光照和温度调控种子萌发的分子机理研究进展

种子萌发是个复杂的生理过程,受到内部因子和外界环境的共同调控,其中光照和温度是萌发过程中最关键的环境因子。目前已对种子萌发响应光温的信号传导途径进行了大量深入的研究,鉴定出了一些参与光信号传递途径和温度信号途径的关键基因,揭示了光温信号途径与激素信号途径在种子萌发过程中存在复杂的交联。本文简要概述近年来光照和温度调控种子萌发的分子机理的最新研究进展。     

重金属在不同温度和光照下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响

应用正交试验设计研究了不同浓度的Ni2+,Cu2+,Co2+和温度、光照组合下对骆驼蓬种子萌发特征的影响。结果表明,低浓度的Ni 2+,Cu2+,Co2+混合溶液有利于提高骆驼蓬的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,高浓度则表现出明显抑制性;不管混合溶液中重金属离子浓度的高低,都会不同程度地影响骆驼蓬幼苗生长,但浓度较低时抑制不显著;在Ni 2+浓度5mg/L,Cu2+浓度800mg/L,Co2+浓度400mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h处理下骆驼蓬的种子萌发快,发芽率相对较高;在不同条件作用下,骆驼蓬幼苗生长的最佳条件是Ni 2+浓度100mg/L,Cu2+浓度100mg/L,Co2+浓度50mg/L,温度25℃,光照12h。     

温度和光照对不同预处理野生甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为确定甘草种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳温度和光照条件,利用生化培养箱研究了不同温度和光照条件对浓硫酸预处理、清水预处理的野生乌拉尔甘草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:（1）浓硫酸预处理能够显著提高甘草种子发芽率,且发芽更整齐;（2）甘草种子从10~40℃都可以发芽,但过低或过高的温度会延缓甘草种子的发芽进程且抑制幼苗生长,乌拉尔甘草出芽和幼苗生长最适宜的温度是20~30℃;（3）清水预处理的种子适宜在光照10 h/d条件下萌发,浓硫酸预处理能够降低甘草种子萌发对光的依赖性,全黑暗条件能够促进甘草幼苗胚根和胚轴的生长。野生乌拉尔甘草种子适宜在20~30℃、光照10 h/d条件下萌发,20℃最适宜甘草幼苗胚根生长,30℃最适宜胚轴生长     

聚丙烯酰胺对几种植物种子萌发及生长的影响

用不同浓度聚丙烯酰胺溶液处理苜蓿、狗尾草、沙棘等8种草本、灌木植物发芽试验结果表明,聚丙烯酰胺溶液浓度为0.1-1.0g/kg时,对鸡眼草、沙棘、苜蓿、草木樨种子萌发有促进作用,对其幼苗苗高、根长的影响除个别有较小抑制作用外,均表现促进作用。当溶液浓度为0.5g/kg时,对兴安胡枝子种子幼苗的根系生长则表现出显著抑制作用,而对荆条种子萌发表现出极显著抑制作用。聚丙烯酰胺各处理浓度均对黄白草、狗尾草萌发表现出极显著或显著抑制作用,而对其幼苗苗高、根长表现出显著促进或较小的抑制作用。     

沙埋和水分对3种灌草植物种子萌发及出苗的影响

选取柠条、紫花苜蓿和披碱草3种沙区常见灌草植物进行大田盆栽实验,研究种子在不同沙埋深度和供水条件下的萌发及出苗特性.结果表明：1）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子主要在2.5 ～5.0 mm供水量条件下出苗,柠条种子的最大出苗率为59.00％±7.21％,紫花苜蓿种子出苗率未超过40％,2.5 mm供水量条件下紫花苜蓿幼苗死亡率较大,存在萌发后大量死亡的现象,披碱草种子在5.0～9.0mm供水量条件下出苗较好,最大出苗率为52.67％士10.67％;2）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子的适宜沙埋深度分别为0.5～1 cm和0.5cm,随着埋深的增加,二者的出苗率显著降低,在4.5cm埋深时,柠条种子萌发后未出土幼苗数最多,披碱草种子对沙埋的适应性较好,4.5 am沙埋深度时出苗率最大.     

保水剂对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究不同保水剂用量对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响,筛选种子包衣保水剂的适宜用量,为荒漠区植被恢复和荒漠化防治提供科学依据。[方法]以红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、泡果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)、花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)4种典型荒漠植物为研究对象,采用1%,4%,7%,10%,13%的保水剂对4种种子进行处理,测定4种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数。[结果]随保水剂用量的增加柠条种子发芽率呈现下降趋势,花棒、泡果白刺和红砂呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时发芽率最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条和红砂种子发芽势影响显著(p0.05)。随着保水剂用量的增加发芽势均呈现先增加后减小趋势,当保水剂用量为1%时柠条种子发芽势最高,4%时花棒、泡果白刺和红砂种子的发芽势最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条、泡果白刺和红砂种子平均发芽速率和发芽指数影响显著(p0.05),泡果白刺和红砂种子随着保水剂用量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时平均发芽速率和发芽指数最高,当保水剂用量为1%时,柠条种子发芽指数最大。[结论]保水剂用量对种子萌发的影响因物种而各异,适量的保水剂对典型荒漠植物种子的萌发具有促进作用。     

西鄂尔多斯4种荒漠植物种子萌发对水分条件的响应

研究了不同土壤水分处理对霸王、沙冬青、长叶红砂及蒙古扁桃这4种荒漠植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量显著地影响着种子萌发和幼苗生长。霸王种子在6%的土壤含水量下萌发率和萌发指数最高,活力指数和幼苗生物量也最大,幼苗生长良好。沙冬青种子在12%的土壤含水量、长叶红砂和蒙古扁桃种子在16%的土壤含水量下萌发和生长良好。种子萌发策略反映了物种对荒漠水分条件不同的适应机制,并影响种群的更新和扩展。     

不同覆盖物对薄层土壤温度和植物萌发的影响

地面覆盖对光辐射吸收转化和热量传导均有影响。为给覆盖材料的选择提供理论依据,采用稻草秸秆和无纺布两种覆盖方式,以无覆盖作对照,分别从土壤日均温度变化、土壤周均温变化、植物萌发率方面进行了比较,结果表明:稻草秸秆和无纺布均能调节土壤温差,具有低温时升温、高温时降温的温度效应,其中无纺布覆盖的表层土壤温度日变化小、稻草秸秆覆盖的其次、对照最大,稻草秸秆覆盖的周均温与月积温最大、无纺布覆盖其次、对照最小。随着时间的推移,草本植物萌发率远远高于木本,且无论草本还是木本,无纺布覆盖的植物萌发率均比秸秆覆盖和对照的大。     

盐胁迫对三种水土保持植物种子萌发的影响

以火炬树、刺槐、黄花槐三种水土保持树种的种子为材料,分别用0.5%、1.0%和1.5%等三种不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理7 d,以蒸馏水为对照,进行种子萌发试验,探讨NaCl处理对其的影响。结果表明:不同浓度盐胁迫对三种种子的发芽均有一定的影响,尤以黄花槐种子影响最大,火炬树次之,刺槐最低,说明刺槐的抗盐性相对较强,适宜盐碱地造林。     

温度对柳枝稷种子萌发的影响

柳枝稷是一种优良的纤维素类草本能源植物,具有优良的牧草特性及水土保持功能,同时又被认为是一种理想的可再生替代能源植物。为研究不同温度处理下柳枝稷种子的萌发特性,利用主成分分析法对发芽总数、发芽率、峰值、日平均发芽率、发芽系数、发芽指数、胚芽干重和活力指数8个种子活力测定指标进行了筛选,结果表明:发芽指数、发芽系数、胚芽干重3个测定指标能够较真实、全面地反映柳枝稷种子活力水平,可作为种子萌发的测定指标;柳枝稷3个品种种子的适宜萌发温度为35℃,在发芽水平上,品种Bay Canada的种子品质要高于Alamo、Common。     

Earthworm-mediated maternal effects on seed germination and seedling growth in three annual plants

Many ecological studies have pointed out maternal effects in plants and shown that plant maternal environment influences germination of their seed and subsequent seedling growth. However, few have tested for maternal effects induced by soil macroorganisms. We tested whether two earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris) trigger such maternal effects on seed germination and seedling growth of three plant species (Veronica persica, Poa annua and Cerastium glomeratum). Our results show that, through maternal effects, A. caliginosa enhanced seed germination (V. persica and P. annua) and seedling growth (C. glomeratum and P. annua) while L. terrestris reduced seed germination only in V. persica. In some cases, the increase in germination rates of seeds produced in the presence of earthworms was associated with a reduction of nitrogen content in seeds. These results show that earthworms induce maternal effects in plants and that the size and direction of these effects depend on the combination of plant and earthworm species.     

不同机械处理对白栎种子萌发的影响

为有效解决白栎(Quercus fabri Hance)种子延迟萌发和出苗不整齐的问题,研究了不同机械处理(对照、去碗疤、去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶、去皮及切除2/3子叶)对白栎种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:(1)去皮、去皮及切除1/2子叶处理的种子根的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短39 d和36 d,芽的平均萌发时间分别比对照显著缩短52 d和51 d,根的萌发整齐性指数分别显著提高0.3和0.2,芽的萌发整齐性指数均显著提高0.4,2个处理显著增加了白栎种子出根率(平均增加57.8%)与萌芽率(平均增加33.3%),去皮处理促进了根的生长(增加3.0 cm);(2)去皮及切除2/3子叶处理显著缩短了白栎种子根和芽的平均萌发时间(分别缩短36 d和50 d),提高了萌发整齐性指数(分别提高0.2和0.4)和生根率(均增加26.7%),但萌芽率、根长和苗高均与对照无显著差异;(3)去碗疤处理显著降低了白栎种子根和芽的平均发芽时间(分别缩短16 d和21 d),但萌发整齐性指数、出根率、萌芽率、根长和苗高均没有显著变化。因此,去皮和去皮及切除1/2子叶处理效果较好,能有效促进白栎种子萌发和整齐性出苗,对白栎的育苗工作有重要的实践意义。     

铬Cr^6＋对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

采用水培和土培试验方法,研究了不同浓度的铬(Cr6 )对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长的影响,结果表明,六价铬对水稻种子的萌发及出苗都有不良影响;幼苗随着铬(Cr6 )浓度的增加,植株的生长明显受到抑制,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均下降,但水培较土培所引起铬的危害起始浓度更小,失绿症状更严重。     

Soil salt and NaCl have different effects on seed germination of the halophyte Suaeda salsa

Seed germination is a key life‐history stage of halophytes. Most studies on seed germination of halophytes have focused on the effects of a single salt, while little information is available on the effects of mixed salt in the natural habitat. Due to the contribution of multiple ions in saline soil, we hypothesized that the effect of mixed salt on seed germination will differ from that of a single salt and the mechanism of how germination is affected will differ as well. The effects of mixed salt and NaCl on germination, water imbibition, and ionic concentrations of seeds of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. were compared at various salinity levels. Germination percentage (GP) and rate (GR) decreased with increasing salinity level, regardless of salt type. There was no difference in GP or GR between mixed salt and NaCl when the salinity level was below 20 dS m^?1. Above 20 dS m^?1, GP and GR in NaCl were lower than those in mixed salt. At the same salinity level, Na⁺ concentration in seeds was higher in NaCl than that in mixed salt, but the reverse was true for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations. Imbibition rate for seeds in NaCl was lower than that in mixed salt at the same salinity level. Addition of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ alleviated the inhibition of NaCl on seed germination. In conclusion, our results suggest that the effects of soil salts and NaCl on seed germination are different, and using NaCl instead of soil salt might not be realistic to show the effect of saline stress on seed germination of halophytes in the natural habitat.     

辣椒不同品种种子萌芽期耐低温性及评价方法研究

以108个辣椒品种为试材, 测定了低温(18 ℃)下种子的相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对胚根长、相对发芽指数和相对活力指数, 并采用极点排序法对辣椒不同品种的耐低温性进行综合评价。结果表明: 辣椒 不同品种种子萌芽期的耐低温性不同, 相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对胚根长和相对活力指数4项指标在不同品种间差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。选用上述4个指标, 采用极点排序法计算得到各品种的综合评价得分, 根据综合评价得分将108个辣椒品种分为10个耐低温品种, 9个低温敏感品种, 其余为中度耐低温品种。辣椒种子相对发芽势、相对胚根长与综合评价得分的相关性达到显著水平; 相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数与综合评价得分的相关性达极显著水平, 且相对活力指数与综合评价得分的相关性最高(r=0.899 9)。通过测定低温下辣椒品种萌芽期相关性状指标, 采用极点排序法可对辣椒种子萌芽期耐低温性进行快速、准确的评价。     

红梗叶甜菜种子发芽特性的研究

研究了不同处理条件下红梗叶甜菜种子的发芽特性。结果表明，用一定浓度的双氧水、硼酸、磷酸二氢钾浸种处理红梗叶甜菜种子，可提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数，其中以浓度10g／L H2O2、0．5g／L H3BO3和5g／L KH2PO4处理较为适宜；赤霉素处理种子的发芽效果不明显；吸湿一回干处理对红梗叶甜菜种子发芽有良好的促进作用；红梗叶甜菜种球色泽、粒径大小与发芽的关系密切，黄色或黄褐色种球的发芽力显著高于黑色或褐色种球的，大、中粒种子的发芽力显著高于小粒种子的；叶甜菜种子不耐贮藏，发芽力下降较快，使用年限仅为1a。     

Impact of cycocel on seed germination and growth in some commercial crops under osmotic stress conditions

Most of plant growth regulators are known to alleviate negative effects of osmotic stress on crop growth. To evaluate the effects of cycocel (CCC), as a growth regulator, on crop seed germination, early growth, and vegetative growth under osmotic stress conditions, a study was conducted under controlled conditions. Six crops, wheat, barley, maize, sunflower, safflower, and rapeseed were grown under five osmotic potentials (0, as non-stress, ?0.5, ?1.0, ?1.5, and ?2.0 MPa), which were raised from seeds treated with three CCC concentrations (0, 2.5, and 3.5 g l^?1). Reduced germination, seedling and vegetative growth as well as enhanced leaf free proline and chlorophyll content index were observed under osmotic stress. The extent of these changes depended on the type of the used crops. Priming with optimum CCC concentration mitigated to great extent stress-induced adverse effects on these crops. The positive effect of CCC priming on wheat, maize, and rapeseed was observed only at moderate osmotic levels, whereas on barley and safflower the priming effects were found in all levels of osmotic stress. However, sunflower did not respond to CCC priming treatments which might have been due to its thick achene coat. CCC priming was found to be effective in diverting a major proportion of assimilates to root, because root to shoot dry weight ratio increased due to CCC application under all osmotic stress regimes. Since barley and safflower were found to be most responsive to CCC priming, further research for better understanding of mechanisms of CCC priming on their germination and vegetative growth is recommended.     

土壤温度、水分胁迫和播种浓度对玉米种子萌发出苗的影响

萌发试验同时在实验室和田间进行。试验结果表明，当土壤含水量低于10%时，玉米种子将不能顺利萌发。温度变化可以加速种子萌发，田间条件下，50%种子萌发所需的积温范围为18.6-23.8℃，决定于昼夜的温差。播种深度影响出苗速率，50%出苗所需的时间播深8厘米比播深5厘米推迟半天（相当于积温3-5℃），80%出苗所需的时间播深8厘米比播深5厘米推迟1天（相当于积温7-10℃）。     

小麦与油菜种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的反应研究

用pH2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0模拟酸雨处理小麦和油菜种子试验结果表明,pH2.0时小麦和油菜种子不发芽,pH2.5时只有小麦异状发芽,pH≥3.0时小麦和油菜种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均与pH值显著正相关,小麦异状发芽率则随pH值上升而降低。小麦和油菜的吸水值、呼吸速率、贮藏物质运转效率也与pH值显著正相关,小麦贮藏物质消耗率与pH值显著正相关,而油菜与pH值显著负相关;小麦和油菜的根、芽长抑制指数均与pH值显著负相关,且小麦抗酸雨胁迫能力强于油菜。     

Predicting germination response of primed and non-primed seeds of five crops under field-variable temperature

Abstract

Farmers typically practice ‘on-farm’ priming to overcome the ‘spring drought’ in semi-arid regions. The reason invoked for the priming effect in the literature is often the thermal time model whereas investigators rarely focus on the root system of the seedling. The aims of this study were to quantify the priming effect and simulate the emergence pattern under field-variable temperatures. Furthermore, we describe the priming effect on the character of the seedling root system. Seed priming enhanced the germination percentage and accelerated the germination rate in all species, especially at lower temperatures. Priming decreased the thermal requirement of all tested crops; the simulated priming effect was maximized during cooler conditions in early spring; the root system of primed plants developed in advance, indicating that the seedlings possessed more drought tolerance.