表型同型交配群体的Shannon信息熵和互信息

应用信息论方法研究了在表型同型交配下一对等位基因群体的基因型信息熵和互信息。在表型同型交配下,从随机交配下的平衡状态开始,群体的基因型信息熵逐代减少,但这种减少的趋势越来越慢,最终趋向于零。随着基因型信息熵的减少,群体的遗传多样性程度也越来越小。在表型同型交配下,群体的配子间互信息逐代增加,但这种减少的趋势越来越慢,最终趋向于零。配子间互信息的增加说明,配子间的信息交流程度逐代增加,两性配子间的信息关联程度越来越密切,而这用表型信息关联系数反映会更好。最后应用Matlab软件进行了数学模拟,直观验证了所得的结论。     

通过分析配合力和SSR标记对热带和温带玉米近交种进行杂种优势分组

本研究之目的是分析25个热带玉米近交种和4个温带近交种产量性状的配合力以及这两者间的遗传关系，并通过比较配合力和SSR标记的分析结果来划分杂种优势组。本研究所用的25个热带玉米近交种是从5个主要热带玉米群体和地方种即Suwan 1、POP21     

苜蓿改良中生殖突变体的发生、遗传及其利用

在Medicago.sativa-coerulea-falcata复合体中，2n配子(即具有体细胞染色体数的配子)的普遍发生证明从二倍体到四倍体物种的基因漂移在自然界中是持续发生，并目．在苜蓿进化中起了关键作用。早期育种家认识到通过2n花粉和2n卵细胞在倍性水平间的基因转移在栽培苜蓿改良上具有潜在利用     

种植密度对棉花分离世代产量性状表现及育种选择的影响

通过裂区设计对Ｆ２代４个群体在三种密度下表现进行了研究，子棉产量、皮棉产量在不同密度、不同群体间存在显著差异；Ｆ２代群体与密度间存在互作，不同群体要求的适宜密度不同。Ｆ２代群体间单株结铃数差异显著，单株结铃数在不同密度差异显著，随密度增加单株结铃数减少，但小区总结铃数呈增加趋势；密度与群体间存在互作，密度的大小对４个Ｆ２群体的单株结铃数影响程度不同。Ｆ２代４个群体间衣分差异显著，但单铃重、衣分在不同密度下差异不显著，且互作不显著。种植密度对不同群体的育种选择具有较大影响。     

八倍体小黑麦与七倍体杂种回交配子间竞争规律的研究

当八倍体小黑麦与七倍体杂种回交时,七倍体×八倍体(以下简称“七×八”)组合的子房受精正常,80％的受精子房不能形成有胚乳的种子,有胚乳种子中能成株的仅有20％,回交效率为1％～2％,远低于八倍体×七倍体(以下简称“八×七”)组合的29.07％。通过分析“八×七”回交种子和七倍体F_1杂种根尖染色体数分布发现,八倍体小黑麦雌配子R染色体平均丢失率为0.133,具28染色体数的整倍体配子对27染色体数的非整倍体配子不具有竞争优势;父本七倍体杂种雄配子R染色体的平均丢失率为0.713,整倍体雄配子的竞争能力是非整倍体(染色体数27)雄配子的48.2倍。“七×八”组合回交效率低的原因可能是雌配子间竞争能力低,各种R染色体数的雌配子都能参与双受精,由于不完整的R组染色体对胚乳发育的干扰,大部分合子不能形成能成株的种子。     

尾叶桉木材密度和生长性状的微卫星关联分析

本研究以尾叶桉育种群体的两个试验(T77和T164)为对象,借助微卫星技术挖掘与尾叶桉木材密度和生长性状关联的标记。经过筛选的83个微卫星标记用于样本关联分析,其中中性标记用于计算个体间的亲缘关系系数矩阵。基于群体最佳分类数时的K值对应的个体成员系数组成个体间亲缘关系的Q矩阵。分别用一般线性模型(GLM)算法和混合线性模型(MLM)算法进行标记木材密度和性状的关联分析。基于p0.05的显著水平,在群体T164和T77中分别找到17个和19个与尾叶桉木材密度和生长性状关联的位点,两个群体中与木材密度关联的位点均多于生长性状,且关联位点的表型变异率普遍较高。位点Embra100与木材密度的关联达到了极显著水平(p0.001)。位点EUCeSSR261同时在两个关联群体中都检测到,且其与木材密度的关联达到了显著水平(p0.01)。本研究结果将为尾叶桉木材和生长性状的分子标记辅助选择提供有力的标记信息,为其快速改良提供理论储备。     

遗传漂变与甜菜育种

异花授粉作物的遗传漂变速度较自花授粉作物快,小群体作物遗传漂变速度较大群体快。选育过程中甜菜不育系、保持系和授粉系的遗传漂变会导致组合种性发生变化;S型胞质材料产生配子少,接受配子多,配子交换具有一定单向选择性,子代群体等位基因取样误差增加,发生遗传漂变,故S型胞质材料不适合做授粉系,只有N型胞质的材料才适合选育成授粉系;遗传漂变是导致甜菜品种种性发生变化的原因之一。     

大豆巢式关联作图(NAM)群体构建及花色和种皮色遗传分析

巢式关联作图(Nested Association Mapping, NAM)群体在作物学遗传与育种研究中具有广泛的应用。本研究在前期大豆种质资源评价基础上,利用35份不同地区来源的代表性种质与中豆41 (公共母本)杂交,构建了一套大豆NAM群体。PCA和聚类分析发现,不同亲本组合的RIL群体基本聚在一起,显示出清晰的遗传结构。利用该NAM群体亲本间花色和种皮色具有显著差异的RIL群体进行全基因组关联分析,定位到1个主要位点qFC13-1与花色显著关联,该位点与W1位点重合;定位到12个位点与种皮色显著相关,其中9个位点为3种以上方法共定位,3个位点为2种方法共定位,包括4个已知位点和8个新位点。研究结果表明,构建的NAM群体适于进行大豆相关性状遗传分析,为大豆复杂性状的遗传解析和育种实践提供了良好的基础材料。     

陆地棉产量及农艺性状的SSR标记关联分析

【目的】挖掘与陆地棉产量和重要农艺性状密切关联的分子标记,为棉花分子标记辅助育种提供依据。【方法】本研究以147份陆地棉材料为供试群体,分别调查了7个环境下该群体的铃重和衣分数据,3个环境下的单株果枝数、单株铃数和株高数据。利用237对SSR标记对上述材料进行基因型检测,采用Tassel 2.1中的一般线性模型程序对上述5个性状进行关联分析。【结果】铃重、衣分、单株果枝数、单株铃数和株高的平均变异系数的变幅为7.28%～21.06%,平均值为13.47%。这表明供试群体具有较为丰富的表型多样性。237个标记在147份陆地棉中共检测到281个多态性位点,各位点上等位基因数的范围为2～6个,涉及690个等位基因,平均每个位点2.455 0个;多态性信息含量平均值为0.216 5;Structure2.2群体结构分析将147份供试材料划分为7个亚群;在3个及以上环境检测到的与铃重和衣分显著关联的标记位点分别有45个和1个,解释表型变异率在不同环境中最高分别达19.30%和11.58%(P0.01);在2个及以上环境检测到与单株果枝数、单株铃数和株高显著关联的标记位点分别有1、4和4个,表型变异解释率在不同环境中分别最高达9.96%、7.00%和5.75%,在BNL2448附近同时检测到与铃重、单株果枝数和株高显著关联的位点。【结论】通过关联分析挖掘了多个可重复检测到的与陆地棉产量及重要农艺性状关联的分子标记位点,此研究结果可为棉花高产育种分子辅助选择提供有益参考。     

利用微卫星标记分析建鲤种质资源的研究

为了评估和合理利用建鲤种质资源。从建鲤繁育群体中随机选取185尾鱼,用20个微卫星位点进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：20个微卫星位点在该群体中所检测到的等位基因片段长度在114~316 bp,共检测出156个等位基因和402种基因型,各位点等位基因数为5~13个,平均7.8个,基因型数10~44种,平均20.1种;各位点观察杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)分别在0.346~0.978和0.619~0.880之间,平均分别为0.6434和0.757;所检测的20个位点多态信息含量(PIC)在0.552~0.868之间,平均为0.7253,都属于高度多态位点(PIC>0.5)。实验结果表明,该建鲤繁育群体多态信息含量丰富,遗传多样性水平较高,具有较大的选育潜力。群体内平均固定系数(FIS)为0.1479,说明该建鲤群体存在杂合子缺失现象。根据个体间的遗传距离构建的聚类图可以清楚地显示每个个体之间的遗传差异,这可为建鲤保种和繁殖配组提供依据,避免近交现象。     

Bilateral sexual polyploidization in potatoes

Summary Bilateral sexual tetraploidization was achieved by intercrossing diploid Phureja × haploid Tuberosum hybrids. Both parents contribute gametes with the somatic number of chromosomes (diplogynoids and diplandroids). More than 100 tetraploid progeny appeared in nine 2x–2x families. The tetraploids are generally more vigorous and significantly outyield their diploid full-sibs. The superiority of the tetraploids is interpreted on the basis of the mode of diplandroid (2n pollen) formation by first meiotic division restitution (FDR). Heterozygosis, epistasis and genetic diversity, if present in the parental diploid genotype, are largely maintained in the 2n gametes formed by FDR. and syngamy brings about more opportunities for heterotic responses in conjunction with polyploidization. Differences in tuber yield among tetraploid clones within families were found to be statistically significant (P <0.05). Thus, unlike somatic chromosome doubling, which can merely increase chromosome numbers, or somatic hybridization, which could in addition bring about heterosis, sexual polyploidization is also associated with genetic variability. The degree of inbreeding and the genotypic structure in the population of newly arisen tetraploids is discussed. The relationship among asexual reproduction, preservation of favorable nonadditive genetic effects by FDR. restoration of sexuality, and polyploidization is explored. The possible evolutionary significance of these factors is emphasized.     

The implications of 2n egg gametes in nobilization and breeding of sugarcane

Summary Nobilization in sugarcane is viewed from a genetic angle considering the significance of 2n gametes. The inbreeding coefficients resulting from 2n gametes, for first and second nobilizations are worked out. The implication of 2n gametes to sugarcane breeding are discussed.     

果树2n配子研究进展

植物在进化过程中能产生低频率的未减数分裂配子,即2n配子,它在果树育种方面发挥着重要的作用。本文详述了2n配子的主要研究概况、发生途径及影响因素,为其在植物育种、种质利用和种质创新等方面提供了重要的应用基础。同时,通过近年的研究成果,总结出诱导方法和人工分离纯化方法,不同品种可根据其不同的生理生化特性选择合适的方法。另外,也叙述了2n配子在果树方面的特殊应用潜力,即在有性多倍化、稳定传递杂合性、克服自交不亲和和克服胚乳平衡数障碍方面有其他育种方法无法比拟的优势。因此,2n配子育种将会是一种重要的育种途径。     

Relevance of sexual polyploidization for crop improvement – A review

Colchicine induced polyploids have not directly contributed for crop improvement in the past. On the other hand, the so-called natural polyploids, derived from the functioning of numerically unreduced(2n) gametes have been shown to be more relevant for crop improvement in many cases. Different types of cytological abnormalities during meiosis can give rise to 2n gametes and the genetic composition of these gametes is variable. Depending on the type meiotic abnormalities, various types of 2ngametes, such as first division restitution(FDR), second division restitution (SDR),indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR) and post meiotic restitution (PMR) gametes,among others, have been described in recent years. For the improvement of autopolyploids such as potato, alfalfa,Vaccinium spp., and some of the fodder grasses, FDR gametes have been proved to be highly useful. However, the use of 2n gametes for the improvement of allopolyploid crops has received much less attention so far. Some of the investigations on allopolyploids, derived from Festuca-Lolium, Alstroemeria and Lilium species hybrids, have revealed that 2ngametes can be most useful for the introgression of alien genes and chromosomes into cultivars. An important feature of using sexual polyploidization in the case of allopolyploids is that introgression can be achieved through recombination due to genetic crossing-over between alien chromosomes as well as addition of alien chromosomes, which is extremely difficult or impossible to achieve in the case of colchicine induced allopolyploids. Because of the recent developments in the field of plant molecular biology, methods have become available for the analysis of 2ngametes and sexual polyploid progenies more accurately and to develop systematic breeding approaches. The methods include DNA in situ hybridization (GISH and FISH)and molecular mapping (AFLP, RFLP, RAPDs).In addition to providing basic information on the genetic and genome composition of the polyploid progenies, these methods can be potentially useful for a more efficient creation of desirable breeding material and cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Implications of the population effect in the selection of soybean progeny

The goal of this study was to verify the influence of the population effect in the estimates of genetic and phenotypic components and to identify the best soybean progeny or lines in a commercial soybean breeding programme. We evaluated 292 populations for grain yield and absolute maturity during three agricultural years. To quantify the efficiency of the inclusion of the population's effect in the model, we estimated genetic gain with the selection, the Spearman's correlation, the coincidence index, the realized gain and correlated response of selected genotypes with and without the effect of the population. It was found that the variance components, heritability and coefficient of experimental variation were better estimated when the effect of the population was included, providing greater gain with selection for grain yield and absolute maturity. Coincidence and ranking among the selected progeny with and without the effect of the population are of greater magnitude in more advanced inbreeding generations and at higher percentage of selected progeny. The use of the population effect has greater importance in earlier generations of inbreeding.     

畜禽全、半同胞有规律系谱迭代法计算近交系数的研究与应用

在实践中研究出用迭代法计算有规律系谱畜禽的近交系数.在满足使用条件下,此法不必查找通径回路数,即可用计算机迅速、准确地算出多世代育种个体的近交系数.已实际应用于蛋鸡育种的数值计算中.比用人工查找通径法计算近交系数提高工效60倍以上.获得良好结果.因方法简便也适合于手算,有实用价值.但本迭代公式并非通用近交系数计算公式,有使用条件.这是其局限性.有待于进一步研究发展.     

2n gametes in potato species and their function in sexual polyploidization

Summary The extent and pattern of polyploidy in the tuber-bearing Solanums varies among the many taxanomic series that have been identified in this subsection of Solanum. While several series appear to be entirely diploid, others exhibit a range of ploidy levels from 2x to 6x, and some contain only polyploid species.In many diploid, triploid and tetraploid species 2n gametes (gametes or gametophytes with the sporophytic chromosome number) have been detected. Both 2n eggs and 2n pollen occur. 2n gametes provide the opportunity for unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization. The genetic determination and consequences of sexual polyploidization strongly suggest that 2n gametes have been the major instrument in the polyploid evolution of the tuber-bearing Solanums. Somatic doubling of species and interspecific hybrids appears to be of very limited importance.New evidence for the occurrence of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in many species is reported, and data from the literature are added to illustrate the widespread distribution of 2n gametes throughout the subsection. A very high correlation is found between polyploidy and 2n gametes, and its significance is discussed. Proof is presented for the occurrence of alleles governing 2n pollen production in the cultivated tetraploids, providing additional evidence for the hypothesis that 2n gametes have been involved in their origin.Multiple unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidizations are proposed for the origin of the cultivated tetraploids: this accounts for the large variability encountered in this group, which closely resembles that of the related diploids. Similar evolutionary pathways are hypothesized for the other polyploid complexes in the subsection.A scheme is proposed in which participation of both 2n and n gametes link together all ploidy levels in the tuber-bearing Solanums, thus overcoming the ploidy barriers and providing for gene flow throughout the sympatric species of the subsection.Paper No. 2093 from the Laboratory of Genetics. Research supported by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, a gift from Frito-Lay, Inc., and grants from NIH (GM 15422) and The International Potato Center. Plant materials, unpublished chromosome counts and technical help of IR-1 are gratefully acknowledged.     

Reproductive behaviour of tetraploid alfalfa plants obtained by unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fertility of tetraploid plants obtained from diploid mutants that produced 2n gametes via bilateral (BSP) and unilateral sexual polyploidization (USP) schemes. Controlled matings between selected plants from BSP and USP were carried out according to a complete diallel. The level of male and female fertility of each plant was estimated within full-sib, half-sib and non-inbred crosses. Crosses with unrelated self-fertile and male-sterile testers were also performed. Pollen size and stainability were determined by acetocarmine staining. The number of ovules per ovary was counted and the callose deposition within ovules examined to evaluate embryo sac fecundity. Cross-fertility was generally much higher for USP than BSP plants (on average, 0.3 vs. 0.03 seeds per flower pollinated). Both male and female fertility were inversely related to the inbreeding level of cross combinations. The in vitro pollen germinability was positively correlated to male fertility of BSP plants. The level of in vivo embryo sac sterility was not correlated to female fertility in either BSP or USP plants. Female fertility was restored in both BSP and USP groups when plants were crossed with unrelated tetraploid testers. Male fertility also increased in USP plants but remained rather low in the BSP plants. Scaling up the ploidy level by means of 2n gamete union resulted in tetraploid plants with low fertility. In particular, the BSP process yielded virtually self-sterile and highly cross-sterile plants. The well documented positive effect of sexual tetraploidization on forage yield was accompanied by worsening of fertility traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of inbreeding on horticultural performance of lines developed from an open-pollinated pickling cucumber population

Summary The effect of self-pollination of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for 6 generations in lines developed from the North Carolina Medium Base Pickle population was determined by regression of trait expression for each generation on Wright's coefficient of inbreeding. Two yield traits (total and marketable), earliness and 3 fruit quality traits (shape, color and seedcell size) were evaluated in 2 environments (spring and summer, 1983). The regression did not result in significant negative slopes, indicating that inbreeding depression was not important in the population for the traits studied. Midparent heterosis was found for most traits in many hybrids obtained from crossing S₆ lines with the gynoecious inbred line, Gy 14A.