苜蓿干草饲喂方式对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵和营养物质消化率的影响

文章旨在研究苜蓿干草饲喂方式对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数和营养物质消化率的影响。试验选择30头刚出生的中国荷斯坦母犊牛,采用完全随机试验设计,分为对照组、试验I组和试验II组,每组10头犊牛。对照组犊牛只饲喂牛乳和开食料,试验1组犊牛饲喂牛乳、开食料和苜蓿干草,其中苜蓿干草和开食料均匀混合以全混合日粮的方式饲喂(苜蓿干草添加量为日粮干物质基础的10%);试验II组奶牛饲喂牛乳、开食料和苜蓿干草,其中苜蓿干草以单独供给的方式饲喂。试验共70 d,犊牛在57 d断奶。试验期间,1~50 d为哺乳期,犊牛饲喂常乳(正常饲喂量)+开食料;51~56 d为断奶过渡期,犊牛饲喂常乳(减量)+开食料;57~70 d为断奶后期,犊牛只饲喂开食料。于犊牛7日龄开始饲喂开食料,于犊牛14日龄开始饲喂苜蓿干草。每天记录开食料采食量,分别于试验第1天、第57天、第70天称量犊牛早晨空腹体重,分别于第40天、第57天和第70天,在早晨犊牛采食开食料3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定挥发性脂肪酸浓度。试验最后3 d收集粪便进行消化试验,测定营养物质消化率。试验结果表明,无论苜蓿干草以何种方式喂给犊牛均显著提高犊牛日均干物质采食量,但对平均日增重和饲喂效率无显著影响。与苜蓿干草和开食料混合以全混合日粮形式饲喂犊牛相比,苜蓿干草和开食料分开饲喂犊牛更能提高犊牛干物质采食量。对于犊牛瘤胃发酵参数而言,苜蓿干草和开食料分开饲喂犊牛的瘤胃液p H显著高于苜蓿干草和开食料混合以全混合日粮形式饲喂犊牛的瘤胃液p H,但两种饲喂形式犊牛的瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸浓度与对照组犊牛差异不显著。两种苜蓿干草的饲喂方式对犊牛日粮营养物质消化率没有显著影响。因此,推荐在给犊牛饲喂苜蓿干草时,宜将苜蓿干草与开食料分开饲喂给犊牛。     

哺乳期补饲开食料对牦牛犊牛生长性能和皱胃组织形态与功能发育的影响

本试验旨在探究补饲开食料对哺乳期牦牛犊牛生长性能、皱胃组织形态、主要消化酶活性以及营养转运载体基因表达的影响。选取20头健康、体重相近的1月龄牦牛公犊牛,随机分为2组,每组各10头,对照组饲喂代乳粉和苜蓿干草,试验组在对照组的基础上补饲一定量的开食料,补饲开食料与苜蓿干草比例为1∶1。预试期14 d,正试期120 d。试验结束时每组选取5头牦牛犊牛进行屠宰试验,并采集皱胃组织及内容物的样品待测。结果表明：1）试验组牦牛犊牛的干物质采食量、终末体重、平均日增重、体高均极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）;2组牦牛犊牛间初始体重、体斜长、胸围均差异不显著（P>0.05）。2）试验组牦牛犊牛的皱胃黏膜下层和肌层厚度均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;2组间牦牛犊牛皱胃黏膜上皮、黏膜肌层、浆膜层厚度均差异不显著（P>0.05）。3）试验组牦牛犊牛皱胃葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶活性均极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）;试验组皱胃淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;皱胃胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性2组间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但试验组略高于对照组。4）试验组牦牛犊牛...     

不同粗饲料及其加工方式对犊牛生产性能和瘤胃组织形态的影响

试验旨在研究不同粗饲料及其加工方式对犊牛生产性能和瘤胃组织形态的影响。选取健康、体重（43.5±3.4）kg的新生荷斯坦公犊牛40头，随机分为4组，每组10头牛，分别饲喂切短苜蓿、颗粒苜蓿、切短燕麦和颗粒燕麦，自由采食。试验自15日龄至56日龄。结果表明：粗饲料种类对犊牛各生长性能指标均无显著影响；苜蓿组犊牛的体高（45日龄）和瘤胃腹囊肌层厚度高于燕麦组（P<0.05）；粗饲料加工方式对体重无显著影响，但颗粒组犊牛各阶段干草采食量（P<0.01）和15～30日龄的日均总干物质采食量以及瘤胃背囊乳头长度均高于切短组（P<0.05），切短组犊牛46～56日龄和全期的开食料采食量（P<0.01）、15～30日龄和46～56日龄的平均日增重（P<0.05）、45日龄和56日龄时的体斜长和胸围（P<0.05）、瘤胃腹囊肌层厚度（P<0.05）均高于颗粒组；粗饲料种类和加工方式互作对犊牛各生长性能指标和体尺指标均无显著影响，但切短苜蓿组瘤胃腹囊肌层厚度高于其他三组（P<0.05）。由此可见，补饲切短干草可显著提高犊牛开食料采食量、平均日增重及断奶后体...     

哺乳期饲喂开食料对牦牛犊牛生长性能和肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在探究哺乳期饲喂开食料对牦牛犊牛生长性能和肠道发育的影响。选取体重[（30.79±3.43 kg）]相近的健康1月龄公牦牛犊牛20头，随机分为2组（对照组和试验组），每组10头。预试期30 d，正试期165 d。第1～100天，对照组牦牛犊牛饲喂代乳粉和苜蓿干草，试验组牦牛犊牛饲喂代乳粉、苜蓿干草和开食料，2组牦牛犊牛饲喂等量的代乳粉，且2组干物质饲喂量相同；第101～165天，2组牦牛犊牛均停止饲喂代乳粉，改为饲喂等量的精粗组合饲粮。结果表明：1）在第1～100天，试验组牦牛犊牛的干物质采食量和体重均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）；在第101～165天，试验组牦牛犊牛的体重和平均日增重均显著高于对照组（P <0.05），料重比显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。2）试验组牦牛犊牛的回肠淋巴集结厚度显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。试验组牦牛犊牛十二指肠和空肠胰蛋白酶、回肠糜蛋白酶和盲肠α-淀粉酶活性均显著高于对照组（P<0.05），而十二指肠糜蛋白酶以及结肠内的α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶活性均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。3）试验组和对照组之...     

不同水平苜蓿添加量对犊牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

文章旨在研究犊牛开食料中添加不同含量的苜蓿干草对犊牛生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。试验选择45头刚出生的中国荷斯坦母犊牛,按照体重划分区组,采用完全随机区组试验设计,将新生犊牛分配到3个处理组中,每组15头犊牛。对照组犊牛开食料中不添加苜蓿干草;在试验组Ⅰ犊牛开食料中添加10%的苜蓿干草(干物质基础);试验组Ⅱ犊牛开食料中添加20%的苜蓿干草(干物质基础)。犊牛在60日龄断奶,断奶结束后试验继续进行20 d。试验期间,1～50 d为哺乳期,犊牛饲喂常乳(正常饲喂量)+开食料;51～60 d为断奶过渡期,犊牛饲喂常乳(减量)+开食料;61～80 d为断奶后期,犊牛饲喂开食料。犊牛7日龄时开始饲喂开食料,犊牛14日龄时,在开食料中开始添加苜蓿干草。每天记录开食料采食量,分别于试验第1天、第50天、第80天在早晨饲喂前称重犊牛体重,分别于第50天和第80天在犊牛采食开食料3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定挥发性脂肪酸浓度和NH3-N浓度。于试验最后3 d,采集粪便进行消化试验,测定营养物质消化率。试验结果表明,犊牛开食料中添加苜蓿干草显著提高了犊牛体重、平均日增重和干物质采食量,而且与添加剂量呈线性相关,以20%的添加量组犊牛具有最佳的生长性能,而对犊牛的饲喂效率没有显著影响。犊牛开食料中添加苜蓿干草显著改善了瘤胃发酵功能,增加了瘤胃液pH,提高了瘤胃液乙酸与丙酸的比值。苜蓿干草对犊牛的营养物质表观消化率没有显著影响。因此,本试验结果表明,犊牛开食料中添加20%的苜蓿干草显著提高了犊牛生长性能,改善了犊牛瘤胃发育和发酵功能。     

不同饲喂模式对断奶前犊牛消化代谢及生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲喂方式对断奶前犊牛生长性能的影响。试验选择46头体重和出生日期相近的犊牛,随机分成两组,每组23头。其中,Ⅰ组采用传统饲喂模式(粉状开食料+干草+牛奶),从4日龄开始补充粉状开食料,10日龄开始补充苜蓿干草和精饲料,干草自由采食;Ⅱ组采用现代饲喂模式(颗粒型开食料+牛奶),从4日龄开始补充颗料型开食料。两组均60日龄断奶。结果表明,Ⅰ组犊牛日均干物质采食量显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05),但两组的平均日增重、体高、体斜长、胸围、前管围均无显著差异(P>0.05);血清中葡萄糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)水平组间无差异(P>0.05),45d、60dⅡ组总蛋白(TP)浓度显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),45dⅠ组尿素氮(BUN)显著高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组CP、EE和P的表观消化率显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅱ组犊牛腹泻率(2.39%)低于Ⅰ组(3.12%)。试验表明,断奶前饲喂颗粒开食料有利于降低犊牛腹泻的发生率,提高犊牛对固体饲料的适应性。     

不同粗饲料对西门塔尔杂交牛生产性能、肉品质和瘤胃微生物的影响

本研究旨在评估4种粗饲料对西门塔尔杂交牛生产性能、肉品质及瘤胃微生物的影响。将100头12～14月龄、体重（400.81±1.98）kg的健康西门塔尔杂交牛随机分为花生秧干草组、苜蓿干草组、苜蓿青贮组和构树青贮组,每组5个重复,每个重复5头肉牛。4种粗饲料的添加比例均为19.61%,精粗比45:55。预试期10 d,正试期90 d。结果显示：(1)苜蓿青贮组和构树青贮组平均日采食量均高于花生秧干草组和苜蓿干草组（P<0.01）,苜蓿青贮组平均日采食量高于构树青贮组（P<0.05）;构树青贮组平均日增重低于其他组（P<0.01）,苜蓿干草组平均日增重高于花生秧干草组（P<0.05）;构树青贮组耗料增重比高于其他组（P<0.01）,花生秧干草组和苜蓿青贮组耗料增重比高于苜蓿干草组（P<0.05）;4组中苜蓿干草组饲料利用率最高,经济效益最好,其次是花生秧干草组。(2)苜蓿干草组的净肉率高于花生秧干草组（P<0.05）,大理石花纹评分高于花生秧干草组和构树青贮组（P<0.01）;构树青贮组剪切力最大,苜蓿青贮组剪切力最小,各组间差异极显著;苜蓿...     

不同类型开食料对犊牛生长发育和瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究开食料类型对荷斯坦哺乳犊牛生长发育和瘤胃发酵参数的影响。选取30头刚出生的中国荷斯坦母犊牛,按照体重进行划分区组,随机分配到3个处理组中,各组分别饲喂颗粒状开食料、粉状开食料和口感化开食料。试验共80 d,其中1～50 d为哺乳期,按照正常程序饲喂常乳+自由采食开食料;51～60 d为过渡期,减少常乳饲喂量+自由采食开食料;61～80 d为断奶后期,自由采食开食料。犊牛从出生第7天开始饲喂开食料。每天记录开食料采食量,分别于试验第1天、第50天、第60天和第80天在早晨饲喂前称重犊牛体重,分别于第50天、第60天和第80天在犊牛采食开食料2 h后采集瘤胃液,测定挥发性脂肪酸浓度和NH3-N浓度。试验结果表明,不同物理形态的开食料对犊牛的体重、平均日增重和开食料采食量具有显著影响。给犊牛饲喂口感化开食料和颗粒状开食料显著增加了干物质采食量和平均日增重,以口感化开食料的饲喂效果最佳。给犊牛饲喂不同物理形态的开食料,对瘤胃pH值、乙酸、丙酸和丁酸浓度无显著影响,但是对瘤胃液氨氮浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度具有显著影响。饲喂口感化开食料和颗粒状开食料显著降低了瘤胃液氨氮浓度,增加了瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度。因此,在犊牛开食料的选择上,给犊牛饲喂口感化开食料可以提高犊牛生长性能,改善瘤胃发酵功能。     

不同饲养方式对牦牛犊牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究不同饲养方式对6月龄断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能、瘤胃发酵及菌群结构的影响。试验选择30头出生日期接近、体重在（51.72±3.15） kg的健康牦牛犊牛,随机分为舍饲组和放牧组,每组15头。舍饲组犊牛饲粮精粗比为65∶35,放牧组犊牛08:30放牧、17:30归牧,不进行补饲。预试期10 d,正试期210 d。结果表明：1）舍饲组牦牛犊牛体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围极显著高于放牧组（P<0.01）。2）舍饲组牦牛犊牛瘤胃液氨态氮、总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度极显著高于放牧组（P<0.01）,微生物蛋白和乙酸浓度显著高于放牧组（P<0.05）,而pH、乙酸/丙酸值极显著低于放牧组（P<0.01）。3)2组中检测到操作分类单元（OTU）总数为5 154个,舍饲组和放牧组特有OTU数分别为1 089和898个,分别占OTU总数的21.13%和17.42%;放牧组ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数显著或极显著高于舍饲组（P<0.05或P<0.01）。4）在门水平上,2组牦牛犊牛瘤胃优势菌门均为厚壁菌门（Firmi...     

不同粗饲料组合和精粗比对断奶犊牛瘤胃液体外发酵及微生物蛋白的影响

以10头3月龄断奶母犊牛为试验动物,以不同精粗比(60∶40和50∶50)、不同粗饲料组合(苜蓿干草、66.7%苜蓿干草+33.3%燕麦干草、50%苜蓿干草+50%燕麦干草、66.7%苜蓿干草+33.3%全株玉米青贮、50%苜蓿干草+50%全株玉米青贮和33.4%苜蓿干草+33.3%燕麦干草+33.3%全株玉米青贮)的发酵底物,利用人工瘤胃体外培养法,通过测定瘤胃液总挥发酸(TVFA)和氨态氮(NH3-N)质量浓度、48 h产气量(GP)、p H、微生物蛋白(MCP)产量和干物质消失率(DMD)等指标,探讨精粗比和粗饲料组合对断奶犊牛瘤胃液体外发酵及瘤胃微生物蛋白产量的影响。结果表明:精粗比和粗饲料组合对瘤胃液的p H影响显著(P0.05),但对微生物蛋白产量、TVFA和GP无显著差异(P0.05);精粗比为60∶40组NH3-N显著高于精粗比为50∶50组(P0.05),且DMD极显著高于50∶50组(P0.01)。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.