哈尔滨市区利用昆虫病原线虫防治光肩星天牛初探

采用异小杆属(Heterorhabditidae)的HB-NJ品系线虫和斯氏属(Steinernematidae)的S.glaseri、S.feltiae和Sc-All 4个品系线虫对光肩星天牛幼虫进行了室内生物测定,结果表明:HB-NJ品系线虫和Sc-All品系线虫对光肩星天牛幼虫均有较高致病力,侵染5d后对幼虫累计校正死亡率分别为100%和93.3%。并对哈尔滨市绿化树种糖槭树上光肩星天牛幼虫进行了林间防治试验,结果表明:HB-NJ品系线虫和Sc-ALL品系线虫在林间防治光肩星天牛幼虫14d后防治效果均可达到80%以上。     

昆虫病原斯氏线虫防治林木蛀干害虫试验初报

应用昆虫病原斯氏线虫Steinernema的5个品系分别对木麻黄、相思树的主要蛀干害虫进行室内外毒杀力测定。测定结果各线虫品系对相思拟木蠹蛾的平均致死率100%,感染线虫后有68%的害虫爬出虫道死亡;S.feltiae Agriotos侵染多纹豹蠹蛾能力强,室内害虫死亡率100%,林间效果90.9%;线虫在其虫尸体内的繁殖率为97.4%,S.f.Mexican对星天牛致死效果为64.4%。     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治雷公藤丽长角巢蛾试验

在福建省泰宁县雷公藤种植基地开展了4个品系的昆虫病原线虫在室内外和林间对雷公藤丽长角巢蛾的控制试验。结果表明,在24~30℃时线虫的侵染力最强。斯氏线虫Steinemema.sp.CB2B品系效果最佳,室内试验线虫剂量为100、250、500、1 000、2 000条.mL-1时,第6 d的幼虫校正死亡率分别为92.86%、100%、100%、100%、100%;试验剂量为1 000条.mL-1时,第1 d就出现害虫幼虫死亡,第5 d幼虫死亡率达到100%;对丽长角巢蛾的幼虫和蛹均有侵染力;林间防治试验效果达88.15%。     

昆虫病原线虫对木麻黄毒蛾侵染能力的初步研究

本文报道应用昆虫病原线虫Steinernema spp.室内对木麻黄毒蛾的侵染能力。通过斯氏属九个线虫品系对木毒蛾的侵染力测定筛选出S.feltiae Agriotos为最佳品系;能寄生低、中、高龄幼虫及蛹;可在3天内把害虫致死。供试的其它八个线虫品系也能不同程度地致死害虫,并在死虫体内繁殖。S.f.Agriotos线虫的剂量对木毒蛾的致死速度及效果有影响,以1000条线虫/害虫侵染期线虫为最适宜剂量,林间对木毒蛾幼虫的致死率平均为89.6%。     

5种植物源农药防治松丽毒蛾的效果分析

为研究植物源农药及浓度对松丽毒蛾的林间防治效果,于2019年在福建省沙县官庄国有林场的马尾松林分设立试验区,选用0. 6%印楝素乳油等5种植物源农药开展林间喷雾防治松丽毒蛾幼虫试验。结果表明:药后4 d,5种药剂对松丽毒蛾幼虫表现出较好的杀虫效果,0. 6%印楝素乳油、4%鱼藤酮乳油、1%苦参·藜芦碱可溶液、1. 3%苦参碱可溶液和1. 2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油对幼虫的平均死亡率依次为91. 1%、91. 3%、91. 7%、92. 0%和92. 6%,其最适浓度分别为0. 6%印楝素乳油和4%鱼藤酮乳油1000倍液,1%苦参·藜芦碱可溶液1100倍液,1. 2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油和1. 3%苦参碱可溶液1300倍液,在生产防治上可推广应用。     

两种原始兰科植物生理生态特征的比较

金佛山兰 (Tangtsiniananchuanica)为国家二级保护植物 ,野外个体数量极稀少 ,仅见于重庆南川金佛山及附近的稀疏马尾松林下 ,并且仅与其亲源种金兰 (Cephalantherafalcata)生长在一起。对比研究了生长在温室内的金佛山兰和金兰的多项生理生态指标。结果表明 ,金佛山兰与金兰只在气孔导度、水分利用率及胞间CO2 浓度方面有显著差异。金佛山兰的净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度、光补偿点、光饱和点、光能利用率和水分利用率分别为 6.1 6(± 0 .4) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .47(± 0 .0 4) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、2 .7(±0 .2 )mmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .1 1 4(± 0 .0 2 )mol·m- 2 s- 1 、2 0 6(± 2 9) μmol·mol- 1 、1 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、2 0 0μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、9.6(± 0 .9) %、3 1 (± 0 2 )mmolCO2 ·mol- 1 H2 O ;金兰的各项值分别为 5 .8(±1 .1 ) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .45 (± 0 .0 6) μmol·m- 2 s- 1 、2 .6(± 0 .3 )mmol·m- 2 s- 1 、0 .1 0 1 (± 0 .0 3 )mol·m- 2 s- 1 、1 73 (± 5 1 ) μmol·mol- 1 、1 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、2 0 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 、9.1 (± 1 .1 ) %、2 .7(± 0 .7)mmolCO2 ·mol- 1 H2 O。在温室内晴     

42%威百亩水剂对松材线虫疫木熏杀处理试验

为了评价42%威百亩水剂对松材线虫疫木的熏蒸效果，采用室内试验和林间试验相结合的方法，研究不同浓度施药量、不同温度和不同处理时间对威百亩熏蒸防治松材线虫病的作用效果。室内熏蒸试验结果表明:42%威百亩水剂对松褐天牛幼虫的致死率随着药剂浓度的增加和熏蒸时间延长而增加，在0.25 L·m-3时7 d的病死率达93.3%，在1.0 L·m-3时5 d的死亡率达100%；相同药剂浓度下，温度越高对松褐天牛幼虫的致死率越高，在5?℃时10 d的死亡率为96.0%；在10?℃时10 d的死亡率高达100%。林间熏蒸试验结果表明：42%威百亩水剂对松材线虫疫木里的天牛幼虫和松材线虫都表现出良好的熏杀作用，在0.5 L·m-3剂量30d和0.75 L·m-3剂量15 d天牛幼虫死亡率达100%，且30 d疫木内松材线虫病死率为100%；熏杀效果显著优于常用磷化铝。     

川保Ⅲ号粉剂防治纵坑切梢小蠹试验研究

2003年5月，在纵坑切梢小蠹姐代成虫转梢盛期，采用川保粉刺对该虫进行林间和室内防治试验。室内试验结果：供试成虫裸露状态下，12小时内死亡率100％；枝梢内成虫15日后死亡率A、B、C依次为73．3％、93．3％和86．7％，校正死亡率依次为19．8％、79．9％和60．1％。林间试验结果：7日后成虫死亡率A、B、C依次为80．5％、82．7％和88％，校正死亡率依次为68．9％、72．1％和80．6％。对2002年林间防治试验情况进行调查，结果表明：与对照区比较其受害株率、受害梢率、蠹害指数均有明显下降，C处理效果略优于A、B，而A、B处理效果无显著差异。     

5种农药低空喷雾防治黄脊竹蝗成虫效果分析

为确定低空喷雾无公害药剂防治黄脊竹蝗成虫的林间最佳浓度水平和用药量,掌握低空喷雾施药技术,在福建省三明市三元区的毛竹林建立试验区,应用无人机开展低空喷雾防治试验。结果表明：药后7 d,5种农药的防治效果均超过90%,其林间最佳浓度水平（药剂与纯净水的体积比）为：1.5%苦参碱可溶液和1.2%烟碱·苦参碱乳油均为1：1 000;25%阿维·灭幼脲悬浮剂为1：700,1%苦参·藜芦碱可溶液和4%鱼藤酮乳油均为1：600,原药量用为900 mL/hm²。5种农药防治效果良好,可推广应用于防治黄脊竹蝗成虫。     

松茸毒蛾林间无公害防治试验

在福建省宁化国有林场发生松茸毒蛾的马尾松林中应用印楝素乳油、苦参碱水剂、苏云金杆菌悬浮剂、森得保粉剂4种药剂对松茸毒蛾进行林间无公害防治试验。结果表明,施药14 d后松茸毒蛾校正后的最低死亡率为88. 2%、最高死亡率为93. 5%,4种药剂均具有显著的杀虫效果,其中以森得保粉剂的校正死亡率最高且与其他3种药剂差异显著。林间无公害防治松茸毒蛾可优先采用森得保粉剂。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.