气吸式小浆果捡拾输送装置参数优化

为了获取气吸式小浆果捡拾输送装置的输送特性及其输送管较佳管径尺寸,该文以黑加仑果实（布劳德品种）为研究对象,运用空气动力学相关原理,计算得到黑加仑果实在输送管中适宜的风速范围为5～73 m/s;通过EDEM-FLUENT软件耦合方式对输送装置进行建模和仿真,对输送管内气体压力云图及压降进行分析,对比分析3种不同管径输送管（32、40和50 mm）的输送效率及输送过程中的破果率;进一步在自制的黑加仑捡拾输送装置上进行试验。试验结论与仿真结果均表明输送管的较佳管径为40 mm,并得出输送效率、破果率与气体流量之间的回归方程（R2均大于0.9）,论文结论可为气吸式小浆果采摘机具研发提供参考。     

出口管过渡圆弧对抗性消声器性能的影响及应用

为了降低基于声腔模态的进出口管布置原则设计的抗性消声器的压力损失,该文以典型的扩张式消声器和回流式消声器为例,探究了出口管过渡圆弧对其压力损失及传声损失的影响规律。结果表明:出口管施加过渡圆弧对传声损失的影响很小,却能有效降低压力损失;随着过渡圆弧半径的增大,压力损失的变化率减小。最后,在不改变总体尺寸的前提下,基于声腔模态的进出口管布置原则对消声器各抗性消声结构单元的进出口管进行重新布置:进口管和出口管的偏移距离从70 mm改为63 mm,中间管的偏移距离从70 mm改为0,进出口管间的偏移角度从135°改为90°;基于出口管过渡圆弧对压力损失的影响规律对各抗性消声结构单元出口管施加10 mm的过渡圆弧。改进后的消声器不仅传声损失有所提高,且压力损失也得到降低,在750~1500 Hz频率范围内平均传声损失增加了15.3 d B,入口气流速度为60 m/s时压力损失降低了25.20%。研究结果为综合运用基于声腔模态的进出口管布置原则及出口管过渡圆弧对压力损失的影响规律设计及改进消声器提供参考。     

长江三峡花岗岩坡面管流产流特性研究

含有大孔隙的土体 ,如花岗岩风化壳及其上形成的土层水分运动规律并不遵从达西定律 (Darcy L aw) ,大孔隙中运动的水流称为管流 (pipe flow)。在花岗岩地区 ,由于管流的普遍存在 ,从土壤剖面流出的水量远远超出在达西法则定义下流出的水量。为研究土壤水分渗透中非遵从达西定律的土管 (大孔隙 )管流运动规律 ,在位于长江三峡的湖北省秭归县花岗岩坡面进行了管流流量、坡面渗流、地表径流和降雨过程等项目的观测和研究。发现管流在该地区是一种普遍存在的现象 ,管流过程中的水分运动不遵从达西定律 ,其流量在坡面渗流中占的比重约为 10 %～ 30 % ,土管在土壤剖面中所占面积虽然很小 ,但其水分通量远大于相同降雨条件下的土壤剖面水分渗透通量。     

河北滨海盐碱区暗管改碱技术的降雨有效性评价

在河北滨海盐碱荒地和盐碱低产田开展暗管改碱技术面临淡水资源严重短缺、灌溉条件差的问题,降水资源的利用对于该区域暗管改碱技术实施效果的影响很大。本文以河北省黄骅市为研究区域, 对河北滨海盐碱区的降水特征及其对暗管改碱技术的影响进行分析。结果表明: 当土壤含盐量<0.3%时, 年内次降水量可完全满足土壤初次淋洗脱盐过程需要; 当土壤盐分含量>0.3%但<0.5%时, 在较容易淋洗的土壤上, 暗管埋深合适时, 脱盐需要的次降水量仍可基本满足; 但当土壤含盐量达到0.5%左右时, 仅靠自然降水不能保证土壤脱盐需要。暗管埋设条件下, 雨季(6~9 月)降水量对大面积的轻度盐碱地淋洗脱盐效果非常显著; 但重度盐碱地却不能达到理想脱盐效果。从年降水量的变化情况看, 研究区域降水量逐年降低的趋势比较明显, 干旱年份多于洪涝年份, 且旱情较为严重。因此未来推广实施暗管改碱工程时有必要考虑亏缺灌溉对自然降水淋盐的补充效果。     

Phosphorus losses from two representative small catchments in the Mediterranean part of Spain

Purpose

Information about phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural catchments in Mediterranean environments is scarce. In this work, P losses in overland flow from two representative small Mediterranean catchments, one dominated by Alfisols and the other by Vertisols, were studied.

Materials and methods

At the lowest level of each catchment, overland flow was measured and several runoff samples taken in each runoff event during two growing seasons (2001–2002 and 2002–2003). After centrifugation, total P in sediments and total and molybdate reactive P in supernatant were determined. Different chemical extraction methods were used to quantify the forms of P in soils and sediments.

Results and discussion

Total P losses in the studied catchments ranged between 0.5 and 3.2 kg ha^?1 year^?1, losses higher than 2 kg P ha^?1 being observed in one event. Phosphorus was mainly lost in the sediments, the ratio of total dissolved P to particulate P being higher in the Alfisol than in the Vertisol catchment. Phosphorus concentration in sediments from the Vertisol catchment was similar to that in the source soils, whereas sediments in the Alfisol catchment had 2.1 times more inorganic P and 9 times more organic P (OP) than the source soils. In the latter catchment, there was an enrichment in the more labile inorganic P forms in the sediments relative to the source soils, which corresponds to a relative enrichment in iron (Fe) oxides by a factor of 2.4. Alfisols had lower TP contents and exhibited lower erosion rates than Vertisols in the studied period but they posed a greater environmental risk than the latter soils because their sediments were richer in P and had a higher proportion of P in forms bound to the Fe oxides compared to the source soils—these P forms can be easily released with the onset of reducing conditions at the bottom of waterbodies.

Conclusions

A study of the P enrichment ratios and the dominant P forms in eroded sediments is therefore necessary to predict the impact of P losses from soils on the ecological quality of waterbodies.     

干旱地区排盐暗管优化布局关键参数研究

为探究干旱地区暗管配合淋洗的排盐效果及关键影响因素,该研究在新疆焉耆盆地布置了暗管排盐试验,研究淋洗前后土壤剖面的水盐变化规律和不同淋洗定额下相同暗管布局的暗管排水排盐量差异,结合正交试验分析方法研究暗管布局参数中影响土壤脱盐率的显著因素,并分析淋洗定额与暗管布局参数对土壤脱盐率的交互影响。结果表明:1)暗管排水后,土壤剖面含水率明显增大,表层平均含水率由0.20增加为0.30cm~3/cm~3,含盐量不同程度减小,表层平均盐量由10减少为5g/kg;2)暗管排水流量呈现先迅速增大,后缓慢减小的规律,而暗管排水电导率则在排水过程中无明显变化,且淋洗定额越大,暗管排水排盐量越大;3)暗管间距和埋深是影响脱盐率的显著因素(P分别小于0.05和0.01),而管径则对脱盐率无显著性影响;淋洗定额越大,土壤脱盐率越大,且在较大淋洗定额差异条件下,淋洗定额和暗管布局参数对土壤脱盐率无交互影响。研究结果表明,对于干旱地区暗管排盐工程布置,合适的埋深和间距很重要,淋洗定额也是影响脱盐效果的关键因素。考虑节约水资源和节省工程造价,研究区合适暗管埋深为1.4 m,间距为8 m,管径为90mm,此时采用300mm的淋洗定额进行冬灌,即可以满足36%的目标脱盐率。研究结果可以为干旱地区暗管合理布局选择提供依据。     

基于热流量积分的混凝土温控水管冷却边界模拟算法

以往用冷却水管离散模型迭代计算混凝土温度场时,水管边界被近似认为是第三类边界条件,此类边界条件的参数获取要通过试验并进行反演,试验费用较大且有时候可靠性不高。针对该问题,在热量平衡条件的基础上提出由与水管接触混凝土的热流量、水管的导热系数、管壁厚度和水管内壁温度推算水管外壁温度的新算法,并对原有迭代方法进行改进,解决迭代次数多和迭代可能无法收敛的问题。对比算例中,采用传统算法,模型边界处的误差可达到1.67℃,而采用该新算法,误差仅为0.3℃。应用所提方法对某混凝土块施工期混凝土温度场进行了仿真计算,计算值与实测值吻合较好,且迭代收敛速度较快,一般的迭代方法,需要迭代15次,而采用改进的迭代方法,只需迭代7次即可以达到稳定值。该算法能明确通水冷却的边界条件,节省试验费用,提高计算效率,有较好的工程应用价值。     

奶牛卧床冷水管局部降温系统应用效果分析

为缓解奶牛热应激,该研究基于奶牛胸颈部热敏感区产热及散热理论,开发了一套卧床冷水管局部降温系统。该研究在自然通风牛舍,通过水管壁温与试验组卧床表面温度变化测试了系统性能,并通过试验组与对照组奶牛核心体温、呼吸频率、产奶量及躺卧行为的差异分析了系统的应用效果。试验期间,系统水管壁温的变化范围为18～22 ℃,进出水温差1.7 ℃;试验组卧床表面平均温度维持在21～23 ℃,比对照组显著降低2.1 ℃（P<0.01）。结果表明,卧床冷水管局部降温系统水管壁温与距进水口的管道长度呈线性正相关关系。当温湿指数（Temperature-Humidity Index, THI）达到72时,试验组奶牛核心体温比对照组降低0.3 ℃（P<0.01）,呼吸频率降低9次/min（P<0.01）,证明卧床冷水管局部降温系统可有效缓解奶牛热应激。该研究为牛舍环境局部降温及缓解奶牛热应激提供了方法支撑。     

Critical loads for soils and waters in a selected Scottish catchment

In the UK, critical loads have been mapped for both soils and freshwaters and the maps indicate that discrepancies may occur between these two receptors over sensitive areas of the UK. Freshwater critical load maps were prepared by calculating the Henriksen critical load for the most sensitive water body in each 10 km grid square. Critical loads for soils were calculated according to the mineralogy and associated soil properties of the dominant soil at a 1 km resolution. To examine the differences between the soil and freshwater data sets it is necessary to calculate critical loads at a smaller scale using the catchment as the focus for study. This was done by selecting a catchment on granitic parent material in the North of Scotland. Data on water chemistry, collected on a weekly basis, was used to calculate temporal variations in critical loads for freshwaters using the Henriksen method. Soil sampling across the catchment was conducted on a grid based system to provide estimates of spatial variability in sensitivity. Profile characteristics and soil chemical data obtained from detailed soil sampling programmes were used in the PROFILE model to determine the spatial variation in critical loads for soils. In general, the results show that the critical loads for soils tend to be lower than those for freshwater. The spatial variation in the soil critical load tends to be small whilst the temporal variation in critical load for freshwaters is large. In order to account for these differences it is important to identify the key processes within the catchment which play a major role in controlling streamwater chemistry. This procedure improves the relationship between critical loads for soils and waters.     

支毛管安装射流三通的滴灌系统水力性能研究

为分析脉冲水流对滴灌系统水力性能的影响规律,该文基于射流附壁和切换原理设计了一种支管射流三通,并与毛管射流三通开展组合试验。在毛管铺设长度为60 m,4种支管三通进口水头(9.5、12、14、15.5 m)条件下,研究支毛管安装射流三通或普通三通时灌水小区的灌水均匀度、脉冲频率与水头损失变化规律,并建立描述支管射流三通出口流量和压力的拟合关系式。结果表明,当支毛管三通均采用射流三通时,支毛管中均为间歇性脉冲水流,脉冲频率随支管进口水头增加而递增;毛管滴头流量在1.2～2.2L/h之间,沿程水头损失在0.9～1.6m之间;灌水均匀性系数在95.88%～98.56%之间,流量偏差率在8.35%～15.14%之间,灌水均匀度最高。根据研究结果,确定了灌水小区中支毛管三通的最优组合方式,可为射流技术在脉冲滴灌系统的研究、开发与应用提供理论依据。     

Sediment and Phosphorus Loads from a Stream Draining Agricultural and Forest Lands in Northwest Spain

ABSTRACT

Transport of suspended sediment (SS) and phosphorus (P) via surface runoff from soils to surface waters is a major problem of water quality degradation in many European rivers and in other parts of the world. This problem is especially serious during wet periods, which can produce twice the P loads of dry periods. In this study, the SS load and particulate phosphorus (PP) exported from a small catchment located in NW Spain (in which cultivated soils had different degrees of vegetation cover) were analyzed during two rainy periods of February 2006 and February 2007. The SS and PP loads were calculated from the data of discharge, and SS and PP concentrations were measured in water samples collected at the catchment outlet. SS and PP loads were higher in 2006 than in 2007, while there was higher rainfall and stream flow in 2007. Differences in the degree of vegetation cover in the cultivated fields with good connectivity with the stream, which was the main source area of sediment in this catchment, explain the differences in SS and PP loads between the two periods. Soil losses caused during both rainy periods were low (0.02 Mg ha^?1); however, they may be detrimental to quality of the stream water due to the P linked to soil particles. PP concentrations were above the critical values of P for eutrophication during the study periods, highlighting the need to take conservation measures to reduce soil erosion and sediment delivery to watercourse.     

滴灌管主流道沿程压力分布模型及验证

为揭示滴灌管的沿程流动特性,简化滴灌水力计算,分析了能量方程应用于滴灌管水力计算的局限性,并以质量守恒和动量守恒定理为依据,建立了以滴灌管为典型的变质量流动数学模型,并结合测压试验数据,获得了滴灌管主流道沿程压力分布表达式。变质量流动的动量方程表明:多孔管路主流道压力变化取决于摩阻项和动量交换项两部分,沿程压力分布的具体形式取决于二者作用的相对强弱,滴灌管压力分布归结为求解滴灌管轴向流速分布、摩阻系数和动量交换系数,动量方程建立的合理之处在于不必追究其详细机制,将复杂的流动机理进行了合理概化。测压-测流试验表明:滴灌管轴向流速分布指数与滴头自身特性参数无关,而与滴头安装个数呈线性关系。基于理论分析和试验数据回归得到了动量交换系数的表达式,并结合Blasius摩阻公式进行方程求解,压力计算值与实测值吻合良好,最大相对误差为4.27%。该文可为滴灌管水力计算及多孔管水动力学研究提供一定参考。     

Simulating nitrate concentrations in water draining from a small arable catchment in England

Abstract. The catchment simulated comprises 57 hectares of heavy clay soil managed as six arable fields. Mole and pipe drains carry surplus water into two ditches, one feeding into the other. Their combined flow was passed through a flume with an automatic water sampler, samples from which were analysed for nitrate. Measurements of nitrate concentration made during periods of water flow from 1990 to 1993 were simulated using a model comprising sub-models for leaching, mineralization, nitrogen uptake by crops and subsoil denitrification. The simulations were plotted against the measurements. For statistical evaluation, the correlation coefficient was used to assess the degree of association between the measurements and the simulations and the mean difference to assess the agreement. The correlation between the simulations and the measurements was significant in two of the three seasons, but the mean difference was significant in all three. However, taking all three seasons together gave a very highly significant correlation and a non-significant mean difference.     

滴灌轮灌分组优化模型与算法

传统的轮灌组划分计算方式效率较低且难以获得较好方案。该研究首次采用智能算法来求解轮灌组划分问题,依据《微灌工程技术标准》及轮灌组划分原则,提出了基于流量均衡的数学模型及其约束条件。通过分析支管空间分布,确定了滴灌问题的邻域特征,在半径阈值范围内给出了最大限度查找关键路径的邻域搜索策略和不可行解修复算法,并采用传统遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)、贪心遗传算法(Greedy-GA)、泰森多边形遗传算法(Voronoi-GA)和网格遗传算法(Grid-GA)算法分别求解模型,探索适应轮灌分组问题的初始化方法。对标准差、组内路程、连通性和运行时间4项指标对比分析,结果表明:Grid-GA算法表现优异,采用的邻域策略可有效避免支管分布过于分散,有利于日常管理与维护。取半径阈值280 m条件下,算法在300代左右达到收敛,最小标准差10.9 m3/h,组内路程8 105.2 m,连通性指标25,与一种冒泡+贪心的近似算法相比最小标准差小59.1%。该研究对提高滴灌工程设计效率和促进轮灌工作制度有效运行有着重要研究意义。     

基于渗流槽试验的吸附性外包滤料改善暗管排水脱盐效果

农田暗管排水再利用是缓解西北干旱、半干旱地区灌溉水资源短缺的有效途径,而外包滤料的结构与性状是改善暗管出流水质的关键。利用自行研制的渗流槽物理模型试验设备,将取自宁夏银北暗管排水项目区的土样,结合当地盐渍化土壤特征进行重新配置,以吸附性材料代替传统砂滤料,设置了仅敷裹土工布和外裹土工布+10 cm混合滤料两种暗管外包滤料,模拟研究冬灌淋洗盐分条件下,外包滤料结构型式对暗管排水区土壤水盐运移状况的影响及其出口水质状况。监测结果表明:淋洗试验初期,渗水逐渐浸润土壤,土壤中的盐分随水流垂直向下迁移并积聚于暗管周围,即埋深60～90 cm的土层中。淋洗中期,饱和带浸润水位自下而上逐渐上升,仅敷裹土工布的暗管,当饱和带水位超过暗管轴线位置时便开始排水,而包裹混合滤料的暗管,在饱和带水位达到暗管顶部后才开始排水。仅敷裹土工布时土壤整体的平均脱盐率比铺设混合滤料时的小11.45个百分点,两轮淋洗试验后,进入铺设混合滤料暗管水样的平均矿化度较仅敷裹土工布时的水样检测值分别降低了1.89和1.21 g/L,且其暗管排水流量亦明显增大。淋洗后期,试验系统停止供水后,受重力疏干排水滞后效应影响,当饱和带浸润...     

外包土工布暗管排盐条件下水盐运移规律

为揭示外包土工布暗管埋设在非饱和带时淋洗后水分和盐分的运移规律,该文设计了模拟暗管排水的室内试验,研究2种土壤初始状态下(非饱和状态和田持状态),排水初期暗管与地下水位的相对位置及其排水排盐情况,从开始淋洗至暗管停止排水全过程中地下水埋深及含盐量变化规律、暗管的排水排盐效果及土壤剖面的水盐动态运移规律。结果表明:在暗管周围包裹土工布的情况下,土壤初始状态无论是非饱和还是田持,当暗管开始排水时地下水均已完全淹没暗管,此时的排盐量最大,流量呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,且地下水位先升高后降低,地下水含盐量随着淋洗水量的增加由累积转变为脱盐。对比淋洗非饱和土壤(试验1)和淋洗田持土壤(试验2)的试验结果,试验2中暗管的排水、排盐效果优于试验1,在试验1中淋洗非饱和土壤时,土壤脱盐率在垂直方向上随土壤深度的增加逐渐降低,0~20 cm土层的脱盐率(>85%)最大,降至无盐水平,暗管周围土壤脱盐率相对较小(<60%),仍处于中度盐渍化水平;水平方向上,0~20 cm土层的脱盐率差异不大,20~40 cm土层中距暗管越远其脱盐率越小。试验2在试验1基础上进行,淋洗田持土壤时,0~20 cm土层盐分不再变化,30~40 cm土层的脱盐率增大(>60%)。此外,试验1中淋洗脱盐效果大于暗管排盐效果,暗管主要排出暗管以上土壤盐分;试验2中暗管排盐效果增强,暗管不仅排出暗管周围土壤盐分,而且排出暗管以下土层及地下水中盐分,随着淋洗水量的增加,土壤由脱盐型转变为排盐型。研究结果表明外包土工布暗管的应用效果受地下水与暗管相对位置的影响,合理提高淋洗水量可以增强暗管排水排盐效果及土壤脱盐效果,有效改善土壤盐渍化。研究结果可为西北内陆干旱地区不同地下水埋深条件下暗管排盐技术的推广和应用提供理论支撑和科学指导。     

Soil moisture variability in a semi-arid gully catchment: implications for runoff and erosion control

Spatial patterns in surface soil moisture during dry and wet weather conditions have been recorded over a 3.68 ha gully catchment in central Spain. During dry weather conditions this spatial pattern was characterised by areas of relatively wet and dry soil, forming a mosaic of areas with contrasting hydrological response. Semi-variogram analysis has indicated that these areas are spatially isolated and unconnected, with the effect that surface runoff from source areas within the catchment may be re-absorbed by surrounding areas which act as sinks for overland flow. Consequently during dry weather conditions, variation in the soil's physical and hydrological properties, as reflected by spatial differences in soil moisture, may be advantageous in minimising widespread catchment runoff and erosion, by creating spatial isolation of runoff producing areas and by promoting discontinuity in hydrological pathways. During wet weather conditions, however, extensive saturation, exceeding a catchment wetness threshold, increased spatial continuity in hydrological pathways, regardless of the spatial variation in soil hydraulic properties, resulting in widespread runoff and erosion. Management strategies should therefore aim to raise this wetness threshold value, by improving the soils physical and hydrological properties. The creation of a mosaic pattern of areas with contrasting hydrological response may prove to be an effective management strategy in runoff and erosion control in semi-arid environments.     

Effects of lime applications to parts of an upland catchment on soil properties and the chemistry of drainage waters

The liming of soils in the lower part of an upland catchment was found to have a major effect on both soil properties and the chemistry of drainage waters. Exchangeable Al was closely correlated with soil pH and showed a very steep rise from 2.6-4.8 meq 1⁻¹ over the pH range 5.5-4.5. As streams flowed from unimproved through improved land there was an increase in pH and the concentration of all major anions and basic cations. The greatest increase was in Ca (approximately 3.5-fold). The concentrations of all dissolved Al species decreased, with inorganic monomeric Al falling to near zero. Leachates were examined from soils representative of the most acidic and the least acidic. Calcium concentrations differed by almost tenfold. Aluminium was present in leachates from the limed soil, but most was unreactive and none was inorganic monomeric. Most of the Al leached from the acid soil was monomeric.
A model of soil acidification is proposed in which soil Ca is depleted at a rate of 8% of the exchangeable Ca per annum. The model predicts that liming a soil to neutrality would be likely to influence drainage water chemistry for 30-40 years and that the most acidic soils of the catchment show no net loss of Ca to drainage.     

Effects of Atmospheric Sea-Salt Deposition on Soils and Freshwaters in Northeast Scotland

The majority of Scottish upland soils are particularly sensitive to acid deposition because of their low weathering rates. The compositions of the exchangeable base cations of such soils in the United Kingdom are dominated by sea salt inputs rather than by mineral weathering inputs of base cations. Catchments with low mineral weathering rates are also those particularly susceptible to freshwater acidification. Therefore, catchments exhibiting a high sea salt effect should also exhibit the most acid waters under base flow and storm flow conditions. A field evaluation study based on 61 catchments in NE Scotland has shown that this is indeed the case. River water pH under both base flow and high flow conditions is correlated stronhly with the relative contribution of Na+ to the sum of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+. From these results, an attempt is being made to produce a quantitative signature of weathering for the soils within the catchment upstream of the sampling point. Representative soil samples from the LFH, AE, B and C horizons and on 4 different parent materials have been obtained from the surrounding catchments to validate the above results for associated soil solutions. Sampling took place on upland moorland podzols under Calluna vulgaris. Tension lysimeters were used to sample the soil solutions so that their chemistry could be compared with that of the relevant river water.     

连栋温室散热管道辐射涂层的热工性能研究

该文从连栋温室供热系统的节能要求出发，采用理论分析和实验数据数学归纳的方法，重点研究涂镀辐射涂层前后常用的热水供热系统光管散热管道热工性能的变化，结果表明涂镀辐射涂层后光管散热管道的热工性能较涂镀辐射涂层前有明显的提高，为选择连栋温室散热管道提供依据。