模拟氮沉降下不同凋落物处理对太岳山华北落叶松林土壤呼吸的影响

土壤呼吸是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,氮沉降会影响土壤中碳储量变化。为阐明模拟氮沉降和不同凋落物处理对土壤呼吸速率的影响,本研究在山西太岳山好地方林场进行氮沉降模拟试验,并对林地表面进行对照(C)、去凋(B)、去根去调(A)处理。结果表明:土壤呼吸速率的季节变化主要受土壤温度和含水量影响,氮沉降并没有改变土壤呼吸速率的季节变化规律。整个观测期内,模拟氮沉降促进了不同凋落物处理下土壤呼吸速率,且均在高氮水平下达到显著(P0.05);高氮促进生长季凋落物层的呼吸;去凋和去根去凋处理抑制了土壤呼吸速率,且低氮和中氮水平降低了抑制土壤呼吸的幅度。土壤温度敏感性随着氮水平的增加而增加。土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度拟合关系不显著(P0.05),而与土壤温度的拟合关系极显著(P0.001)。相比于单因子模型,土壤温度与水分双因子复合模型(RS=aeb TWc)能更好地解释土壤呼吸季节变化。     

森林土壤酶活性对氮沉降的响应

近年来,大气氮沉降日益增加,已对森林生态系统产生了不可忽视的影响,而土壤酶活性反映了土壤肥力及土壤环境质量,因而可以用来评价氮沉降对森林土壤造成的影响。关于氮沉降对森林生态系统酶活性的影响已开展了一系列的研究,然而尚缺少系统总结。文中从森林土壤酶种类和林分类型角度总结了氮沉降对土壤酶活性的影响,并从氮沉降水平、氮种类形态、氮沉降与环境的交互作用等方面探讨了土壤酶活性对氮沉降的响应机制,提出未来研究热点是氮沉降对不同类型的森林土壤酶影响、不同森林类型土壤酶的氮沉降临界值、氮沉降对土壤酶活性影响的长期定位研究以及氮沉降与CO₂浓度、温度、降雨、磷添加的交互作用对土壤酶活性影响,以期为未来森林土壤管理提供参考。     

氮磷沉降对森林土壤生化特性影响研究进展

人类活动引起的氮磷沉降给土壤带来严重影响。外源性氮可以直接增加土壤全氮和碱解氮的含量,提高土壤磷的有效性,减少全磷含量;外源性磷可以促进树木对土壤氮的吸收,可能造成土壤全氮含量下降。外源性氮对微生物群落存在促进、抑制和没有影响3种情况。外源性磷通常可增加微生物生物量,改变原有的森林微生物群落组成;氮沉降可以提高、降低或无影响土壤酶的活性。氮磷沉降对不同土壤酶种类的影响效果各异。氮沉降的影响也与土壤深度及酶的种类有关。对磷沉降影响土壤酶的研究甚少。未来氮磷沉降的研究热点包括热带氮磷沉降、土壤氮磷比和氮磷沉降交互作用对土壤的影响,不同地形、森林类型、林龄条件下氮磷沉降的对比分析,生态系统中缓冲氮磷沉降作用的关键因子及全球气候变化下氮磷沉降对土壤的影响。     

森林生态系统固碳过程对氮沉降增加的响应机制研究进展

氮沉降增加对森林生态系统固碳过程具有重要影响。文中介绍了森林生态系统固碳过程对氮沉降增加响应机制的研究进展,概述了氮沉降增加对植被固碳过程的影响以及土壤碳输入和碳排放对氮沉降增加的响应机理,探讨未来该领域的研究重点,指出在全球氮沉降增加背景下森林植被和土壤固碳分配、森林生态系统固碳过程植被和土壤界面碳、氮循环过程的耦合机理将是未来森林碳循环研究的热点。     

氮沉降对森林土壤碳动态过程的影响

本文综述了国内外关于森林土壤碳动态过程对氮沉降响应机制的研究进展,概述了大气氮沉降对土壤碳释放及其影响因子的作用机制,从土壤生物学特性、凋落物动态、土壤碳释放等方面揭示大气氮沉降对土壤碳平衡过程影响机制和机理,探讨了森林土壤碳动态过程对氮沉降响应的不确定性因素,并指出未来该领域研究重点。     

模拟氮沉降对云冷杉红松林土壤呼吸的影响

2011年5月至2011年10月在黑龙江省小兴安岭云冷杉红松林内进行模拟氮沉降试验,使用便携式土壤CO2通量观测仪LI-8100测定不同氮沉降浓度CK(0)、TL(50 kg.hm-2.a-1)、TM(100 kg.hm-2.a-1)和TH(150 kg.hm-2.a-1)对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,氮沉降未显著改变土壤呼吸的日变化和季节性变化规律;对比CK,TL、TM和TH处理,分别使土壤日呼吸速率提高了13.72%、23.22%和5.12%,年呼吸速率提高了13.98%、18.26%和1.12%;土壤呼吸与温度呈极显著的指数相关(P<0.001),与土壤湿度无显著相关;CK,TL、TM和TH处理下,土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q10分别为4.77、5.71、6.62和5.49,氮沉降处理提高了小兴安岭云冷杉红松林的土壤呼吸速率和温度敏感性。     

模拟氮沉降对喀斯特原生乔木林土壤氮矿化的影响

[目的]近年来大气氮沉降对森林土壤的影响已经成为全球生态领域研究的热点问题之一.本文探究氮沉降背景下喀斯特森林生态系统土壤氮矿化的响应特征,以期为森林生态系统的可持续发展提供理论基础和管理依据.[方法]以喀斯特原生乔木林土面和石沟2种小生境的土壤为研究对象,采用原状土原位连续培养法,研究模拟不同氮沉降水平下土壤硝态氮、...     

华西雨屏区巨桉中龄林土壤呼吸对模拟氮沉降的响应

2009年3月至2009年11月,对华西雨屏区巨桉中龄林进行了模拟氮沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为对照(0kg N.hm-2.a-1)、低氮(50 kg N.hm-2.a-1)、中氮(150 kgN.hm-2.a-1)和高氮(300 kgN.hm-2.a-1)。每月下旬,采用红外CO2分析法测定土壤呼吸速率,并定量地对各处理施氮(NH4NO3)。结果表明:各处理土壤呼吸速率最大值均出现在7月份,最小值出现在5月份;巨桉林土壤呼吸速率12 h平均值均表现为对照低氮中氮高氮;各处理土壤呼吸速率与10 cm土壤温度呈极显著指数正相关关系;利用温度单因素模型可以解释土壤呼吸速率的大部分;模拟氮沉降使得巨桉中龄林土壤呼吸Q10值增大,表明氮沉降增强了巨桉中龄林土壤呼吸的温度敏感性。     

模拟氮沉降对高黎贡山自然公园片区中山湿性常绿阔叶林土壤呼吸速率的影响

于2016年12月至2017年10月,对黎贡山中山湿性常绿阔叶林进行了模拟氮沉降试验,采用的氮沉降水平分别为对照、低氮、中氮和高氮,每月定期用红外CO2分析法测定土壤呼吸速率。结果表明:2016年12月至2017年10月,土壤呼吸受到了一定的抑制;抑制程度最明显的是N30处理,说明高氮处理对土壤呼吸的抑制作用较明显;N15、N5、N0这3个氮处理的呼吸速率较接近,特别是N15与N0两者变化不大。     

氮沉降对中国森林土壤CO_2通量的影响

氮沉降可能改变森林土壤CO_2通量,已有研究结果对氮沉降作用的方向和强度上具有很大的不确定性。通过整合已有模拟氮沉降的野外监测数据,评估了氮沉降对中国森林土壤CO_2通量的影响。结果表明,氮沉降平均降低了中国土壤CO_2通量的8.7%,且这种影响对次生林和人工林影响较大,而对原始林影响较小。同时,氮沉降对土壤CO_2通量的影响对阔叶林、针叶林和针阔混交林均无显著影响,但显著降低了竹林土壤CO_2通量的36%。施加100 kg N·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)时才会对森林土壤CO_2通量造成显著降低,且施加硝酸铵的降低大于尿素。氮沉降的这种影响主要是由于过多的氮抑制了土壤微生物活性造成的。     

森林生态系统土壤碳库对氮沉降的响应

从土壤碳含量的输入和输出两方面综述了N沉降胁迫对土壤碳库的影响方式和过程,分析了目前N沉降对凋落物分解、细根生物量、土壤呼吸的影响的研究进展及其作用机制,但由于N沉降对土壤碳库的影响是一个复杂的综合作用过程,N沉降对森林土壤碳库的总效应尚需要更深入的研究.     

Long-term nitrogen addition further increased carbon sequestration in a boreal forest

In recent decades, global warming and nitrogen (N) deposition have been increasing obviously, which have led to some strong responses in terrestrial ecosystems, especially the carbon (C) cycle. The boreal forest occupies an important position in the global C cycle with its huge C storage. However, the impact of global change such as N deposition on boreal forest ecosystem C cycle has been not very clear. In order to solve this problem, the field experiment of N addition in a boreal forest has been built in the Greater Khingan Mountains of Northeast China since 2011. Four N addition gradients (0, 25, 50, 75 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) were set up to study the response of above- and belowground C pool to N addition. The results showed that the total forest C sequestration of low-, medium- and high-N treatments was 104.4?±?5.9, 20.2?±?2.7 and 5.3?±?0.4 g C/g N, respectively. Aboveground trees were the largest C pool, followed by soil, roots and floor C pool. Low-N increased the input of C by promoting photosynthesis. Trees of Larix gmelini increased the investment in the belowground root system and increased the belowground C pool. High-N reduced the inter-annual litter biomass and decreased litter C:N that accelerated the decomposition of litter, resulting in a reduction in the floor C pool. Low-N increased total soil respiration, while medium- and high-N inhibited heterotrophic respiration and then increased soil C sequestration. The estimation of forest C pool provides valuable data for improving the C dynamic characteristics of boreal forest ecosystem and is of great significance for us to understand the impact of climate change on the global C cycle.

     

基于全球数据库的森林土壤呼吸模型研究

森林土壤呼吸在陆地生态系统的碳平衡中发挥了重要作用,准确估算森林土壤呼吸量对于了 解陆地碳平衡的变化至关重要。这项研究以全球气候数据、全球森林土壤呼吸数据库为基础数据,通过 开发人工神经网络（ANN）模型建立由年平均气温（MAT）、年平均降水（MAP）、森林类型驱动的土壤 呼吸模型,预测全球森林土壤呼吸变化。模型估算的结果表明,从 1960 年到 2017 年,全球森林平均年 土壤呼吸量为 40.10±0.48 Pg C yr-1,全球森林土壤对全球土壤呼吸的贡献在 40.9% - 49.8% 之间。人工神 经网络模型预测的准确度达到 0.63,进一步改善了全球森林土壤呼吸模型预测的精度。     

极端降雪对北亚热带-暖温带气候过渡带人工林土壤呼吸的影响

[目的]本研究的主要目的是研究极端降雪对北亚热带-暖温带气候过渡带人工林土壤呼吸的影响机制。[方法]以信阳市人工林为研究对象,以2018年1月信阳市的暴雪为契机,设置增加雪被、自然降雪、去除雪被的控制试验,利用LI-8100测定了不同厚度雪被处理下土壤呼吸的变化,并结合土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤微生物量碳氮含量、土壤可利用性氮含量等变化,研究土壤呼吸与环境因子之间的关系。[结果]在试验前期,增加雪被显著提高了土壤温度,但增加雪被处理下,试验中后期土壤温度值及整个试验阶段的土壤温度平均值均显著低于对照处理。增加雪被厚度可使土壤呼吸速率提高21.57%,而去除雪被对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响。雪被变化对于微生物量碳氮、土壤可利用性氮含量均无显著影响。增雪处理引起的土壤呼吸速率增加主要由试验前期土壤温度的升高导致的。[结论]极端暴雪可能提高气候过渡带人工林的土壤呼吸速率,但这种提高受到降雪量的影响,30 cm左右的降雪并未显著影响土壤呼吸速率,如果积雪深度继续增加,土壤碳排放速率会有所增强。此外,积雪深度在不同的融雪阶段对土壤呼吸的影响幅度不一致,降雪对土壤呼吸的影响主要发生在积雪完全消融之前这一阶段。本结果可为建立气候变化下的生态系统碳循环模型提供部分数据支持。     

Effect of nitrogen deposition reduction on biodiversity and carbon sequestration

Global warming and loss of biodiversity are among the most prominent environmental issues of our time. Large sums are spent to reduce their causes, the emission of CO₂ and nitrogen compounds. However, the results of such measures are potentially conflicting, as the reduction of nitrogen deposition may hamper carbon sequestration and thus increase global warming. Moreover, it is uncertain whether a lower nitrogen deposition will lead to a higher biodiversity. We applied a dynamic soil model, a vegetation dynamic model and a biodiversity regression model to investigate the effect of nitrogen deposition reduction on the carbon sequestration and plant species diversity. The soil and vegetation models simulate the carbon sequestration as a result of nitrogen deposition and they provide the biodiversity model with information on the soil conditions groundwater table, pH and nitrogen availability. The plant diversity index resulting from the biodiversity model is based on the occurrence of ‘red list’ species for the tree soil conditions. Based on the model runs we forecast that a gradual decrease in nitrogen deposition from 40 to 10 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in the next 25 years will cause a drop in the net carbon sequestration of forest in The Netherlands to 27% of the present amount, while biodiversity remains constant in forest, but may increase in heathland and grassland.     

Carbon dioxide fluxes across the Sierra de Guadarrama, Spain

Understanding the spatial and temporal variation in soil respiration within small geographic areas is essential to accurately assess the carbon budget on a global scale. In this study, we investigated the factors controlling soil respiration in an altitudinal gradient in a southern Mediterranean mixed pine–oak forest ecosystem in the north face of the Sierra de Guadarrama in Spain. Soil respiration was measured in five Pinus sylvestris L. plots over a period of 1 year by means of a closed dynamic system (LI-COR 6400). Soil temperature and water content were measured at the same time as soil respiration. Other soil physico-chemical and microbiological properties were measured during the study. Measured soil respiration ranged from 6.8 to 1.4 μmol m^?2 s^?1, showing the highest values at plots situated at higher elevation. Q ₁₀ values ranged between 1.30 and 2.04, while R ₁₀ values ranged between 2.0 and 3.6. The results indicate that the seasonal variation of soil respiration was mainly controlled by soil temperature and moisture. Among sites, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks regulate soil respiration in addition to soil temperature and moisture. Our results suggest that application of standard models to estimate soil respiration for small geographic areas may not be adequate unless other factors are considered in addition to soil temperature.     

Ecological effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activity

The continuing increase in human activities is causing global changes such as increased deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. There is considerable interest in understanding the effects of increasing atmos-pheric nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activities, specifically in terms of global nitrogen cycling and its potential future contribution to global climate change. This paper summarizes the ecological effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on soil enzyme activities, including size-effects, stage-effects, site-effects, and the effects of different levels and forms of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. We discuss needs for further research on the relationship between atmospheric nitrogen deposition and soil enzymes.     

人为扰动对森林生态系统土壤呼吸的影响

对人工林与天然次生林的土壤呼吸差异及翻土后对人工林土壤呼吸的影响进行研究,结果表明,天然次生林的土壤呼吸显著小于人工林,而有机质含量却相反;人工林翻土后对土壤呼吸的影响十分显著。因此,保护天然次生林、控制森林砍伐、合理使用土地,这对保持土壤肥力、控制土壤CO2排放、维持全球碳平衡及稳定全球气候变化至关重要。