电动拖拉机底盘多目标优化设计

针对目前电动拖拉机底盘布置研究相对较少的情况,基于现有的整机匹配结果进行了底盘布置设计,利用三维建模软件建立模型,输入质量参数,提取整机主要零部件重心位置参数,然后通过分析拖拉机牵引机组作业时的力学特性,建立相关数学模型。以电动拖拉机的牵引效率和整机质量作为优化目标,采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行多目标优化。综合考虑了犁耕作业下拖拉机的稳定性要求、驱动力要求、载荷波动情况以及传动系和行走系零件寿命等影响因素,制定了算法运行的约束条件,建立了约束方程组。以电动拖拉机的使用重力、前后电池组的质心和整机质心为目标变量,推导出动力性和经济性最优的目标函数。通过ModeFRONTIER平台,采用NSGA-Ⅱ算法对电池分布式方案进行了多目标优化。两种不同耕深条件下的优化结果对比分析表明,按照本文方式优化布置后的电动拖拉机在耕深为180mm时,优化后的整体质量与经验法相比减少了14.3%,配重质量为25.3kg;耕深为240mm时,优化后的整体质量与经验法相比减少了10.3%,配重质量仅为4.4kg,说明在牵引工况下无需额外增加配重就能达到良好的牵引性能。与经验法相比,两种耕深条件下拖拉机的配重都小很多,说明基于传统拖拉机的配重经验法计算并不适用于电动拖拉机,同时也能说明,电动拖拉机因自身总质量超过同功率段传统拖拉机,可以通过合理设计底盘布置方案,在没有配重的情况下达到理想的牵引效率。优化后的电动拖拉机底盘布置方案,在作业工况下驱动轮滑转率小于特征滑转率,整机牵引效率明显提高。     

手扶拖拉机旱田驱动叶轮的研究

根据手持拖拉机结构参数和其在旱地作业的状态进行了旱地驱动叶轮的设计,建立了轮缘外径、轮叶齿数、轮叶齿端曲线等方程,据此确定了沭河81拖拉机旱地驱动叶轮主要参数。与轮胎进行性能对比,未耕地和已耕地作业时最大牵引功率分别提高22％和17％,最大牵引力分别提高33％和24％,齿形夹角150°的驱动叶轮较轮叶夹角120°的驱动叶轮最大牵引力提高24％。     

手扶拖拉机旱田驱动叶轮的研究

根据手扶拖拉机结构参数和其在旱地作业的状态进行了旱地驱动叶轮的设计,建立了轮缘外径、轮叶齿数、轮叶齿端曲线等方程,据此确定了沐河81拖拉机旱地驱动叶轮主要参数。与轮胎进行性能对比,未耕地和已耕地作业时最大牵引功率分别提高22％和17％,最大牵引力分别提高33％和24％,齿形夹角150°的驱动叶轮较软叶夹角120°的驱动叶轮最大牵引力提高24％。     

改善轮式拖拉机牵引附着性能的措施

介绍了几种提高轮式拖拉机旱地牵引性能的方法,可为解决轮式拖拉机在使用过程中经常遇到的牵引附着性能不足,行驶作业困难,或者牵引效率不高而经济性低等问题提供参考。     

旋耕机使用保养经验谈

在我国广大农村,无论水田、旱地,旋耕机的应用十分普遍,在耕作机械中占有重要地位。旋耕机是与拖拉机配套作业的机具,按配套动力分为手扶拖拉机（以下简称手拖）配套旋耕机和轮式拖拉机（以下简称轮拖）配套旋耕机两大类。与犁耕和耙耕作业相比,旋耕作业具有碎土性能好、适应性广、作业效率高等优点。     

纯电动拖拉机动力系统设计及性能分析

针对传统燃油拖拉机油耗高、污染大、变速器结构复杂、底盘布置柔性化差等缺点,提出一种纯电动拖拉机动力系统传递方案。基于东方红—200P型拖拉机,通过理论计算对牵引电动机、变速器、动力电池组等主要部件完成选型,并在充分考虑滑转率影响下分析了选型后纯电动拖拉机作业性能。结果表明,所设计纯电动拖拉机能够实现犁耕、运输等多种作业工况,在整个驱动力范围内,滑转率控制在0.028~0.122之间,处于理想范围,犁耕作业速度在6km/h时的作业时间为5.7h,满足设计要求。     

旋耕机使用保养经验谈

在我国广大农村,无论水田、旱地,旋耕机的应用十分普遍,在耕作机械中占有重要地位.旋耕机是与拖拉机配套作业的机具,按配套动力分为手扶拖拉机(以下简称手拖)配套旋耕机和轮式拖拉机(以下简称轮拖)配套旋耕机两大类.与犁耕和耙耕作业相比,旋耕作业具有碎土性能好、适应性广、作业效率高等优点.     

这些技巧要不得

卸配重块一些机手为了使机车"轻装上阵",把拖拉机的配重块统统卸掉,这种做法对机车本身和行车安全都有极大危害。配重块的作用是增加拖拉机的附着力,防止打滑,提高牵引性能,保持作业的稳定性。卸掉配重,机车重心将偏移,挂接农具或重载上坡时会出现翘头,甚至会发生翻车事故;在松软泥泞的路面上行驶时,因附     

注意 这些做法是错误的!

1.卸配重块 一些机手为了使机车“轻装上阵”,把拖拉机的配重块统统卸掉,这种做法对机车本身和行车安全都有极大危害。配重块的作用是增加拖拉机的附着力,防止打滑,提高牵引性能,保持作业的稳定性。卸掉配重,机车重心将偏移,挂接农     

拖拉机快速、自动配重装置

给拖拉机加配重对大多数驾驶员是很平常的活动．面通常要加到每个轮胎的载重限度为止。然而．很多情况下并不需要把配重加到最大．另外．由于技配重时会遇到困难．并要消耗时间．所以在拖拉机不需配重时，驾驶员通常并不把四重除去。据估计．拖拉机的平均牵引效率是46％．上就景说，拖拉机动力输出轴上的动力平均有54％被浪费了。如果可自由调节配重．土壤压实就不会很严重．深耕也可以日每年一次改为隔年一次。据专家提供的数字．在美国．每提高1％的牵引效率一每年即可下管7～SAl万矗仓对燃泊。目前．驾传员给拖拉机加配重的唯一方法是人…     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。