桃树修剪新法——长梢修剪技术

桃树长梢修剪是一种简化修剪技术 ,相对于传统的短枝修剪技术而言 ,长枝修剪基本不使用短截 ,仅采用疏剪和长放技术 ,修剪后的 1年生枝一般长 50～ 60ｃｍ。1　对 1～ 2年生幼树修剪为了尽快增加骨干枝级数和枝叶数量 ,促进基部副梢的生长 ,提高冬季修剪枝条的利用率 ,必须重视夏剪。夏剪的主要任务是摘心 ,定植后对骨干枝或预备骨干枝在第一个生长季里摘心 2～ 3次 ,翌年摘心 1～ 2次 ;对非骨干枝 (大小枝组 )每年摘心 1～ 2次 ,第 1次摘心一般在 5月份的旺长时间 ,对长度 10ｃｍ以上新梢均保留 10ｃｍ进行摘心 (或剪梢 )。第 2次和第 3次…     

不同树形结构及拉枝角度对寒富苹果生长及产量的影响

文章通过田间试验和实地调研,分析了树形结构和拉枝角度对寒富苹果生长及产量的影响。结果表明,松塔形、纺锤形结果最早,塔松形、纺锤形树体成形最快,塔松形短枝多,封顶早,有利于花芽的形成,且单位面积产量最高。不同开张角度对寒富苹果发芽抽枝及挂果均有显著影响,随着开张角度的增大,总枝条量逐渐增多,其中80°～90°总枝量最多,均在100个以上,随着开张角度的增大,新梢长度逐渐缩短,花芽数量增多,平均挂果量增大。     

不同肥料配比对金红苹果营养生长的影响

试验以金红苹果为研究对象,研究不同肥料配比对苹果新梢生长和根系分布的影响。发现不同施肥处理均较对照显著提高了苹果的新梢生长量、单位面积吸收根和总根量。化肥对苹果新梢生长量、根系生长和分布的贡献率为:氮肥磷肥钾肥,全肥料处理促进了苹果树地上部新梢生长,并改善了吸收根在20~60cm土层内的分布,增加了土壤深层吸收根和总根数。     

涂高效抽枝宝和刻芽对苹果幼树1a生枝条萌芽和新梢生长的影响

以2013年栽植的‘2001’富士苹果幼树为试材,研究了涂高效抽枝宝和刻芽对拉枝后1a生枝条萌芽和新梢生长的影响。结果表明:涂高效抽枝宝、刻芽和自然生长的枝条萌芽率分别为89.95%、89.05%和69.13%;单株抽出新梢量分别为30.74个、18.41个和16.07个。涂高效抽枝宝与刻芽的萌芽物候期基本一致,均比自然生长的提前2d。自然生长枝条上的新梢生长量要显著高于涂高效抽枝宝和刻芽处理,涂高效抽枝宝处理的新梢生长量与刻芽处理无显著差异。     

冬季园林管理要点

１梨．苹果幼树的越冬 梨、苹果幼树越冬后易失水干枯，失水严重时全部枯萎轻时也影响树冠扩大，造成树冠残缺、树形紊乱，对幼树早结果很不利。这种现象称为“抽条”。现介绍几种抑制梨、苹果幼树抽条时的具体管理措施。１．１栽培管理在梨、苹果的栽培管理上应重点促进前期春梢生长，控制秋梢生长。雨季注意排水，后期不施氮肥，增施磷、钾肥。秋季对停长的新梢进行搞心，使枝条及时停长。１．２使用矮壮素　于八九月间，用植物生长调节剂矮壮素２×１０－６液喷布，也可控制秋梢生长，促使枝条及时停长。１．３防治浮尘子　在秋季浮尘子…     

苹果幼旺树主干桥接树体矮化早结果

<正> 泰安市林业局经济林站李峰对富士和红国光苹果幼旺树主干桥接,可提早结果。①比对照当年生新梢生长量减小,新梢粗度减小,短梢数量与中长梢数比例增大,从而使树冠变小,有利于成花。②树体与对照相比外围一年生枝长、一年生枝茎粗减小,中短     

苹果树早期丰产的整形修剪要点

果树早期丰产的整形修剪技术总的原则是以肥水管理为基础,轻剪多留,整体促进,迅速扩大树冠,增加枝叶量,充分利用空间,局部改造、控制、利用,用局部枝条来获得产量。在操作中其主要技术是1、幼树或轻剪,少疏,乡贸往只有多留校,多长新消叶片,才能制造较多的养分,早成花结果。因此在幼树期必须轻剪,少疏,多留枝。基本做法是：门）定于当年不抹芽．多留新梢养树养根。过去定于时整形带以下的芽全抹掉,这样减少了叶面积,不利于幼苗生长。而多留梢叶树干加租快,根系恢复生长明显。对多留的技可作为裙枝临时利用结果,以后分批疏…     

山楂树不同时期的整形与修剪技术

<正>1幼树修剪山楂幼树具有极性强,生长旺,枝量少的特点。幼树时期的修剪,应"短截轰条,先促后控"。定植后1~4a内进行重短截,尽量增加枝量。4、5a以后除骨干枝和部分辅养枝短截外,其它大部枝条进行缓放,尽量少疏枝。缓放的枝条,特别是平斜的,其新梢顶芽以下的1~2腋芽大部分都能形成花芽。     

河北省太行山中南部核桃栽植时期及栽植技术研究

于2001年10月至2003年10月连续进行了不同栽植时期以及栽植技术对核桃幼树成活及生长发育影响的研究。结果表明:秋栽后用聚乙烯醇涂干处理,成活率高达95%以上,翌春萌芽比春栽早10 d以上,新梢生长速度快,春季抽干距离短,平均枝条长可达45 cm以上,是最好的技术组合;秋栽不涂干处理,成活率较低,不足60%,并且抽干距离长,发枝部位低;春栽成活率高,但是缓苗期长,新梢发育慢,平均枝条长短,仅为20~30 cm。     

火炬树幼苗镉含量及分布特征的研究

以盆栽火炬树幼苗为试材,土壤施入重金属镉后,在生长季不同时期检测根、枝、叶内镉含量的变化。结果表明,根系、新梢和叶片中镉累积量都随着土壤镉施入量的增加而增大。在生长季节根系和枝内隔含量逐渐增加,7月份达到最高,之后逐渐下降;叶片、根系和枝镉含量变化趋势基本一致。镉在不同器官的累积量由高到低为：根系〉枝干〉叶片。     

Root-zone temperatures affect phenology of bud break, flower cluster development, shoot extension growth and gas exchange of 'Braeburn' (Malus domestica) apple trees

We investigated the effects of root-zone temperature on bud break, flowering, shoot growth and gas exchange of potted mature apple (Malus domestica (Borkh.)) trees with undisturbed roots. Soil respiration was also determined. Potted 'Braeburn' apple trees on M.9 rootstock were grown for 70 days in a constant day/night temperature regime (25/18 degrees C) and one of three constant root-zone temperatures (7, 15 and 25 degrees C). Both the proportion and timing of bud break were significantly enhanced as root-zone temperature increased. Rate of floral cluster opening was also markedly increased with increasing root-zone temperature. Shoot length increased but shoot girth growth declined as root-zone temperatures increased. Soil respiration and leaf photosynthesis generally increased as root-zone temperatures increased. Results indicate that apple trees growing in regions where root zone temperatures are < or = 15 degrees C have delayed bud break and up to 20% fewer clusters than apple trees exposed to root zone temperatures of > or = 15 degrees C. The effect of root-zone temperature on shoot performance may be mediated through the mobilization of root reserves, although the role of phytohormones cannot be discounted. Variation in leaf photosynthesis across the temperature treatments was inadequately explained by stomatal conductance. Given that root growth increases with increasing temperature, changes in sink activity induced by the root-zone temperature treatments provide a possible explanation for the non-stomatal effect on photosynthesis. Irrespective of underlying mechanisms, root-zone temperatures influence bud break and flowering in apple trees.     

山丁子高接寒富苹果技术

东北、内蒙古山区分布有近千万株野生山丁子大树,如能高接果个大、品质好、耐贮藏的寒富苹果,可在短时间内获取较高的经济效益。选择连片的山丁子树,按2.5-3.0 m×3-4 m株行距留株,按主干疏层形、纺锤形整形留枝,去除多余枝,用劈接、插皮接法进行硬枝嫁接,接后对接穗保湿,应及时进行抹砧萌、解绑,并防治害虫。     

苹果绵蚜对不同苹果品种枝条的选择及与挥发物的关系

为探讨苹果绵蚜与苹果树的互作关系,用Y形嗅觉仪测试该虫对不同苹果品种枝条的嗅觉反应,顶空萃取枝条挥发物,并进行GC-MS分析.结果表明:该虫在寄主选择时,能被不同品种苹果枝条气味吸引;对珊夏的趋向性最强,平均选择率为71.25%,其次是短枝富士、乔纳金、腾木1号,平均选择率均在60%以上;对首红的最弱,平均选择率仅为56.75%.珊夏枝条挥发物主要成分(E-3-己烯-1-醇、甲酸己酯)的相对含量(14.74%,9.52%)均多于其他品种;首红枝条挥发物主要成分(4-甲基-1,3-戊二烯、乙酸叶醇酯)的相对含量(16.37%,10.27%)均多于其他品种.初步确定,E-3-己烯-1-醇、甲酸己酯可能是对苹果绵蚜有较强引诱作用的重要物质;4-甲基-1,3-戊二烯、乙酸叶醇酯不是引诱苹果绵蚜的物质.     

Flooding, root temperature, physiology and growth of two Annona species

The effects of root zone temperature (RZT) and flooding on physiology and growth of Annona glabra L. (pond apple) and A. muricata L. (soursop) were investigated. Trees planted in containers were exposed to RZTs of 5, 10, 20, 25 or 35 degrees C in controlled root temperature chambers. Trees at each RZT were either non-flooded (control) or continuously flooded. There were four replications over time for each treatment combination. Pond apple was more flood-tolerant than soursop. A combination of flooding and RZTs of 5 and 10 degrees C resulted in tree mortality of both species by Week 4. Only trees that appeared to develop morphological adaptations survived continuous flooding. In both species, net CO2 assimilation (A) decreased to nearly zero within 1 week following exposure to RZTs of 5 or 10 degrees C and became consistently negative over the remaining experimental period. Flooding reduced leaf chlorophyll index (measured with a SPAD meter), A and plant growth, and increased root electrolyte leakage from soursop. Optimum growth occurred at RZTs of 25 to 35 degrees C for non-flooded pond apple trees and at 20 to 25 degrees C for flooded trees. Soursop exhibited maximum growth at RZTs of 35 degrees C under non-flooded conditions and at 25 degrees C under flooded conditions.     

不同复垦措施对铁尾矿砂废弃地复垦效果的研究

以河北省临城县南沟村铁尾矿砂废弃迹地为试材,采用田间调查和室内测定相结合的试验方法,研究了不同复垦措施对苹果幼树生长发育以及铁尾矿砂废弃地治理效果的影响。结果表明：壤土与尾矿沙混合填充深度1 m的1号地苹果幼树长势良好,其干径、基径、主枝粗等均极显著大于采用壤土填充深度仅50 cm的2号地,差值分别达到0.74 cm、0.52 cm、0.52 cm;1号地苹果幼树根系活力显著高于2号地;1号地土壤孔隙度大于2号地,全N、全P、速效K含量以21~30 cm土层最高,分别为0.128%、0.23%、0.135 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.027 mg/g;2号地全N、全P、速效K含量以11~20 cm土层最高,分别为0.135%、0.16 g/kg、0.11 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.013 mg/g。     

Pilot study on the effects of elevated air temperature and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on artificially defoliated silver birch saplings

The impacts of elevated temperature and CO₂ on young silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) saplings after 0, 25, 50 or 75% artificial defoliation were assessed by measuring plant height and dry mass of aboveground compartments and roots and various morphological and physiological variables. Defoliation either increased or decreased plant growth depending on the severity of damage and the climatic treatment. At 21 °C and 400 mg L^?1 CO₂, defoliated plants were not able to compensate for the lost foliage, but growth compensation and adaptation to the changed conditions were greater; growth of young defoliated silver birch saplings increased, which led to increased height and a tendency to enhance final aboveground and root biomass and leaf nitrogen and carbon content compared to the nondefoliated controls. Nevertheless, the short-term effect of the different climatic conditions did not result in a significant overgrowth of defoliated plants. A slight increase in temperature and CO₂ were the most acceptable conditions for defoliated plants; however, a 4 °C increase with correspondingly higher CO₂ was more stressful as shown by less growth in height and biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots. The findings from the pilot experiment are more applicable to young birch trees, but stress on young trees may be reflected in future tree growth.     

不同树体环境和管理水平对苹果树梨树腐烂病发生程度的影响

苹果树梨树腐烂病是对果树危害严重的一种病害,对果树生产造成了较大的威胁。通过对苹果树梨树腐烂病发生程度的相关性因素的分析,结果表明,苹果树梨树腐烂病的发生程度与果树大小年、树龄、果树生长状况、冻害的发生、土壤管理制度、修剪程度等都有十分密切的相关性:树龄1～10a的发病轻,20a以上的发病重;枝条发育不充实,不能自然落叶的果园发病重,枝条充分成熟的树体发病轻;易遭冻害的果园发病重;清耕不间作的果园发病重,间作的发病轻;重修剪的发病重,轻修剪的发病轻。     

Carbon dioxide efflux from roots of calamodin and apple

The specific rate of CO(2) efflux (respiration) from roots of intact fruiting calamodin plants (Citrus madurensis Lour.) showed no diel trend, and did not respond significantly to short-term (2 day) changes in shoot irradiance. Mean root respiration rate was about 8.4 nmol CO(2) g(-1) s(-1) at 20 degrees C, and increased with temperature with a Q(10) of about 2. In calamodin plants, the proportion of total root length that was white averaged 6.0 mm m(-1). Respiration of roots of apple plants (Malus domestica Borkh.), planted in spring as rootstocks and grown at high irradiance and N supply, declined from about 5.3 to 2.8 nmol CO(2) g(-1) s(-1) between 46 and 138 days after bud burst. At 50% irradiance, root respiration was reduced more than 25% at 46 and 92 days after bud burst, but was not significantly affected later in the season. Reducing shoot irradiance reduced the proportion of total root length that was white, e.g., from 217 to 146 mm m(-1) at 46 days after bud burst. For plants previously grown at low irradiance, increasing shoot irradiance for 6 days increased the rate of root respiration by 5 to 10%. For plants previously grown at high irradiance, reducing shoot irradiance for 6 days reduced root respiration by about 20% early in the season, but had no significant effect later in the season. For plants grown with low-N supply (5% of the high-N), root respiration was reduced early in the season, but was not significantly affected later. Reducing the N supply increased slightly the proportion of total root length that was white. For plants previously grown with low-N, increasing the N supply for 6 days reduced further the rate of root respiration. For plants previously grown with high-N, reducing the N supply for 6 days did not significantly affect the rate of root respiration. Specific respiration rates of root systems excised from mature trees growing outdoors peaked in June, at about 2.4 nmol CO(2) g(-1) s(-1), and then declined for the remainder of the growing season.     

柽柳两种不同外植体生根效果比较

将柽柳幼嫩枝条接种于诱导培养基上诱导出丛生芽，再把柽柳丛生芽和嫩枝接种在含有不同浓度NAA的MS培养基上，使外植体分化生根。结果表明：添加0．05mg／L，NAA的MS培养基适宜丛生芽生根；添加0．01mg／LNAA的MS培养基适宜柽柳嫩枝生根。两种试管苗长势不同，其中由柽柳嫩枝产生的试管苗，移栽成活率较高。     

Response of old-growth conifers to reduction in stand density in western Oregon forests

The positive growth response of healthy young trees to density reduction is well known. In contrast, large old trees are usually thought to be intrinsically limited in their ability to respond to increased growing space; therefore, density reduction is seldom used in stands of old-growth trees. We tested the null hypothesis that old-growth trees are incapable of responding with increased growth following density reduction. The diameter growth response of 271 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) trees ranging in age from 158 to 650 years was examined 20 to 50 years after density reduction. Density reduction involved either light thinning with removal of less vigorous trees, or shelterwood treatments in which overstory trees were not removed. Ratios of basal area growth after treatment to basal area growth before treatment, and several other measures of growth, all indicated that the old trees sometimes benefited and were not harmed by density reduction. Growth increased by 10% or more for 68% of the trees in treated stands, and nearly 30% of trees increased growth by over 50%. This growth response persisted for at least 20 years. During this 20-year period, only three trees in treated stands (1.5%) exhibited a rapid decrease in growth, whereas growth decreased in 64% of trees in untreated stands. The length of time before a growth response to density reduction occurred varied from 5 to 25 years, with the greatest growth response often occurring 20 to 25 years after treatment. These results have important implications both for the basic biology of aging in woody plants as well as for silvicultural practices in forests with old-growth trees.