苜蓿毁灭刺盘孢菌的主要生物学特性

苜蓿炭疽病是各苜蓿种植区分布较广的毁灭性病害。毁灭刺盘孢(Colletotrichum destructivum)是苜蓿炭疽病的主要病原菌之一。本试验研究了培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH、光照、湿度对毁灭刺盘孢菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生和萌发的影响。结果表明:该菌菌丝适宜生长的培养基为PDA、PSA和V-8汁;适宜温度范围为28~36℃,最适温度为32℃;适宜pH范围为4~6。该病菌在PDA培养基上,分别以麦芽糖和蛋白胨为碳、氮源,在28℃,pH 6的条件下培养时其产孢能力最强。孢子萌发的最适碳、氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和牛肉膏、蛋白胨;最佳温度28℃;最适pH为6。相对湿度98%以上有利于孢子的萌发。持续光照利于菌丝生长、产孢和萌发。     

苦瓜枯萎病菌的生物学特性研究

对尖镰孢苦瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.momdicae Sun &; Huang)的生物学特性进行研究。结果表明,苦瓜枯萎病孢子在蒸馏水中萌发率仅为5%左右,在葡萄糖、蔗糖等溶液中提高到19%,而在苦瓜植株煎汁中可达到96%～100%,这说明孢子萌发,营养条件是主要因素。菌丝生长的最适温度为28～30℃,产孢的最适温度为28℃。该菌在pH2.3～11.3的范围内都能生长,最适pH6.3。全光照条件下生长最好,全黑暗的条件下长得最慢。菌丝生长最适碳源是可溶性淀粉,最适氮源是蛋白胨。     

砖红镰孢生物学特性研究

 砖红镰孢(Fusarium lateritium)在10种不同固体和液体培养基上均能生长。固体培养基以燕麦片培养基上生长最好,水琼脂上生长较差,菌丝也最稀疏;液体培养基中以查氏酵母浸膏培养基上生长量最大,无菌水最差。砖红镰孢在10~30℃均能生长,最适温度25℃,低于5℃或高于35℃时不生长。在pH 4.98~9.18的范围内都能生长,最适pH 7.38。荧光下生长最好,菌丝干重也最多,紫外灯照射对砖红镰孢生长有不利影响。该菌能利用多种单糖、多糖及醇类作碳源和L-丙氨酸等有机氮和硝酸钠等无机氮作氮源。病菌致死温度为50℃ 10 min。大型分生孢子在10~30℃、相对湿度90%~100%和pH 4.98~9.18的范围内均能萌发,其中最适温度为25℃、最适pH为7.38和相对湿度100%中的萌发率最高     

稗草致病菌--尖角突脐孢菌的生物学特性

从稗草病株上分离到一尖角突脐孢菌.对该菌生物学特性的研究表明,其菌丝生长的适宜温度为25～32℃,最适温度为30℃,最适pH为4～6, 对光照无要求; 碳、氮、磷和硫等元素是该菌菌丝体生长的必需元素,钾和镁对菌丝体的生长有极大的促进作用,加入少量的铁和锌对菌丝生长有利,铜元素抑制该菌的生长; 缺碳和氮素明显影响菌落的生长.该菌生长最合适的速效碳源是葡萄糖,缓效碳源是玉米粉,最适无机氮源是硝酸铵,最适有机氮源是酵母粉; 分生孢子萌发的适合温度范围为20～30℃; 分生孢子快速萌发的酸碱条件为初始pH4～7,最佳初始pH值为5; 光照不利于分生孢子快速萌发.     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究——Ⅱ 重寄生菌的生物学特性

梨胶锈菌(Cymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)在PDA、综合马铃薯和梨叶汁培养基上能生长、产孢,以PDA最好,Czapek和硝酸铵蔗糖上生长差且不产孢。菌丝生长和产孢的适温20～30℃,适宜pH6～9,荧光可促进产孢而黑光有抑制作用。对碳源的利用,菌丝生长和干重以甘露醇、葡萄糖等6种碳源为好,甘露醇最佳,淀粉最差;葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和甘露醇中均能产孢,以葡萄糖最好。对氮源的利用,菌丝生长及干重以硝酸钾、甘氨酸和蛋白胨为好;产孢以天冬酰胺、蛋白胨和硝酸钾为好,甘氨酸和谷氨酸不产孢。孢子萌发适温15～30℃,相对湿度65～100％均能萌发,在水滴中萌发率最高,低于50％不萌发;最适pH4～6,低于pH3和高于pH8不萌发;光照有利于孢子萌发。     

水葫芦生防菌尾孢霉属菌株FJ24的生物学特性

测定了从福建省得到的水葫芦致病菌——尾孢霉属菌株FJ24,在不同光照、温度、pH值、碳源、氮源和培养基等条件下菌丝的生长情况。结果表明,全黑暗条件有利于菌丝生长,温度为30℃、pH值为7.6时菌丝生长最快。最适培养基为MDYEA,最适碳源是可溶性淀粉,最适氮源为乙酸铵。     

交枝顶孢霉杀柑橘全爪螨活性及其生物学特性研究

为了明确交枝顶孢霉Acremonium implicatum CQBBW8的杀螨活性及其生物学特性,采用触杀毒力法检测CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨的致死率,通过单因素试验测试不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH及紫外线对CQBBW8菌株生长、产孢及其分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)的校正致死率为54.42%,LC_(50)为1.2×10~6个/mL,LT_(50)值为5.175 9d。最佳生长和产孢培养基分别为PDA和SEA;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源为甘露醇和蛋白胨,产孢最适碳源和氮源为可溶性淀粉和氯化铵;最适生长温度为25℃,最适产孢和分生孢子萌发温度为30℃;最适生长和产孢pH为6.0,最适萌发pH为7.0;紫外线对菌丝生长影响不明显,对产孢影响较大,紫外线照射时间越长,孢子萌发率越高。综上,CQBBW8菌株对柑橘全爪螨有较强的毒力,对营养需求不高,环境适应性较强,具有开发为杀螨真菌制剂的潜力。     

长白山区人参菌核病发生为害及其病原生物学研究

近年来对辽宁和吉林人参主产区病虫害调查发现,人参菌核病发生普遍,为害严重,病田率近90%,病株率5.7%,已经成为长白山区人参主要病害之一。病原生物学研究表明,人参菌核病病原菌菌丝生长及菌核形成的最适温度为20℃,以Czapek培养基为基础的氮源均为蛋白胨。菌丝生长最适pH为4,碳源为山梨醇,最适培养基为胡萝卜培养基;菌核形成的最适pH为6、碳源为果糖,最适培养基为PDA培养基。菌核萌发最佳条件为15~25℃、pH 6~8、碳、氮源分别为乳糖和甘氨酸。菌核在PDA培养基、PSA培养基、人参培养基、燕麦培养基及玉米粉培养基的萌发率均达100%。黑暗条件促进菌丝生长,有利菌核形成及菌核萌发。菌丝致死温度为42℃,菌核致死温度为47℃。     

绿豆叶斑病病菌生长特性研究

对采集的绿豆叶斑病病叶,进行了病原菌分离、鉴定及其菌丝生长特性研究.结果表明,绿豆叶斑病病菌为变灰尾孢菌(Cercospora canescens Ell.et Martin);菌丝生长最适培养基是PSA培养基.不同培养基上的菌落颜色不同.病菌生长适宜温度为25～30℃;病菌对pH的适应范围较广;光照有利于菌丝的生长;病菌生长最适碳源为麦芽糖,最适氮源为酵母膏.     

四川省成都市狭叶十大功劳炭疽病病原菌的鉴定与生物学特性研究

为弄清狭叶十大功劳炭疽病的病原菌,从四川省成都市采集疑似为炭疽病的病叶,采用组织分离法分离病原菌,单孢纯化后通过柯赫氏法则验证为致病菌;根据形态学特征,结合多基因系统学,将病原菌鉴定为果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola。该菌对温度的适应范围较广,10~35℃之间均能生长和产孢,最适生长和产孢温度均为30℃;光照对菌丝生长和产孢影响不显著;在pH 3~11之间均能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH为7,产孢最适pH为4;葡萄糖、甘露醇、乳糖和麦芽糖是菌丝生长的最适碳源,麦芽糖为产孢的最适碳源;蛋白胨是生长和产孢的最适氮源。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.