、团聚体稳定性、团聚体有机碳含量及土壤大团聚体有机碳贡献率总体呈增加趋势。     

改性木质素磺酸盐/丙烯酸酯共聚乳液的制备

木质素磺酸盐(LS)是亚硫酸盐制浆工艺的副产物,利用马来酸酐和丙烯酰氯分别与其反应进行改性,在分子中引入双键,然后在乳液中与丙烯酸酯单体接枝共聚,得到木质素基接枝共聚物,研究后发现,原LS与单体比为1∶5时,LS转化率仅为25.1%,接枝效率为26.3%,接枝率为129.5%;而采用马来酸酐和丙烯酰氯改性后的LS时,其木质素转化率分别为81.2%和83%,接枝效率达71.8%和72.6%,接枝率达378.3%和341.4%。改性产物的结构和共聚乳液的粒子形态分别用IR和TEM进行研究。     

豫东南沙地4种人工林土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布研究

为探究林分类型对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特性的影响,以豫东南沙地4种典型人工林(桂花、合欢、栾树和女贞)为研究对象,通过野外调查、取土壤样品和室内试验对土壤团聚体和有机碳进行测定、分析。结果表明,①4种林分类型下土壤大团聚体(>0.25mm)含量最高,占林地土壤总团聚体的69.63%%~97.30%,粒径0.25~0.15mm团聚体含量最低,且不同林分类型下各层土壤团聚体的质量分数呈现不同的差异。②表层(0~10cm)土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)均表现为栾树>合欢>桂花>女贞,分形维数(D)排序则与之相反,变化范围为2.515~1.653,栾树的土壤结构稳定性最强。③随土壤团聚体粒径的减小,4种林分土壤有机碳含量总体上呈现先升后降趋势,土壤剖面上也表现出随土层加深而下降。不同林分类型下,土壤有机碳含量差异性表现为合欢最高,栾树最低,变化范围分别为45.76~7.65和17.78~3.49g/kg。④回归分析表明,女贞林分下土壤大团聚体与有机碳含量相关性最强,土壤有机碳可解释17.5%土壤大团聚体含量的变化。研究得出该地区栾树林下土壤团聚体稳定性较强,合欢林下土壤有机碳含量最高。     

马来酸酐接枝PP/PE共混物及其木塑复合材料

通过聚丙烯(PP)与聚乙烯(PE)机械混合来模拟废旧塑料混合物,利用马来酸酐(MAH)对PP/PE混合物进行接枝改性,然后以接枝共混物作为基体与木纤维复合制备木塑复合材料。通过对比接枝前后的红外光谱图,证明MAH已成功接枝在PP/PE共混物上。力学测试结果显示:基体经过接枝改性后,复合材料的弯曲强度和无缺口冲击强度均大幅度升高,当MAH用量为1%时,弯曲强度提高了50.4%,无缺口冲击强度提高了90.8%,而以废旧塑料为原料制备的复合材料的弯曲强度和无缺口冲击强度分别提高40.2%和53.4%。微观相形态分析表明:通过接枝改性不仅改善了PP/PE共混体系的相容性,同时也显著改善了木纤维与PP/PE共混物之间的界面结合状况,因而宏观上表现为力学性能提高。这表明,共混接枝改性方法可能是利用混合废旧塑料制备高性能木塑复合材料的一条可行途径。     

钻井液用纳米聚合物封堵剂的研制

以改性纳米二氧化硅为基质,与AM、AA、功能性单体1进行水溶液聚合法合成粉剂纳米聚合物封堵剂,与AMPS、AA、交联剂A、功能性单体2悬浮聚合法合成乳液纳米聚合物封堵剂。分析2种纳米聚合物封堵剂的微观形态、粒径和滤失量,结果表明：2种纳米聚合物封堵剂根据粒径分布范围适用于不同孔隙度地层,粉剂封堵剂最佳加量0.5%,乳液封堵剂最佳加量1.0%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.