Energy Input-output Optimization of Manufacturing Enterprise

In today's manufacturing enterprise,material,energy and information are three basic elements,and energy system is a sub-system in it.Based on the static input-output relationship derived from the energy flow and material flow net diagram,W.Leontief type dynamic input-output model with one step delay is developed.With LQR optimal control method,a dynamic input-output energy system of manufacturing enterprise has been built for planning of production capacities,the distribution of resources,and the dynamic balancing of system.An illustrated example is presented.     

基于能值理论的荥经县土地系统脆弱性分析

土地系统脆弱性作为制定土地可持续发展政策的重要依据,已成为当前土地系统可持续发展研究的重要组成部分。应用能值分析方法,在对荥经县土地系统能值投入产出动态分析的基础上,对土地系统脆弱性状况进行分析,旨在为当地区域可持续发展寻求途径和对策。研究结果显示：（1）从1996—2011年,全县土地系统总能值投入从1.36E+21 sej增加到2.37E+21 sej,总能值产出从1.59E+21 sej增加到1.96E+21 sej;（2）土地能值密度、人均能值及环境负载率均呈现增长趋势;（3）能值投入产出比及可持续发展指数均有所下降。结果表明荥经县人民生活水平虽有所提高但土地系统所承受的环境压力却越来越大,其脆弱性在逐渐增强。     

An Approach to Estimating a Consistent Aggregate Input-Output Model

ABSTRACT There is a large literature concerning the effects of aggregation on the output estimates produced by, and information content of, input-output models. However, virtually no attention has been given to the effects of aggregation on input-output multipliers. This paper presents a methodology for calculating consistent aggregate input-output multipliers for any given change in final demands.     

An Optimal Bicriterion Grey Input-output Model in Energy System

This paper combines the energy input-output model with an optimal bicriterion model, and uses the grey system theory to set up an optimal bicriterion grey input-output(OBGIO)model. This paper also put forward some amendments to bicriterion algorithm. Finally, the OBGIO model is used to optimize the energy economic structure of a city, and analyze its potentiality on the structural energy saving.     

江苏农村家庭能源消费研究

农村家庭能源消费是国家能源消费的重要组成部分,对农村社会、经济及生态环境有重要的影响。在江苏9个典型县3645家庭能源消费及其相关问题入户调查数据分析的基础上,给出了江苏典型地区农村家庭人均能源消费水平和最终用能消费结构,比较研究了苏南、苏中、苏北三地区能源消费结构和有效热中商品能所占比例的差异,分析了能源消费与家庭纯收入的变化关系。研究为认识农村经济发展过程中家庭能源消费特征,建立能源供需平衡体系和生物质资源的规模化利用有着重要的意义。     

基于人行为影响的住区建筑多主体集成能耗模型

在城市建筑节能研究中,政府常常依赖城市能源与碳排放模型工具制定并评估节能策略。而当前的城市建筑能耗模型受限于开发技术等因素,尚存在诸多不足,例如,考虑人行为对建筑能耗的影响,建立行为、日常活动及与环境相关的综合能耗模型。关于此类模型合理的数学形式、参数选择的方法以及不同行为的模拟方式等问题还尚待进一步研究。采用多主体（Multi-Agent）建模技术,设计集成建筑能耗模型,以住区中的居民作为模型中活动的主体,模拟使用者行为习惯、活动对建筑能耗的影响;采用ISO 13790标准模拟建筑的供热和降温需求,并在集成环境中设计统一的描述框架,以相对独立的环境模拟、行为模拟模块形式进行交互,实现热环境模拟和基于主体活动的设备能耗模拟的有机结合。研究表明,住区居民的用能行为是影响城市建筑能耗密度变化的重要因素,实现对住区主体行为特征的引导是实现城市建筑节能目标的有效途径。     

基于灰色优势分析的中国农业投入产出水平研究

农业投入产出水平可以从2个方面进行衡量,一是农业投入产出的规模水平;二是农业投入产出的效益水平。灰色优势分析能够在排除主观因素干扰的情况下,对农业投入产出水平评价指标进行赋权,提升了评价体系的可信度。农业产出指标和投入指标的关联序分别表征了各评价指标在衡量农业投入产出水平时的代表性强弱。经测算,1981—2010年,中国农业投入产出规模指数总体上不断升高,但1995年以前主要依靠产出拉动,此后主要依靠投入拉动;农业投入产出效益指数先正后负,且呈“S”形波动,意味着中国农业生产发展已先后摆脱“高效益、低水平”和“高水平、低效益”的非良性状态,开始呈现出“高效益、高水平”的良性发展势头。     

中国农村能源消费分析

农村能源是全面小康社会的物质基础,农村能源消费关系到农村家庭生活水平的提高、能源公平和我国能源发展的全局。重点分析了中国农村能源消费的现状和农村能源结构的变化,找出农村能源消费中存在的问题,提出了相关的建议。     

Cluster Analysis of Hourly Usage Ratio of Lighting and Equipments Energy Use in Office Buildings

The hourly usage ratio is very important for lighting and equipment energy predicting of office buildings and energy saving calculation of energy efficient retrofit. 17 office buildings in Chongqing were selected to calculate daily usage ratio by using whole-year electrical consumption data of lighting and equipments energy system. According to the different hourly usage ratio, office buildings have been categorized into two main types by using cluster analysis method. Then, the typical hourly usage ratios of two types of office buildings were calculated.     

能源植物的开发利用与展望

随着矿石能源储量的减少,应大力开发和应用以能源植物为主的生物质能。生物质能具有资源容量大、清洁可再生特性。发展植物能源是解决矿石能源危机的可行措施,生物乙醇和生物柴油产业已在全球得到较快的发展,并受到我国政府的高度重视。本文综述了生物质能的利用方式和高产生物质植物、能源作物、类石油植物三类能源植物资源的发展情况,并对我国能源植物的研究展望。     

北京市生物质能源化利用效益评价方法的研究

北京市能源消耗量大,提高生物质能利用率可缓解能源供应压力。为推动北京市生物质能源化利用产业的发展,需增进对其经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的综合认识。通过建立综合效益评价体系,运用层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,提出了北京市生物质能源化利用综合效益的评价方法,再以怀柔区发展生物质成型颗粒燃料为例,对其经济效益、社会效益和环境效益进行模糊评价,最后以怀柔杨宋成型颗粒燃料项目的数据为依据,进行分析验证,结果显示模糊综合评价的结论较为准确。     

利用浅层地能低温储藏粳稻的研究

结合试验仓地质及生态条件,利用浅层地能低温,建造了基于地埋管式浅层地能采集方式的低温储粮系统,研究了运行过程中单位能耗和通风前后水分的变化,并与使用谷物冷却机的能耗情况进行了对比。研究结果表明：浅层地能在制冷方面具有显著的节能优势,能有效保证粮食品质,降低储粮成本,是一种适合大规模推广应用的廉价冷源,符合绿色储粮发展趋势。     

住宅建筑能耗基准确定及用能评价新方法

针对当前建筑能耗基准确定及用能评价方法仍不完善的现状,提出了一种适用于住宅建筑的新方法。通过灰色关联分析确定了不同影响因素(即特征参数)与建筑能耗的关联度,将关联度作为该因素的权值并结合聚类分析对建筑进行合理分类。在此基础上采用累积频率分布法确定了每类建筑的能耗基准值,并对建筑住户进行用能评价。为验证该方法的可行性,将其应用于日本建筑学会所建立的住宅建筑能耗数据库,为聚类后的每类建筑确定了相应的能耗基准并对住户进行了用能评价。结果表明该方法能够综合考虑不同特征参数的影响大小,科学合理地对建筑细化分类,根据分类后的基准评价能够更好地评估住户的节能潜力并提供可行的节能建议。     

Pinning Theory of Fermi Energy and Surface State Measurement of ZnSnO3 Gas Sensitive Material

In order to research the state of energy bands and gain and loss of electrons on the surface of ZnSnO_(3),it is put forward that Pinning theory of Fermi energy is applied to development of gas sensitive materials.The relative position between surface state and conduction band on surface of zinc tin complex oxide(ZnSnO_(3)) gas sensitive material has been investigated by utilizing oxidation redox couple,FeCl_(2)/ FeCl_(3),which have high surface state.Fermi energy is pinned at about 0.2 eV below conduction band E_(cs)on the surface of ZnSnO_(3).It has been determined that additives doping ratio,addition concentration and working atmosphere have no effect on this value.Therefore,pinning theory of Fermi energy has been verified by using this method.     

多孔调湿材料湿缓冲特性的实验研究

利用NORDTEST实验方法对中国长江中下游地区(以南京为例)多孔调湿材料的湿缓冲值(Moisture Buffer Value)进行测定,同时,研究湿缓冲值对建筑能耗及室内湿度的影响。实验结果显示,高湿度区间内材料的湿缓冲测定值较大,且不同材料的湿缓冲值存在较大差异。分析表明在长江中下游地区,使用具有吸放湿特性的建筑内表面材料可有效降低建筑能耗10%以上,同时,室内环境湿度也会得到一定程度的调节。     

A real time monitoring method of energy consumption based on data mining

A real time monitoring method of energy consumption based on data mining techniques is proposed to compensate the deficiency of common energy consumption methods in real time and intelligence. The new method can identify energy consumption patterns by clustering analysis of historical energy consumption data, get the decision tree of energy consumption pattern by classifying the energy consumption data, match the real time energy consumption data with the energy consumption patterns, make outlier analysis with historical data of the same pattern, and then determine whether the current energy consumption is abnormal. The experiment with energy consumption data from the comprehensive building proves that the new method is effective in detecting the abnormal data of energy consumption real timely.     

A new method for calculating the vacancy formation energy of typical structure metals

Based on the model proposed by Tiwari and Patil, we improved the calculation method for surface energy, and calculated the vacancy formation energy for typical metals such as fcc, bcc and hcp metals. The calculated results and experimental values agree with each other when an energy modification coefficient is introduced. The energy modification coefficients of fcc, bcc and hcp metals are 1.292, 1.265 and 1.357, respectively. The proposed method can calculate and predict the vacancy formation energy of metals efficiently.     

肥料施用的环境效益评估方法及应用——以不同认证管理的梨园肥料施用为例

本研究以不同认证管理的梨园（绿色认证、有机认证的梨园）为对象,通过查阅相关文献,运用相关的方法量化肥料施用产生的温室气体和能源的消耗,对不同认证管理的梨园肥料施用引起的环境效益进行分析和比较。案例研究结果表明,运用不同的方法量化肥料施用的能源消耗,取得的结果完全不同,说明方法选择的重要性以及适用性;比较3种不同认证管理的梨园肥料施用的温室气体排放,有机梨园则比绿色认证管理的梨园和常规梨园排放量少,而有机梨园施入的有机肥氮对梨园造成环境负荷的风险则较高。     

插电式混合动力汽车能量管理策略研究现状和发展趋势

目前国内外学者对插电式混合动力汽车能量管理策略进行了较为广泛和深入的研究,取得了良好的节能减排效果,为进一步提升其性能,有必要对插电式混合动力汽车能量管理策略的研究现状进行总结并对其发展趋势进行分析。首先对插电式混合动力汽车动力源能量流分配方法进行了归纳和分析,指出了当前插电式混合动力汽车能量管理策略两个亟待解决的问题：未考虑发动机冷却液温度和三元催化器温度等温度因素对油耗和排放影响;当前插电式混合动力汽车能量管理策略是以行驶功率需求作为输入,忽略了驾驶室制冷/供暖功率需求。最后提出了计及发动机冷却液温度和三元催化器温度等温度因素的能量管理策略和计及驾驶室制冷/供暖功率需求的能量管理策略两个未来研究方向。     

An Energy Conservation Correction Method for Energy Efficiency Retrofit of Public Buildings

There exists imperfections of the methods for energy conservation verification of the energy efficiency retrofit projects. A new energy conservation verification method was developed by creating energy conversion correction model and four correction coefficients and three calculation formulas were involved, The four correction coefficients were outdoor weather correction coefficient, indoor environmental correction coefficient, internal load correction coefficient and performance period correction coefficient. The three calculation formulas were heating energy conversion calculation, air-conditioning energy conversion calculation and total energy conversion calculation. The energy conversion correction model was adopted to analysis the energy conservation of an office building located in Tianjin to demonstrate the reliability of the correction model and the feasibility of the verification method, and the corrected energy conversion based on consistent conditions before and after retrofit was obtained. 10.23% difference between the corrected energy conversion and the direct energy conversion exists indicating that the correction energy conversion is necessary. The energy conservation difference of 3.03% the calculation result of energy simulation software verified the accuracy of the new verification method.