牦牛与黑白花牛的氮平衡比较研究

接近初情期的牦牛和黑白花公牛各3头，于代谢厩中进行精料型（精粗比为4：1）和粗料型（精粗比为1：4）日粮条件下的氮平均对比试验。结果表明，不论牦牛还是黑白花牛，干物质采食量（DMI）、粪氮（FN）、尿氮（UN）和干物质消化率（DMD）均随精料含量上升而升高（P＜0．01），而进食氮（NI）的利用效率则随NI的升高而下降（P＜0．01）。在粗料型的日粮条件下，牦牛对NI的利用效率（58．2％）高于（P＜0．05）黑白花牛（49．0％），二者的DMD（45％）无差异；而在精料型的日粮条件下，NI的利用效率（22％）和DMD（64％）均不随牛种而变化（P＞0．05）。从这些结果得出结论：牦牛与黑白花牛消化道的吸收效率是一样的，在精料型日粮条件下，牦牛机体组织存留氮的能力低于黑白花牛；在粗料型日粮条件下，牦牛比黑白花牛更能有效地利用蛋白资源。     

精料比例对皖南牛粗饲料采食量和日粮养分表观消化率的影响

本试验研究精料比例对皖南牛粗饲料采食量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。30头去势的体重相近的18月龄皖南牛,随机分成5组,各组根据体重的1.9%、1.6%、1.3%、1.0%和0.7%补充精料,通过饲养试验和消化试验测定粗饲料采食量和日粮养分表观消化率。结果表明:皖南牛的粗饲料采食量随着精料饲喂量的减少而增加,总的干物质采食量(DMI)随着精料饲喂量的减少而降低;日粮的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)和总能(GE)的表观消化率随着精料饲喂量的减少而降低;日粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率随着精料的减少先升后降,精料饲喂量占体重1.0%的组的NDF和ADF表观消化率最高,分别为60.48%和57.07%。     

日粮精粗比对延边黄牛养分表观消化率和尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

试验旨在采用日粮调控来探究不同精粗比的日粮对育肥前期的延边黄牛养分表观消化率及尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响。选择4头年龄及体质量相近(300±15)kg的延边黄牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂精粗比为30∶70、40∶60、60∶40和70∶30的育肥前期基础日粮。试验分为4个阶段,每阶段20 d,预试期15 d,正试期5 d收集样品。结果表明:干物质、有机物和粗蛋白采食量随着日粮精料水平的提高而线性增加(P0.01),而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量随日粮精料水平的提高而线性降低(P0.01);随着精粗比的提高,干物质表观消化率显著升高(P0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率显著降低(P0.05)。有机物及酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率随着日粮精料水平的提高差异不显著(P0.05);总嘌呤衍生物排出量和尿囊素随着精粗比的提高呈升高的趋势(P0.05或P0.01)。由此可知,提高日粮精料比例能增加试验牛干物质、有机物和粗蛋白采食量,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维采食量则相应减少;并且有效的提高干物质表观消化率和瘤胃可利用氮含量。     

肉牛日粮配制精粗比与饲养管理影响饲料利用率

日粮中精粗比例提高,会导致瘤胃pH值下降,而纤维分解菌对于pH值下降比较敏感,这样就会影响纤维分解菌的活性,造成粗饲料消化率的下降.因此掌握好肉牛日粮的精粗比,对于提高饲料的消化利用率是很重要的.在肉牛生产中,一般的饲养方式是粗料由肉牛自由采食,每天补饲2～3千克精料混合料,日粮的精粗比例大约为20∶80.精料比例较低,不仅节约了精料,而且对于提高粗饲料的消化率也是有利的.当然这样也会使日粮的营养水平偏低,延长了肉牛的肥育时间,使牛肉的嫩度下降.     

日粮不同精粗比对9月龄后备奶牛甲烷排放与生长性能及营养物质消化率的影响

研究旨在用六氟化硫(SF_6)示踪技术在自然状态下跟踪研究日粮中不同精粗比对9月龄后备奶牛甲烷(CH_4)排放与生长性能及营养物质消化的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用15头[体重=(274.4±24.4)kg,月龄=9.4±0.56]后备奶牛随机分成三组(A、B和C),分别饲喂精料水平为30%(A)、40%(B)、50%(C)的全混合日粮(TMR)。试验期18 d,其中预饲期10 d,正试期8 d。试验期第10 d和18 d分别称重。正试期第4、6、8 d采集饲料样和粪样,采用酸不溶法测定营养物质表观消化率;记录正试期每天采食量。结果表明:(1)随着日粮精粗比增加,CH_4日排放量、单位代谢体重CH_4排放量、单位干物质采食量CH_4排放量、单位有机物采食量CH_4排放量、单位中性洗涤纤维CH_4排放量、甲烷能、甲烷能占总能的比例皆显著降低(P0.05);(2)日增重和料重比随精粗比增加无显著变化(P0.05);干物质采食量(DMI)随精粗比增加显著提高(P0.05);(3)干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和粗脂肪(EE)的表观消化率随日粮精粗比增加无显著变化(P0.05);粗蛋白质(CP)的表观消化率C组显著高于A和B(P0.05),然而NDF和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率C组显著低于A(P0.05)且两组皆与B无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,提高日粮精粗比,能够有效降低后备牛CH_4排放量和甲烷能/总能的比值,并能提高DMI和CP的表观消化率。     

甜高粱青贮对育肥期肉羊生长性能、养分表观效率和血常规指标的影响

本研究旨在探明以甜高粱青贮替代日粮中不同比例的玉米青贮对育肥期肉羊生长性能、养分表观消化率及血常规指标的影响。选择体重（24.69±2.68）kg的3～4月龄小尾寒羊60只，随机分为5组，每组12只，每只单栏饲喂，分别以甜高粱青贮替代日粮中0%（对照组）、25%、50%、75%、100%的玉米青贮进行饲喂，试验期90 d，每30 d测定肉羊生长性能指标，试验期末测定肉羊养分表观消化率及血常规指标。结果表明：各处理组61～90 d平均日增重（ADG）均低于1～30 d和31～60 d(P<0.05)，各处理组日均采食量（ADFI）、日均粗料采食量（ADRI）、日均精料采食量（ADCI）和耗料增重比（F/G）均随饲喂时间的延长而增加（P<0.05）;50%组1～90d的ADRI低于对照组（P<0.05），其中ADG以50%组最高，F/G以100%组最低；各组间干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）和粗灰分（Ash）消化率存在显著性差异；粗脂肪（EE）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）消化率各组间无显著性差异；其中DM、CP和EE消化率均以50%组最高，Ash消化率...     

育成母牛日粮麸皮水平对营养物质消化率影响

通过饲养试验,主要研究日粮含不同麸皮水平对奶用育成母牛日粮营养物质消化率的影响。选取16头15月龄体况基本一致的荷斯坦育成母牛为试验动物进行消化代谢试验。试验动物随机分为4组,每组4头牛,分别定量(3.5 kg/d)饲喂6种不同麸皮水平的精料日粮,粗料为固定给量的自由采食(8 kg/d)。4个处理组的日粮麸皮水平为0、12.8%、24.8%和44.7%。预试期为20 d,正试期为10 d,采用全收粪法收集6 d粪便。试验结果表明:在采食量和精粗比相似的情况下,日粮精料高比例(45%)麸皮明显降低奶用育成母牛日粮有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率,而对蛋白质表观消化率无显著影响。     

直接法和回归法测定玉米青贮对肉牛有效能值的研究

旨在应用直接法和回归法测定肉牛玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值,并探讨精料回归法用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料原料能值的可行性。试验选取12头体况良好、体重相近[(259±14.08)kg]的生长期公牛,随机分为3组,每组4头牛。分两期试验进行,试验一按试验牛自由采食量的95%、80%和60%3个水平饲喂全玉米青贮日粮;试验二在固定玉米青贮投喂量的基础上,各组分别按青贮饲喂量的15%、25%和50%(干物质基础)添加精料补充料。试验每期14d,其中前10d为预饲期,后4d为正试期。正试期消化代谢和呼吸代谢试验同期进行,测定玉米青贮对肉牛能量代谢规律。结果表明:1)肉牛对全玉米青贮日粮的各种营养物质消化率和能量消化率及代谢率随饲喂水平的提高总体逐渐降低;肉牛能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)随饲喂水平的提高逐渐升高,组间差异显著(P0.05)。2)玉米青贮对肉牛的消化能、代谢能和净能值随着饲喂水平的提高呈下降趋势,各有效能值变化范围分别为10.58~11.48 MJ/kg,8.33~9.44 MJ/kg和5.20~6.21 MJ/kg。3)添加精料补充料显著提高了肉牛对日粮的干物质采食量和粗蛋白消化率(P0.05),而洗涤纤维消化率精料添加比例组间差异不明显(P0.05);随着精料添加比例的增加,肉牛对日粮的能量采食量(总能、消化能、代谢能和净能)和能量消化率及代谢率逐渐上升,消化能代谢率各组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。4)根据试验日粮有效能值与精料添加量之间的关系建立线性回归方程后,外推估测得玉米青贮的消化能、代谢能和净能值分别为10.53 MJ/kg、8.29 MJ/kg和5.35MJ/kg,与95%饲喂水平组直接测定结果(10.58 MJ/kg、8.33 MJ/kg和5.20 MJ/kg)差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,回归法测定玉米青贮对肉牛的有效能值与直接法测定结果差异不明显,精料回归法可以用于估测肉牛单一粗饲料的有效能值。     

粉碎粒度对豆粕在绵羊瘤胃内降解和消化的影响

本研究旨在观察细粉、中粉、未粉和粗粉豆粕(粒径分别为0.60～1.28、1.28～2.50、0.80～5.00和2.50～5.00 mm)干物质(DM)和粗蛋白质(CP)在绵羊瘤胃降解率和其日粮DM和CP的表观消化率,为反刍动物精料生产中豆粕适宜的粉碎粒度提供理论依据和技术参数.试验选用4只雄性体重相近装有瘤胃瘘管的成年东北细毛羊为试验动物,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计.尼龙袋和全收粪法测定4种粒度豆粕DM和CP的瘤胃降解率和表观消化率.结果表明,豆粕粉碎粒度越小,其DM和CP在绵羊瘤胃中的降解速度越快;细粉、中粉和未粉豆粕日粮DM(P>0.05)和CP(P<0.05)表观消化率均高于粗粉豆粕日粮,三者之间差异不显著(P>0.05).豆粕粉碎过细在绵羊瘤胃中降解较多,未粉碎豆粕DM和CP在瘤胃降解率显著低于细粉和中粉豆粕(P<0.05或P<0.01),而日粮DM和CP消化率不受影响.结果提示,未粉豆粕可以直接饲喂牛、羊,既可提高豆粕DM和CP的利用效率,又能节省豆粕的粉碎费用.     

牦牛的黑白花牛瘤胃内饲料蛋白质降解率的比较研究

用瘤胃尼龙袋技术研究了青藏高原８种常见饲料在牦牛和黑白花牛瘤胃内的粗蛋白（ＣＰ）和干物质（ＤＭ）降解率,分析了２个动物品种间的降解率的差异性。装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的牦牛（平均体重１００ｋｇ）和黑白花牛（平均体重１７０ｋｇ）各２头,以１．５×ＭＥｍ水平饲喂同一基础日粮（精粗比为５０：５０）,瘤胃食糜的外流速度估计为０．０６７／ｈ（精料）和０．０２／ｈ（粗料）。待测料在瘤胃内的培养时间为２ｈ、４ｈ、６ｈ     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.