2005年国家甜菜品种区域试验适应性分析

通过对2005年国家甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值、变异系数,并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析。结果表明:品种BTS356、ZD211、ZM201、ZD212、KWS9145、内2265、ZD204表现出了很好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性。BTS356、ZD211、ZM201、KWS9145的产糖量水平很高,有较大的使用价值。BTS356在洮南、张北、呼和浩特、大同、黄羊镇表现出了特别适应性,ZD211在呼和浩特、塔城表现出了特别适应性,ZM201在塔城表现出了特别适应性,KWS9145在巴盟、黄羊镇、塔城表现出了特别适应性。品种2001-10、TY309的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,应优先加以利用。     

2006年国家甜菜品种区域试验品种稳定性测定

通过对2006年国家9个甜菜品种区域试验结果的统计分析,求得品种×地点互作效应值(WU)ij、变异系数(iCKvu),并据此对参试品种进行了稳定性测定和适应性分析.结果表明:品种Beta807、KWS0143、ZM203、D0316表现出了较好的稳定性,有广泛的适应性.品种Beta807、KWS0143、ZM201、ZM203、KWS9145的产糖量水平较高,在生产中有较大的使用价值.品种TY309、ZM201的含糖率水平较高,并且具有很好的稳定性,在需要高糖品种的地区,可优先加以利用.     

甜菜新品种生产试验示范

选用国内外9个新品种,以包育302作对照,进行生产试验示范.结果表明:引进的新品种产量都超过对照品种,国外品种表现突出,增产84.7%～156.4%,国内品种增产63.7%～78.2%;包育302含糖17.06%.新品种的含糖率都低于对照品种,国内品种低0.44～2.14度,国外品种低0.76～2.70度,内大甜研4号、ADV0420、内甜单1号达到国家甜菜质量标准舍糖15.5%;9个新品种的产糖量都超过对照品种,国外品种增产0.624～1.14倍,国内品种增产0.43～0.74倍;ADV0420和内大甜研4号为标准偏丰产型(NE),适于大面积推广;Beta356表现为丰产型(E),产量和产糖量都居第1位,但舍糖率偏低,可作为搭配品种,在低产高糖地区种植,采取配套措施,提高其舍糖率.     

林西地区引进甜菜品种比较试验初报

试验结果表明，在林西地区，根产量较高的品种是美国品种RH3、德国KWS公司品种6231和吉丹单301，较对照增产超过10％；含糖率较高的品种是吉农单301、RH3和吉洮单301，产糖量较高的品种是美国品种RH3、吉洮单301和吉农单301，较对照分别提高11．46％、6．45％和3．78％。抗病性表现较好的有RH3、吉丹单301、甜单2、吉农单301、美国品种E9、甜研303、吉洮单301；由各品种的综合性状推荐在我区继续试验、示范，并考虑推广使用的品种有美国品种RH3、吉农单301、吉洮单301。     

国家甜菜区试品种在甘肃河西走廊的表现

对2003～2004年2年国家甜菜品种区试中7个品种在甘肃武威黄羊镇地区和酒泉地区的生长表现进行分析,结果表明:7个参试品种中HI0135、KWS4318根产量和糖产量比较突出,平均根产量分别比地方对照陇糖2号增产27.19%和22.80%,差异达到极显著水平;平均含糖率比对照略低或相当;产糖量分别比对照增产28.46%和21.55%,差异达到极显著和显著水平,有较强的抗黄化毒病和白粉病特性,稳定性强,具有较高的应用价值,适宜在甘肃省河西走廊甜菜产区种植。     

KWS8233引种试验与分析

KWS8233为黑龙江甜菜种子公司从德国KWS公司引进的单位多倍体甜菜新品种，通过1998－2000年的区域试验、生产试验和生产示范结果表明，该品种平均根产量比对照高22．1％－28．7％，平均含糖比对照低0．14－0．55度，产糖量比对照高18．9％－29．3％。该品种褐斑病发发率略高于对照，但抗（耐）根腐病。     

美国Beta公司甜菜品种引进比较试验初报

对从美国Beta公司引进的6个甜菜新品种与石河子甜菜研究所2个甜菜新品种进行了比较试验,结果表明:Beta公司甜菜品种在块根产量、产糖量方面均超CK (KWS2409),含糖率除Beta076略低于CK外,其他均超CK.其中Beta065、Beta240、Beta175无论是地上部表现,还是抗病性、产质量方面均表现十分突出,新疆糖区可根据当地需求,适当示范并推广选用.     

德国KWS甜菜品种在新疆焉耆糖区的产质量效应

通过推广德国KWS公司的甜菜品种,焉耆糖区甜菜产量上升很快,近几年都稳定在67.5t/hm^2以上.前几年焉耆糖区甜菜主栽品种是KWS5075,近两年又引进推广了KWS9419、KWS0143、KWS2409等高产偏高糖的品种.这些品种表现出非常大的丰产优势,含糖上升到14.5%～16.5%,抗病性和抗逆性都比较强.     

甜菜品种BETA356产质量关系研究

以目前新疆区域试验对照品种KWS2409为对照,探究甜菜品种BETA356块根个体产质量关系。BETA356单株生物重量较KWS2409重0.07kg,个体块根重量较KWS2409重0.05kg,叶丛/块根比值小;BETA356块根长度25.21cm,较KWS2409稍短1.37cm;BETA356块根个体重量集中在0.501~1.200kg,块根个数占53.33%,0.801kg以上块根重量占75.95%;BETA356含糖率15.74%,提高1.04度,个体含糖率随着个体根重增加而提高,而KWS2409个体含糖率随着个体根重增加先有小幅提高,后逐渐降低;BETA356块根产量100.275t/hm2,较KWS2409增产13.73%;产糖量15.77t/hm2,较KWS2409增产21.83%,增产幅度较大;BETA356块根大小、长度、含糖率整齐度较好。     

优质丰产抗病甜菜新品种ZD204的选育

ZD204为德国KWS公司和中国农科院甜菜研究所联合选育的甜菜二倍体多胚杂交种。该品种适应性强，丰产性突出，块根含糖率较高，属标准偏丰产型品种；抗褐斑病，耐丛根病和根腐病；糖汁纯度高，块根品质好，2000－2001年参加国家甜菜新品种区域试验，在全国三大甜菜产区32个试验点（次）平均根产量53724．3kg/hm^2，比对照增产27．9％；平均含糖率15．6％，比对照低0．4度，平均产糖量8263．5kg/hm^2，比对照提高26．8％，平均褐斑病病情为1．2级，发病程度与对照相仿；平均根腐病罹病率为0．5％，根腐病发病程度明显低于对照；在丛根病发病地区，ZD204发病率为1．0－7．7％，对照品种发病率为1．5％－76．6％，发病程度明显低于对照。适宜在东北，华北和西北三大甜菜产区种植推广。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.