秸秆还田研究进展及内蒙古玉米秸秆深翻还田现状

秸秆是培肥土壤重要的可再生资源,秸秆还田是培肥和改良土壤最为经济有效的技术措施,同时可解决田间焚烧秸秆所带来的大气污染问题。本文系统总结了秸秆还田的技术模式和培肥机理,阐述了秸秆还田对土壤理化性状、土壤养分与养分有效性、土壤酶活性与微生物、土壤温室气体减排和作物产量的影响,重点概述了内蒙古玉米秸秆深翻还田的研究进展,并对今后研究方向进行了展望。针对内蒙古平原灌区玉米生产现有的自然环境和农业栽培技术措施,以秸秆培肥土壤为切入点,提出了与农田生态环境相适应的秸秆深翻还田培肥模式。     

宁夏银北灌区直播水稻品种特性初步比较试验

为了筛选出适宜在宁夏银北灌区种植的优良直播水稻品种,加速水稻品种的更新换代,以9个水稻品种为材料,在宁夏农垦南梁农场采用大区对比法进行比较试验,分别对各品种的生育期、出苗率、茎蘖动态和成穗率、主要经济性状、产量、品质等指标进行考察。结果表明:在相同管理条件下,宁粳41、京宁32的生育期适中,成穗率较高,经济性状突出,产量较高,生产潜力大,具有很好的推广应用价值。G19虽然农艺性状较对照品种差,但其加工品质和外观品质都远远优于其他供试品种,作为优质稻米品种推广有较大潜力。     

内蒙古平原灌区高产春玉米(15 t hm-2以上)产量性能及增产途径

针对内蒙古平原灌区春玉米高产(15 t hm^-2以上)群体产量进一步提高难度大,产量挖潜途径不明确的问题,采用产量构成因素分析与产量性能参数分析相互验证的方法,在4年52点次高产(15 t hm^-2以上)群体产量构成因素分析的基础上,设计不同品种密度试验,研究增密对不同品种群体产量性能的影响,明确不同类型玉米品种的增产途径和栽培调控的主攻方向。结果表明,穗数和穗粒数是决定高产(15 t hm^-2以上)群体产量的主要因素。实现15 t hm^-2以上群体的产量结构为：穗数(7.08~9.60)×10⁴穗,穗粒数477~654粒,千粒重324.7~388.7 g,穗粒重168.9~234.0 g。其合理群体结构衡量指标是LAI_max在6.5以上,平均LAI在5左右,收获期LAI在3.5以上。高秆大穗型品种理想的产量结构是：67 500~75 000穗 hm^-2,每穗610~640粒,千粒重380 g左右,单穗粒重220~240 g,产量大于15 t hm^-2;株高适中的中小穗型品种,理想产量结构是： 75 000~97 500穗 hm^-2,每穗520~600粒,千粒重340~355 g,单穗粒重180~220 g,产量在16.5 t hm^-2以上。密度增加促进平均作物生长率(MCGR)和单位面积总籽粒数(TGN)的增加进而提高产量,但增密后平均净同化率(MNAR)降低导致穗粒数显著降低并限制了TGN的提高潜力。通过增密为主的结构性挖潜,使得群体功能的增益大于个体生产性能的降低,实现高产(15 t hm^-2以上),属于“得失性补偿增产”;在优化群体结构的基础上,提高个体生产能力,突破个体库容降低的限制,进行功能性挖潜,实现群体结构和个体功能协同增益的“差异性补偿增产”,是产量进一步提高的重要途径。     

五个马铃薯品种在湖南冬闲田种植的适应性

通过对5个马铃薯品种的品质、产量、抗病性、经济产出等特性的比较试验,筛选适合湖南冬闲田栽培推广的马铃薯新品种。结果表明:在相同的栽培条件下,陇薯7号和LK99相对于费乌瑞它(Favorita)分别增产41.28%和29.80%。综合看来,陇薯7号和LK99产量、抗病性和综合性状较好,适合在湖南冬闲田推广。紫色马铃薯黑金刚产量偏低,但该品种富含花青素,营养价值高,干物质含量高。费乌瑞它作为湖南冬闲田传统品种,生育期短,上市早,产量高,干物质含量高,但是抗病性差,建议今后适度发展。     

北疆临冬播小麦品种间生育特性及产量比较

为筛选出适合北疆临冬播小麦品种,采用田间试验,比较了18个小麦品种的出苗率、叶面积指数、干物质积累及产量等。结果表明,越冬期4cm最低地温为-7.93℃条件下,春小麦品种平均出苗率（53.23%）显著高于冬小麦品种（34.20%）,宁春系列品种的平均出苗率（60.83%）高于新春系列品种（42.67%）;冬小麦品种的平均生育期较春小麦品种长6d且晚熟,新春系列品种的平均生育期（103d）长于农麦和永良系列品种（88d）及宁春系列品种（92d）。新春48号和新冬41号出苗率分别45.60%和52.00%,基本苗数分别为342.00万和390.00万/hm²,穗数分别为459.00万和365.00万/hm²,穗粒数分别为34.90和33.84;叶面积指数峰值分别为3.96和3.52;总光合势分别为247.00和231.21(m²·d)/m²,干物质积累总量和经济系数均较高;生育期分别为104和106d;产量均显著高于其他品种。综合各项指标,新春48号和新冬41号适合北疆地区临冬播种。     

柴达木灌区油菜品种退化原因分析及防杂保纯对策

通过分析我州油菜品种退化的原因,提出了相应的防杂保纯对策,旨在最大限度的发挥油菜品种的增产潜力,为进一步提高油菜产量和质量提供保障.     

不同播期对糜子不同品种生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨不同播期对糜子不同品种生长发育及产量的影响,以6个糜子品种为试验材料,在山西晋中榆次设5个播期试验,研究了播期对糜子品种发育及产量的影响。结果表明：晋中当地播期B5（7月15日）糜子不能安全成熟。其余4个播期糜子均能正常成熟,且随着播期的推迟,各品种生育期都缩短,各品种株高、主茎节数、有效分蘖等形态特性及单穗长、单穗粒重、千粒重等经济性状整体上随着播期的推迟呈减小趋势。从产量来看,晋黍9号、汾黍6号适宜早播,在5月底播种,汾黍6号产量最高可达5 913.63kg/hm ²;伊糜5号、固糜21号、榆糜2号及保黍1号则宜晚播,6月初播种,榆糜2号产量最高可达6 306.96kg/hm ²。     

成都平原栽培方式对不同类型水稻品种生长发育及产量形成的影响

为明确成都平原水稻直播技术的适宜品种和配套高产栽培技术,以杂交籼稻‘德香4103’和常规籼稻‘金农丝苗’为材料开展了田间试验,调查测定了直播、机插秧及人工移栽等3 种栽培方式的生育期、分蘖成穗、叶面积消长、干物质积累、产量及其构成因素。结果表明,栽培方式间产量的差异与品种有关,杂交籼稻品种直播产量与人工移栽产量相当,高于机插秧;常规籼稻直播产量最高,机插其次,人工移栽最低。此外,直播稻群体数量增长最快,成穗以主茎和一次低位分蘖为主,抽穗后光合生产能力品种间存在显著差异。直播稻群体规模大,采用常规籼稻直播更有利于协调群体和个体的关系,依靠穗数优势实现高产。     

水稻品种与播期对机插稻秧苗特性及产量的影响

为探索品种与播期对本地区机插稻秧苗特性和产量的影响,进行了两年两因素试验。结果表明：随着播期推迟,机插秧苗移栽时的叶龄、株高、叶片数和单株干重均呈现上升趋势;而产量呈逐渐下降趋势,两年间播期1比播期2和播期3分别提高了14.5%和22.4%。产量构成分析表明,随着播期推迟,不同品种的有效穗数均表现为播期2〉播期1〉播期...     

春小麦品种高原412种植表现及栽培技术

<正>高原412是中国科学院西北高原生物研究所经系谱法选育而成的高产、优质、抗病春小麦新品种。品种组合为高原602×181,2009年12月通过第二届国家农作物品种审定委员会第二次会议审定,审定编号:国审麦2009031。同年,该品种引人青海省海南藏族自治州贵德县试种,现将几年的试验结果综述如下。1品种特征特性1.1农艺性状该品种属春性,多穗型中早熟品种,成熟期比对照青春533略早。幼苗半匍匐,苗势壮,叶片     

Flag leaf area in five spring wheat crosses and the relationship to grain yield

Summary Five spring wheat crosses were evaluated over a 6-year period using comparisons between F₂ and F₃ data and between near-isogenic F₄ populations selected for flag leaf area. Nonsignificant r values for F₂ vs. F₃ flag leaf measurements may be due to the effect of environment on flag leaf area, but are probably also an indication of low heritability for this plant character. Near-isogenic populations selected on the basis of flag leaf area showed little difference in grain yield, an indication that other plant parts must be more influential in determining grain yield. Flag leaf area, by itself, appears not to be a good index to plant performance.Joint contribution of ARS/USDA and the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Published with approval of the Director of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station as Paper No. 725. Journal Series. Use of data from Research Centers at Moccasin. Havre. Huntley, and Kalispell is gratefully acknowledged.     

The effect of VRN1 genes on important agronomic traits in high‐yielding Canadian soft white spring wheat

For reproductive success, flowering time must synchronize with favourable environmental conditions. Vernalization genes play a major role in accelerating or delaying the time to flowering. We studied how different vernalization (VRN1) gene combinations alter days to flowering and maturity and consequently the effect on grain yield and other agronomic traits. The study focussed on the effect of the VRN1 gene series (Vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1) and their combinations. The Vrn gene group Vrn‐A1a, Vrn‐B1, vrn‐D1 was the earliest to flower and mature, while Vrn‐A1b, Vrn‐B1, vrn‐D1 was the latest to flower. Spring wheat lines with vrn‐A1, Vrn‐B1, Vrn‐D1 were the highest yielding and matured at a similar time as those having vernalization genes Vrn‐A1a, Vrn‐B1 and Vrn‐D1. The findings of this study suggest that the presence of Vrn‐D1 has a direct or indirect role in producing higher grain yield. We therefore suggest the introduction of Vrn‐D1 allele into higher‐yielding classes within Canadian spring wheat germplasm.     

内蒙古胡麻地方品种资源遗传多样性分析

为了揭示内蒙古胡麻地方品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,采用SRAP分子标记对23份胡麻地方品种进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明：胡麻25.0μL SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为10μmol/L正反向引物0.3μL、2×Taq Master Mix 9.0μL、DNA模板量40ng;18对SRAP引物扩增得到219个条带,平均每对引物扩增的条带为12.17,多态性条带为136,多态性比率为62.10%,观测等位基因数为2.00,平均每个位点有效等位基因数1.59,多态性信息量（PIC）平均为0.61;有效等位基因数（N_e）、香农信息指数（I）和Nei’s遗传相似系数（H）分别为1.5630、0.6715和0.4738;在遗传相似系数0.55处供试胡麻分为两大类,在遗传相似系数0.38处,第一大类群分为3个亚群。结论认为,内蒙古胡麻地方品种的遗传多样性丰富,同一个地区培育的胡麻品种亲缘关系较近。     

气候变暖背景下内蒙古作物物候变化研究

利用长时间序列物候观测数据研究作物物候变化是认知气候变暖对农业生产影响的重要途径。研究选用1981—2009年内蒙古地区13个农业气象观测站的小麦和玉米物候资料,利用统计方法分析了内蒙古作物（小麦/玉米）物候的变化趋势。结果表明：在管理（主要指调整播期）和作物品种变化共同作用下,小麦和玉米物候对气候变化的响应不同。小麦的播种期平均推迟1.7 d/10 a,而玉米播种期提前1.0 d/10 a。小麦的抽穗和成熟期分别平均推迟1.7 d/10 a和0.8 d/10 a,而玉米抽穗期平均变化较小,成熟期平均推迟达3.3 d/10 a。小麦和玉米不同生长阶段历时的变化趋势呈显著差异。出苗—抽穗营养生长阶段,小麦平均缩短了1.4 d/10 a,而玉米却延长了1.2 d/10 a;抽穗—成熟生殖生长阶段,小麦和玉米分别平均延长了0.2 d/10 a、3.3 d/10 a;而出苗—成熟整个生长阶段,小麦平均缩短了1.2 d/10 a,而玉米却延长达到4.5 d/10 a。     

内蒙古草原羊尿斑块土壤氮素的变化特征

在内蒙古草原对天然羊尿尿斑土壤氮素的变化进行了系统研究，结果表嘎：随着羊尿的施入，土壤NH4^＋-N浓度显著升高（P〈0．01），并于第3天达到最大值；施后7d前（不包括第7天），与对照区相比，施尿区土壤NO3^--N浓度显著降低（P〈0．05），7d后，施尿区土壤NO3^-N浓度显著高于对照区（P〈0．01）；羊尿施入35d前（不包括第35天），土壤NH4^＋N浓度显著高于N03^--N（p〈0．05），而35d后，NH4^＋-N浓度开始低于N03^-N，而且差异显著（p〈0．05）.施尿后，土壤微生物量氮呈增加趋势，并于第35d达到最大值，而后开始下降，84d后又出现升高现象；施尿区0—5cm和5-10cm土壤微生物量氮显著高于对照区（P〈0．05），但10—20cm土壤差异不显著（P〉0．05）。施尿后，土壤可溶性有机氮浓度显著升高（P〈0．05），并于第7天达到最大值，而后呈下降趋势，3个取样层次呈一致的变化趋势。施尿区和对照区土壤无机氮与可溶性有机氮、无机氮与微生物量氮存在显著的正相关关系（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），但土壤可溶性有机氮与微生物量氮相关不显著（P〉0．05）。     

内蒙古草原不同植物种群土壤化学元素特征

对内蒙古温带典型草原冷蒿（Artemisia frigida）、星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、羊草（Leymus chinensis）、木地肤（Kochia prostrata）和小叶锦码儿（Caragana mierophylla）种群土壤无机氮、微生物量氮、全氮、有机碳、净氮矿化速率和pH等特性进行了系统研究，、结果表明，不同植物种群土壤pH值和全N含量3个取样期均以羊草最高，其次为星毛委陵菜，小叶锦鸡儿种群最低。除冷蒿与术地肤种群问外，其他种群间土壤pH值和全N含量均达到显著性差异（P〈0．05）。羊草种群土壤无机N含量最高，其次依次为冷蒿种群、小叶锦鸡儿种群、木地肤种群和星毛委陵菜种群。各植物种群间土壤无机N含量均达到了显著性差异（P〈0．05）。不同植物种群土壤微生物量氮（MBN）3个取样期均以小叶锦鸡儿最高，其次依次为羊草种群、冷蒿种群、木地肤种群和星毛委陵菜种群，各种群间差异显著（P〈0．05）。3个培养期均以羊草种群土壤净氮矿化速率最高，其次依次为冷蒿、星毛委陵菜、木地肤和小叶锦鸡儿，各种群间均达到了显著差异（P〈0．05）。土壤净氮矿化速率与植物种群土壤pH、温度和C：N分别存在显著的正相关和负相关关系（P〈0．05）。3个取样期土壤有机碳含量均以小叶锦鸡儿种群最高，其次为羊草种群，星毛委陵菜种群最低。除冷蒿种群与木地肤种群间土壤有机碳含量差异不显著（P〉0．05）外，其他各植物种群间土壤有机碳含量均达到了显著性差异（P〈0．05）。这些变化特征说明，随着草地退化和灌丛化，土壤养分呈降低趋势，尤其是有效养分变化更加明显。     

Development of an irrigation regime for winter wheat to save water resources by avoiding irrigation at anthesis stage

Latest published information is limited on agronomic responses of winter wheat to irrigation quantity and the necessity of irrigation at the anthesis stage. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate winter wheat yield, water use, assimilate redistribution and economic benefit with respect to water input and (2) quantify relationship between water input and yield to develop a standard for withholding irrigation at anthesis. A 4-year long field experiment was conducted to evaluate winter wheat water use, yield formation pathway and farmers' income under three irrigation regimes: rainfed, irrigation at sowing and jointing (SJ-W) and irrigation at sowing, jointing and anthesis (SJA-W). The yield formation pathway was correlated with the water-induced variation in assimilate redistribution and accumulation. Throughout the experimental period, wheat yield was 19–38% lower in rainfed than that under other irrigation treatments. Moreover, SJ-W treatment substantially increased biomass accumulation at anthesis, accelerated assimilate redistribution in vegetative organs and eventually resulted in a similar wheat yield to that of SJA-W. Simultaneously, the SJ-W treatment had lower irrigation water, reduced additional irrigation cost, suppressed yield loss and obtained a similar farmer's net income to the SJA-W treatment. Water-induced variations in yield were determined by irrigation, rainfall and soil water storage. SJ-W plots receiving 204–331 mm water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and holding 549–587 mm soil water during anthesis stage achieved higher irrigation water use efficiency and yield relative to the rainfed and SJA-W plots. In contrast, water input under rainfed plots exceeded 200 mm before anthesis, limiting yield substantially even when seasonal soil water consumption exceeded 160 mm. Developing a standard for withholding irrigation at the anthesis stage should incorporate 204–331 mm of water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and 549–587 mm soil water storage at anthesis, which could achieve a high wheat yield and save water resources.     

干旱胁迫对内蒙古草原多根葱生理生化指标的影响

为了探明内蒙古草原多根葱抗旱性能,采用盆栽控水法研究干旱胁迫对多根葱植物叶片生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,内蒙古草原3个样地(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)多根葱叶片相对含水量呈显著下降的趋势,叶绿素含量、SOD、POD、CAT活性均呈先上升后下降的趋势,水分饱和亏、相对电导率、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量呈上升的趋势。多根葱干旱性程度与水分饱和亏、相对电导率、膜脂过氧化作用呈正相关,与叶绿素含量、相对含水量、保护性酶活性呈负相关。隶属函数法抗旱性综合评价耐旱性强弱顺序为ⅠⅢⅡ。     

Heat tolerance in spring wheat. I. Estimating cellular thermotolerance and its heritability

High temperature is a major environmental stress factor limiting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Improvement of heat tolerance in wheat is an important breeding objective. Genetic variation in cellular thermotolerance among 56 spring wheat cultivars was evaluated at the seedling stage of growth by cell membrane thermostability (CMS) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) assays. A subset of eight lines was also evaluated at the flowering stage using the same assays. With both assays Average thermotolerance tended to decrease from the seedling to the flowering stages. However, thermotolerance was well correlated between growth stages among the eight cultivars for both CMS (r = 0.92; p = 0.004) and TTC (r = 0.84; p = 0.050). The correlation between TTC and CMS among the eight cultivars tested at the seedling and the flowering growth stages was significant (r = 0.74; p = 0.031 and r = 0.75; p = 0.029, respectively). The same correlation was less strong, though still significant (r = 0.32; p = 0.014) across 56 cultivars at the seedling stage. In a study of the cross V747 (tolerant)/Barkaee (susceptible), broad sense heritability was estimated at 89% for TTC. Most of the genetic variance was additive. CMS in seedlings of 16 cultivars was positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) correlated with yields of these cultivars in each of four hot environments in Mexico, Sudan, India, and Brazil. The same correlations for TTC were positive but nonsignificant. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.