芦花鸡线粒体DNA D-loop区部分片段的克隆及分析

采集芦花鸡血液分离血细胞,成功提取了线料体DNA,并通过PCR反应扩增出了D-Loop区高变区序列.测序后发现,芦花鸡线粒体DNA D-Loop区高变区序列长590 bp,A、T碱基含量占56.1%,G、C碱基含量占43.9%.     

家畜线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的研究

本文概述了家畜特别是牛和猪线粒体ＤＮＡ研究的概况和取得的成果，介绍了家畜线粒体ＤＮＡ的一些特征，限制性酶及限制性酶分析以及线粒体ＤＮＡ在家畜种间和品种间的多态性，并讨论了这种多态性，作为一个重要的母性遗传标记在考查家畜种及品种起源和演化上的意义。     

线粒体超微病变与线粒体病

线粒体是一个结构复杂且敏感多变的细胞器。内、外环境的变化,会引起线粒体结构和功能异常,因此有关其超微病变和生理功能方面的研究一直持续不断,且发展迅速,其研究结果在临床上常作为疾病诊断的指标。现已发现线粒体超微病变和生理功能异常与不同疾病如艾滋病、癌症、心脏病等之间有关联。研究线粒体超微病变对简化诊断步骤、判断病变性质、分析病因、探讨治疗及估计预后等都有重要意义。作者主要从线粒体超微病变、线粒体病几方面进行综述。     

线粒体DNA及蜜蜂线粒体DNA的研究现状与展望

线粒体DNA是真核细胞中核外唯一的遗传物质,是目前研究起源进化及群体遗传分析的理想研究对象。综述了线粒体DNA(mtDNA)基本特征、多态性及其分析方法的同时,介绍了蜜蜂线粒体DNA的组成结构和多态性,阐述了蜜蜂线粒体DNA研究的现状并对其未来的发展前景予以展望。     

线粒体功能调控机制进展及研究方法

线粒体是细胞代谢的中枢,参与细胞能量供应、新陈代谢以及凋亡、免疫等机体功能,也是细胞在各种压力下的第1道防线。维持蛋白质正确的折叠和质量控制对维持线粒体功能及细胞存活具有重要意义。因此,本文对线粒体功能损伤的调控机制（主要阐述线粒体自噬和线粒体未折叠蛋白反应）的研究进展和线粒体功能研究方法等方面进行了综述,旨在为进一步促进以线粒体为靶标的营养调控剂在动物生产上的应用提供参考。     

铜对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体膜通透性及呼吸的影响

为进一步了解铜对生物体的生物学效应，选用硫酸铜作为铜源，向即时分离的肉鸡肝细胞线粒体培养液内加入终浓度分别为5、10、20μmol／L的铜（以铜计），孵育10min后，观察肝细胞线粒体膜通透性及呼吸的变化。结果显示，铜对线粒体膜通透性转换孔有较显著的影响，造成线粒体不同程度的肿胀，表现为线粒体悬液在540nm处的吸光值下降，且铜浓度越高，吸光值下降越明显，在孵盲6min后3种浓度的吸光值下降百分比差异显著（P〈0．05）。随着铜浓度的升高，线粒体呼吸逐渐减弱，RCR、P／O、OPR均显著降低（P〈0．05），这些变化可能是微量元素铜对生物机体产生毒害作用的本质原因之一。     

线粒体基因与疾病关系的研究进展

以线粒体结构和功能缺陷为主要病因的疾病常称为线粒体病,主要指线粒体基因变化所致的疾病。mtDNA基因表达受众多因素调控,存在多个突变位点,其发生突变的概率很大。基因突变和基因表达异常可影响细胞对氧的利用,与一系列病理生理过程密切相关,故而mtDNA被认为与疾病的发生有密切关系。文章主要对近年来线粒体所致疾病与mtDNA相关变化的研究进展作一综述。     

谷胱甘肽对铜孵育的肉鸡肝细胞线粒体的保护作用

向即时分离的肉鸡肝细胞线粒体培养液内加入终浓度分别为10、30、50μmol/L的Cu2＋和200μmol/L GSH＋50μmol/L Cu2＋,孵育20min后,观察培养液中不同铜浓度对线粒体H2O2生成速率和呼吸链复合物活性的影响。结果表明,30μmol/L和50μmol/L的Cu2＋能引起线粒体H2O2生成速率和呼吸链复合物活性出现明显加快和降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,10μmol/L Cu2＋组没有出现明显变化;谷胱甘肽可显著抑制50μmol/L Cu2＋引起的变化（P〈0.01）,对线粒体具有保护作用。     

线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响

心脏是一个高耗能、高耗氧的器官,其正常收缩及电信号的正常传导也需大量能量供应,因此心肌细胞含有大量线粒体。正常生理状态下,线粒体在细胞内的数量、形态和功能是相对稳定的。当机体内细胞能量产生不足或两个独立的线粒体存在不同的缺陷时,线粒体会受到Mfn1/2和OPA1的调控而发生融合,发生融合后线粒体基质含量相互混合形成一个功能完善的新的线粒体,此过程即为线粒体融合。为维持线粒体DNA及线粒体膜电位的稳定,线粒体受到Drp1及其受体的调控而发生分裂,分裂可使受损的线粒体DNA及去极化的线粒体膜在分裂时聚集到一个子线粒体中,并通过泛素化-蛋白酶系统或自噬作用消除,从而维持线粒体的正常功能。线粒体融合与分裂是一个连续波动的过程,被认为是维持线粒体和细胞正常功能和形态的关键过程。近年来研究发现,心肌细胞线粒体的融合与分裂失衡会引起自身形态和功能的紊乱,进而损害心脏结构和功能。因此,维持心肌细胞的稳态需要线粒体分裂和融合之间的动态平衡,而维持线粒体的动态平衡则需要介导线粒体融合与分裂相关的动力蛋白。作者对参与线粒体融合及分裂过程的关键蛋白的功能进行了综述,同时讨论了线粒体动力学平衡对心脏结构与功能的影响,以期为后期的研究提供一定理论参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.