不同播期下小麦冬春性品种小花结实特性及其与植株生长性状的 …

冬、春性小麦品种早播（９月３０日）、适播（１０月３０日）的总小花数、可孕小花数及结实粒数均极显著高于晚播（３月２日）。晚播对春性品种小花分化发育与结实的不利影响小于冬性品种。穗粒数的多少与可孕小花数及其结实率密切相关,而与总小化数及其结实率无明显联系;同时大穗多粒基因型也以较高的可孕小花结实率为生理基础。孕穗期小花数均与叶面积、叶片重、叶鞘重和总干物重呈显著或极显著正相关,而与茎高的相关不显著。此     

春性和半冬性小麦氮效率差异的群体特征比较

为了解小麦群体结构特征与氮利用效率的相关性,以江苏省推介使用的6个半冬性小麦品种和9个春性小麦品种为材料,研究两类型小麦间群体特征及氮利用效率的差异。结果表明,在施氮量相同时,半冬性小麦群体植株平均干物质积累量、叶面积指数在生育前期低于春性小麦,生育后期高于春性小麦,茎蘖数在全生育期均高于春性小麦,平均花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数、粒叶比均高于春性小麦。同一类型小麦中不同品种间群体干物质积累量、总结实粒数也存在显著差异;同一类型小麦各品种花后干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、总结实粒数、粒叶比与产量均呈显著或极显著线性正相关,叶面积指数下降速率与产量呈线性负相关。半冬性和春性小麦花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数与氮肥生产效率(NGPE)呈显著或极显著正相关;春性小麦的粒叶比与NGPE呈显著或极显著正相关,叶面积指数下降速率与NGPE呈显著或极显著负相关,茎蘖成穗率与氮肥吸收效率(NUEa)呈显著或极显著正相关;半冬性小麦粒叶比与氮肥农学效率(NAE)呈显著正相关。花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数是两种类型小麦群体NGPE的共性调控特征表现,粒叶比可作为春性小麦NGPE、半冬性小麦NAE差异的评价指标,茎蘖成穗率可作为春性小麦NUEa的调控指标。     

不同穗型小麦小花生长发育及同化物分配变化的差异

为了解小麦小花发育成粒特性与同化物分配间的关系,以大穗型品种周麦16和多穗型品种豫麦49-198为材料,分析了两种穗型小麦小花发育成粒特性及同化物分配的差异。结果表明,周麦16的小花退化、败育速率较豫麦49-198缓慢,且在小穗结实率、小花结实率和可孕小花结实率上均高于后者。在小花发育中后期,大穗型品种周麦16转移到穗部的同化物比多穗型品种豫麦49-198多。经相关分析,花期完善小花(有完整绿色花药的小花)数与穗干重、穗氮积累量、茎干重、茎氮积累量呈微弱的正相关,与穗茎干重比、穗茎氮积累量比呈显著正相关,与穗干重/穗氮积累量比呈极显著正相关。周麦16的穗茎干重比、穗茎氮积累量比显著高于豫麦49-198,二指标均与穗干重/穗氮积累量比呈极显著正相关。进一步分析发现,周麦16的开花期单位面积完善小花数与成熟期单位面积粒数分别较豫麦49-198增加3.85%和4.65%,且品种间差异均达到极显著水平。     

不同年代小麦品种小花发育模式及结实特性的差异

为了探讨增加冬小麦穗粒数的途径,以当前主推品种矮抗58、豫农949和20世纪80年代推广品种百泉41、郑引1号为供试材料,研究了不同年代小麦品种在小花发育动态模式与结实性上的差异.结果表明,不同年代主推品种小花的分化动态均符合二次曲线模式,小花的退化、败育动态模式均符合一次方程模式,但不同年代冬小麦品种在方程参数上有明显差异.当前主推的冬、春性小麦品种的小花分化速率、退化速率均显著快于早期推广品种,但可孕花败育速率低于早期品种.从成熟期考种结果来看,当前主推品种的小穗结实率、可孕小花结实率高于早期品种,而小花结实率则低于早期品种.     

栽培管理模式对冬小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响

为探索提高小麦穗粒数的技术途径与栽培管理模式,在大田试验条件下,以豫麦49-198为材料,研究了不同栽培管理模式(当前农民栽培管理模式、节本增效栽培管理模式、超高产栽培管理模式、高产高效栽培管理模式)对小麦小花发育动态模式与结实特性的影响。结果表明,不同栽培管理模式下,随播后累积生长度日的增加,小麦小花的分化动态均符合二次曲线方程模式,退化和败育动态均符合一次方程模式,但不同栽培管理模式间小花发育方程参数上存在明显差异;与当前农民栽培管理模式相比,其他3种栽培管理模式均显著增加了可孕小花数和最终结实粒数,并显著提高了小穗、小花和可孕花的结实率,其中以高产高效栽培管理模式分化小花数、可孕小花数和最终结实粒数提高的幅度最大。     

9个穗分枝裸大麦突变体的穗部特性及其差异分析

穗分枝突变体是大麦穗发育研究的重要种质。利用EMS诱变北青7号的成熟种子,再通过连续7年自交繁殖选育了9个裸大麦穗分枝突变(Ynbs)株系。在不同世代中9个Ynbs株系的穗分枝性状均可稳定遗传,多联穗明显退化,每个主穗着生2~5个分枝穗和10.53±0.53~13.23±0.22个多联穗,每个分枝穗具有1~3个分枝穗轴节,每个多联穗着生10~15个小花。为系统了解Ynbs株系的穗部特性差异,分析了不同材料多联穗数、小花数、结实粒数、结实率、穗茎轴长、穗长、穗轴节数和百粒重的表型差异和偏相关性。结果表明,多联穗数等8个穗部性状在不同材料间均有显著或极显著差异,9个Ynbs株系的多联穗数、结实率和百粒重显著低于诱变亲本,但其小花数极显著高于诱变亲本,多联穗减少、小花增多、结实率和百粒重下降是9个Ynbs株系的共有突变性状;穗分枝性状与多联穗数、结实粒数、结实率、穗长和百粒重5个穗部性状呈极显著偏相关,偏相关系数分别为-0.524、0.584、-0.646、0.418和-0.563。9个Ynbs株系具有穗分枝、多联穗退化、小穗增多等特性,是大麦穗发育等研究的不可替代种质。     

浙江台州地区早籼稻产量与干物质生产特征研究

对7个早籼稻品种（系）的产量及其构成因素和干物质积累量进行了相关分析。结果表明,杂交稻产量高于常规稻,平均较常规稻高10.0%。相关分析表明,产量与总颖花数和有效穗数分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重呈负相关,但均不显著。通径分析表明,总颖花数、结实率和千粒重对产量的直接作用均为正效应,其中,总颖花数贡献最大,结实率次之,千粒重作用最小。随生育期的推进,干物质积累量品种间差异逐渐减小,完熟期干物质积累量以陵两优106表现最高,金早47表现最低。干物质总积累量和干物质平均日积累量与总颖花数和产量分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与结实率呈极显著负相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与产量相关度高于抽穗后干物质积累量。综上所述,台州地区早稻生产宜选用两系杂交早籼稻品种在生产上推广。生产中注重提高单位面积穗粒数,促进干物质积累量,更有利于早稻获得高产。     

小麦光温敏核雄性不育系开颖和柱头外露特征及其对异交结实能力的影响

为明确小麦光温敏核雄性不育系的开颖、柱头外露特征及其异交结实能力,在小区制种条件下考察了4个不育系的开颖、柱头外露小花数和异交结实粒数,并分析了开颖率、柱头外露率与异交结实率的关系。结果表明,供试不育系的开颖率为18.10%～86.28%、柱头外露率为28.68%～67.33%,其中BS366为高开颖率低柱头外露率类型,BS206为中开颖率高柱头外露率类型,BS212为低开颖率中柱头外露率类型,BS1453为低开颖率低柱头外露率类型。供试不育系柱头外露小花和开颖小花的异交结实率分别为59.39%～65.62%和26.16%～55.54%,二者平均异交结实率相差23.46个百分点,表明柱头外露小花异交结实能力高于开颖小花,且不育系间的差异较小。供试不育系的异交结实率在23.58%～53.16%之间,各不育系间差异显著;开颖小花异交结实粒数占总异交结实粒数的平均比例为50.55%,柱头外露小花异交结实粒数占总异交结实粒数的平均比例为68.47%。开颖率、柱头外露率与异交结实率呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.719和0.372,开颖率与柱头外露率也呈极显著正相关(r=0.467)。因此,高...     

分蘖期和拔节期干旱对小麦主茎和分蘖穗粒形成的影响

为明确分蘖期和拔节期干旱对小麦穗粒数形成的影响,在盆栽条件下以豫麦49（小穗型）和扬麦13（中穗型）为材料,研究了小麦分蘖期和拔节期不同程度干旱条件下主茎和分蘖的穗粒形成特征。结果表明,分蘖期和拔节期轻度干旱对小麦穗粒数的影响不显著,而分蘖期重度干旱显著降低了主茎穗粒数,拔节期重度干旱和分蘖期+拔节期重度干旱均可显著降低主茎和分蘖的穗粒数,且对主茎穗粒数的影响更大。分蘖期重度干旱处理显著降低了主茎小穗分化数与可见小花数,但对分蘖无影响。拔节期重度干旱和分蘖期+拔节期重度干旱处理可显著降低小穗结实率、可见小花数、可孕小花数及可孕花结实率,进而导致小麦穗粒数显著降低。分蘖期重度干旱处理导致小麦主茎穗粒数的降低并未影响主茎的产量,拔节期重度干旱和分蘖期+拔节期重度干旱处理导致小麦主茎穗粒数下降均造成产量显著降低。因此,小麦营养生长期适度干旱不影响小麦主茎和分蘖小穗及小花发育,从而能够维持较高的穗粒数和产量,可以适度的进行节水灌溉,提高水分利用效率。     

北疆超晚播小麦品种生育特性及产量比较

为探明北疆超晚播条件下,冬、春性小麦品种间生育特性及产量的差异,采用田间试验（10月31日播种,冬前不灌水）,比较了6个冬性和5个春性小麦品种的生育特性及产量。结果表明,春性品种出苗率明显高于冬性品种,春性品种平均生育期（91.8 d）比冬性品种(95.0 d)短约3.0 d;春性品种总茎数平均峰值（869.3×10⁴·hm^-2）明显高于冬性品种（772.4×10⁴·hm^-2）;叶面积指数和干物质积累量的平均值在春、冬性品种间差异不明显;新冬41、新春6号、新春43号的产量较高,为7 581.6~7 935.6 kg·hm^-2,获得高产的穗数为431.7×10⁴~515.8× 10⁴·hm^-2,穗粒数 31.6~36.3,千粒重46.8~52.8 g。综合考虑产量、出苗率、成熟期等因素,初步认为新春6号、新冬41号、新春43号适合在北疆超晚播。     

种植密度对不同穗型冬小麦品种结实特性和产量的影响

为了明确种植密度对冬小麦结实特性和产量的影响，于2020-2021年以大穗型品种衡观35和多穗型品种济麦22为试验材料，设置4个种植密度水平，分别为每公顷基本苗180万（D180）、300万（D300）、420万（D420）和540万（D540）株，比较分析了不同种植密度下冬小麦小花结实、籽粒空间分布特征和产量的差异。结果表明，随着种植密度的降低，衡观35主茎穗上部和I分蘖穗下部、济麦22主茎和I分蘖穗中上部小穗位的结实粒数呈增加的趋势。降低种植密度促进了两个品种穗中部小穗位弱势小花、上部和下部小穗位强势小花的结实。衡观35主茎穗中上部和I分蘖穗中部小穗位的结实粒数均高于济麦22。开花期穗干重与可孕小花数呈显著正相关。低种植密度处理下开花期穗干重的增加为其获得较高的穗粒数奠定了良好的物质基础。种植密度对千粒重影响不显著，但显著降低了衡观35的穗数。由于产量构成三要素的协调作用，两个品种均在D300处理下获得了最高产量，但与其余种植密度处理间差异均不显著。综合来看，在保证穗数的前提下，适当降低种植密度会促进冬小麦主茎和分蘖穗结实，进而增加穗粒数和产量，可节约生产成本，有利于冬小麦绿色高产高效生产。     

不同种植密度下小麦主要性状与产量和蛋白质含量的灰色评判

为了明确不同种植密度下小麦主要性状与产量和蛋白质含量的关系,以4种种植密度下4个小麦新品系(种)的11个性状为指标,运用灰色关联度分析其主要性状对产量和蛋白质含量构成的影响.结果表明,在不同密度下各主要性状对产量的关联度从大到小依次是:穗长＞可孕小稳数＞穗下节长＞株高＞蛋白质舍量＞整齐度＞不孕小穗数＞成穗数＞穗重＞千粒重＞穗颈长.在不同的密度下各主要性状对蛋白质含量的关联度从大到小依次是:株高＞可孕小穗数＞穗重＞千粒重＞穗长＞整齐度＞产量＞穗下节长＞不孕小穗数＞成穗数＞穗颈长.表明不同种植密度下影响产量和蛋白质含量的主要性状各有侧重,在高产优质新品种选育中应重视可孕小穗数和株高这两个主要性状.     

秸秆覆盖与施磷对旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响

中国西南丘陵旱地气候冬干春旱且速效磷缺乏,是冬小麦生产的主要限制因素。为明确秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南丘陵旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响,以川麦104为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区为玉米秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM),裂区为0、75和120 kg P₂O₅·hm^-23个施磷水平,比较分析了不同处理下小麦小花分化及结实特性的差异。结果表明,秸秆覆盖与施磷均可提高小麦小花分化数和可孕小花数,且磷素效应大于秸秆覆盖效应。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^-2条件下最大分化小花数分别增加了17.4%和78.0%,可孕小花数分别增加27.0%和94.1%,小花存活率提高了16.5个百分点。施磷后穗基部可孕小花数和结实粒数增幅较大,穗中部和顶部增幅较小。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^-2条件下,穗基部可孕小花数均极显著增加,增幅分别为100.0%和127.2%;结实粒数显著增加,增幅分别为186.4%和193.2%。秸秆覆盖后产量较不覆盖提高20.5%;施磷75和120...     

Radiation effects on potential number of grains per spike and biomass partitioning in two- and six-rowed near isogenic barley lines

The critical period for yield determination in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is situated in the pre-heading phases. During the latest part of the critical period one of the most important yield components (i.e. the number of grains per spike) is set in two- and six-rowed barley. In wheat, much is known about the role of the spike in assimilate acquisition for the establishment of grains per spike, but not in barley. This paper evaluates how biomass partitioning between vegetative and reproductive organs impacts floret development and primordia survival in response to radiation during different periods in the crop cycle, in barley lines. Field experiments were carried out using two- and six-rowed near isogenic barley lines differing only in spike type. Shading treatments were applied at different periods during the crop cycle (from 60 to 15 days before and after heading) reducing the intercepted radiation (ca. 70%). Dynamics of floret primordia initiation and mortality and of floret development for different spikelet positions along the spike were measured, and biomass partitioning between vegetative and reproductive structures was calculated.

Pre-heading shading reduced fertile florets per spike (P < 0.001). In the immediate pre-heading treatment, distal floret primordia could not reach a fertile floret stage due to a low rate of floral development.

The amount of assimilates partitioned to the spike at heading affected the number of fertile florets per spike in both barley types. However, when spike biomass at heading was corrected by nitrogen concentration, the fitness of the relationship did not improve in relation to the first one. In relative terms, radiation restrictions during the immediate pre-heading phase increased the amount of biomass partitioned to the growing spike.     

施氮量对小麦穗花发育及穗粒数的影响

为了解小麦穗发育与氮素营养的关系,通过田间试验,设置90、180、270kg·hm-2三个施氮量水平(分别用N1、N2和N3表示),选用半冬性小麦品种豫麦49和弱春性品种太空6号为材料,研究了施氮量对小麦主茎幼穗长度、第九小穗小花发育进程、每穗总小穗数、不孕小穗数、小穗结实率、产量及其构成的影响。结果表明,随着时间的推移,小麦主茎幼穗长度对施氮量响应逐渐明显,豫麦49和太空6号分别表现为N3N2N1和N2N3N1。豫麦49第九小穗第4~6朵小花发育进程对施氮量响应差异显著,且分化程度随施氮水平的提高而增加;太空6号第3~6朵小花进程对施氮量响应差异显著,其中第3朵小花在发育进程前期N2处理快于N1、N3处理,中期和后期N2、N3处理快于N1处理,第4~6朵小花分化程度则一直表现为N2N3N1。不同施氮处理间总小穗数、不孕小穗数、小穗结实率、产量、穗粒数等指标差异亦显著,且品种之间对施氮反应存在差异,其中豫麦49的总小穗数、小穗结实率、产量、穗粒数呈N3N2N1,而太空6号呈N2N3N1;豫麦49小穗结实率呈N3N2N1,而太空6号呈N2N3N1。由此可见,施氮量对小麦产量的影响与其对小穗中部小花发育、每穗总小穗数、不孕小穗数和单穗结实率的影响相一致。     

Initiation and Development of Spikelets and Florets in Wheat as Influenced by Shading and Nitrogen Supply at the Spikelet Phase

Abstract

The spike of the main culm in winter wheat was examined by scanning electron microscopy from the double ridge to 6 days after the terminal spikelet stage to quantitatively evaluate the effects of shading and nitrogen supply at the spikelet phase on the numbers of spikelets and floret primordia, and the development of florets. Positional differences on a spike in grain setting at maturity were also investigated. Nitrogen supply affected neither the rate nor duration of spikelet initiation, the number of spikelets remaining unchanged. Although nitrogen supply positively affected the initiation and development of florets, it slightly reduced the grain weight per spike at maturity due to a decrease in the number of grains per spike and the reduced grain weight. These results suggested that under the field condition, nitrogen supply at the double ridge stage is too late to have a significant effect on the spikelet number, and might induce competition for nitrogen between the main culm and tillers, or induce mutual shading between plants, resulting in lighter grain weight per spike. Shading decreased the rate of spikelet initiation, resulting in a significant decrease in spikelet number. The initiation and the development of florets were also decreased by shading. Lower non -structural carbohydrate content at the terminal spikelet stage suggested that the limited assimilate supply by shading was likely responsible for the decreases in the initiation and development of spikelets and florets.     

新麦草种子产量与繁殖性状的关联性分析

为了解新麦草的种子产量及繁殖性状间的关系,对27份新麦草种质资源的单株种子产量与7个产量性状的关联性进行了分析。结果表明,新麦草的单株生殖枝数、穗轴节数、单穗小花数和千粒重与单株种子产量关联最密切,其相关性表现为单株生殖枝数＞千粒重＞穗轴节数＞单穗小花数。经通径分析,单株生殖枝数（X₁）对单株种子产量（Y）直接效应最大,其余依次是单穗小花数（X₄）、单穗小穗数（X₃）、千粒重（X₇）、穗轴节数（X₂）和单穗结实种子数（X₅）,其中单穗结实种子数和结实率对种子产量均表现为负效应,且未达到显著水平。经逐步回归分析得到回归方程Y= -9.880 2+0.27X₁+0.012X₄+2.011 1X₇（R=0.805 8,P<0.001）,说明提高单株生殖枝数、千粒重、单穗小花数对新麦草增产的贡献最大,增加结实率也可间接提高新麦草的单株种子产量。     

Old and modern durum wheat varieties from Italy and Spain differ in main spike components

Four field experiments comparing 24 durum wheat varieties grown at different periods during the 20th century in Italy and Spain were carried out to assess the changes caused by breeding activities on the number of grains per main spike and its determinants: number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spikelet, fertile flowering and grain setting. Increases of 0.14 grains spike⁻¹ year⁻¹ (0.43% year⁻¹ in relative terms) and 0.08 grains spike⁻¹ year⁻¹ (0.22% year⁻¹) were observed in Italian and Spanish varieties, respectively. The overall change in the number of grains per spike in Italian germplasm (29.5%) was due to increases in both, the number of spikelets per spike (7.5%) and the number of grains per spikelet (20.3%), while in Spanish varieties the increase in the number of grains per spike (19.5%) was only attributed to the improvement of the number of grains per spikelet. The increase in the number of fertile florets per spike (about 12%) was similar in both countries, but while it explained more than 70% of the changes in the number of grains per spike in Spanish varieties, grain setting was responsible for most of the improvement in the number of grains per spike in the Italian germplasm. The percentage of florets setting grains was 68 and 64% in modern Italian and Spanish varieties, respectively. Most of the changes in the number of grains per spikelet were found in the upper part of the spike on Italian varieties, whilst they were more evenly distributed in the Spanish ones. The main achievement derived from the introduction of the Rht-B1 dwarfing gene was an increase in the number of grains per spikelet, but it did not have any effect on the number of spikelets on the main spike. The lack of genetic associations between grain setting and both the number of spikelets per spike and the number of fertile florets per spike suggests that future yield gains may be obtained through increases in the three components independently.     

Floret development and spike growth as affected by photoperiod during stem elongation in wheat

A longer duration of stem elongation (from terminal spikelet initiation to anthesis) would result in a higher wheat yield potential as a consequence of the increase in both spike dry weight and number of fertile florets at anthesis. It is not clearly understood, however, which processes are involved in the increased spike dry weight and whether this variable accounts for the higher number of fertile florets when duration of stem elongation is modified by photoperiod treatments. As vernalization interacts with photoperiod during the stem elongation phase, a better understanding of the role of vernalization is also required. A field experiment was carried out using two wheat cultivars (Buck Manantial (BM) and Eureka Ferrocarril Sur (EFS)) subjected to diverse periods of vernalization (V₁₅ and V₅₀, plants vernalized for 15 and 50 days, respectively) and exposed to different photoperiods (NP+0 and NP+6, natural and 6 h extended photoperiod, respectively) only during the stem elongation phase. Floret development together with stem and spike growth during the stem elongation phase were studied. When the stem elongation phase was exposed to short photoperiod (i) duration of spike growth increased without any change in its growth rate, and (ii) most of the spike growth occurred during minimum stem growth rate as the onset of maximum stem growth rate was delayed. In EFS, the vernalization-sensitive cultivar, the former (i) and (ii) was true only when vernalization requirements were met. For both cultivars, the survival of the initiated floret primordia under short photoperiod increased, independently of vernalization. Both partitioning of assimilates to the spike and a direct photoperiod effect seemed to have been involved in the survival of floret primordia when the stem elongation phase was exposed to short photoperiod.