鲤鲫杂交子代败育的细胞遗传学研究

早在80年代末,通过鲤鲫属间三元杂交,获得一个生长快、体型美、肉质好的杂交种(暂名芙蓉鲫)。1998年繁殖期间,进行了杂种Ｆ1的自交及与白鲫、鲤、彭泽鲫之间的交配试验,发现雄鱼完全不能产生精液,雌鱼卵绝大多数不能受精。解剖检查发现,雌鱼卵母细胞瘪平、不饱满、少弹性?..     

鲤、鲫杂交子代的同工酶分析

利用水平式淀粉凝胶电泳法对乌克兰鳞鲤(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫二倍体(♂)、白鲫(♀)×墨龙鲤(♂)4组鲤鱼、鲫鱼杂交子代背侧肌肉组织的天冬氨酸转氨酶、α-甘油醛磷酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖磷酸异构酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶及肌浆蛋白进行电泳分析,并测量了红细胞长径。红细胞测量结果表明,乌克兰鳞鲤(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫四倍体(♂)、红鲫(♀)×乌龙鲫二倍体(♂)杂交子代为三倍体,白鲫(♀)×墨龙鲤(♂)杂交子代为二倍体。4组杂交子代葡萄糖磷酸异构酶同工酶的基因组成结果显示,父本乌龙鲫四倍体和父本乌龙鲫二倍体均产生二倍体配子,且二倍体配子中1套为鲤鱼染色体组,1套为鲫鱼染色体组。     

鲤鲫杂交(♀)×鲫(♂)回交子代的形态特征研究

利用雌性鲤鲫杂交与雄性鲫鱼回交,制备了鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼,并对其1龄鱼的形态特征和内部器官结构进行了测定。其主要性状为：回交子代的背鳍条Ⅲ,15～18;臀鳍条Ⅲ,4～6;侧线鳞27～36;侧线上鳞和侧线下鳞同为5～6;鳃耙28～33;体长为体高的(2.35±0.11)倍,为头长的(3.33±0.13)倍,为尾柄长的(6.36±0.54)倍;头长为眼径的(4.54±0.20)倍;为眼间距的(1.74±0.07)倍;为尾柄高的(1.96±0.10)倍;尾柄长为尾柄高的(0.90±0.28)倍;体高为头高的(1.59±0.09)倍。结果表明,该回交子代鱼在可数和可量性状上都有个别性状产生变易,但大多数性状相对比较稳定。     

转基因鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼的形态特征研究

通过解剖转基因鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼、二倍体鲤和鲫鱼各30尾,观察并测定了其形态特征和内部器官结构。其主要性状为：转基因鲤鲫杂交回交子代的背鳍条Ⅲ,15—19;臀鳍条Ⅲ,5—6;侧线鳞31—38;侧线上鳞5—6;侧线下鳞5—7;鳃耙28—33;下咽齿2行。1．4—4．1;口须2对;肠长44—46;体长为体高的2．06—2．54倍,为头长的2．83—3．46倍,为尾柄长4．86—8．43倍,为背鳍基长2．18—2．80倍;头长为吻长的2．60一3．71倍,为眼径的4．20—5．20倍。为尾柄高的1．85—2．07倍;尾柄长为尾柄高的0．97—1．36倍;体高为头高的1．56—1．84倍。结果表明,转基因鲤鲫杂交回交子代的形态特征偏向于鲤鱼。     

鲫鲤杂交研究喜获新进展

湘阴县东湖渔场从73年开始进行鲫(母本)和鲤鱼(父本)的杂交试验,后来又用多种鲫鱼和鲤鱼扩大杂交组合,随之发现部分鲫鲤杂交鱼有较好的生产效果;另外于77年开始发现部分鲫鲤杂交鱼在该场养殖水面内春未夏初有发性追逐交配产卵等自然繁殖的现象,并于79年4月获得完全性成熟的杂交公鱼。而根据国内外有     

鲫鲤杂交制种关键因素研究

通过在不同环境条件下,开展彭泽鲫(♀)×兴国红鲤(♂)杂交试验,结果表明水温对鲫鲤杂交育种过程中的受精率和孵化率起决定性的作用。鲫鲤杂交育种最适水温在18-23℃之间,超过这个范围,鲫鱼亲种性腺发育受影响,难以获得理想受精率和孵化率;试验还发现在受精卵孵化过程中用0.03%的双氧水作为消毒剂浸浴15min和选择水浮莲作为孵化介质,可明显提高孵化率。     

谈谈鲫鲤杂交鱼

1982-1984年，我县共制鲫鲤杂交鱼苗290多万尾，除由省统一调拨支援兄弟县市200万尾外，留下本县试验养殖推广90多万尾，放养面积6088．47亩，产鱼134，840斤，     

两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体核型分析及比较

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射制备两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼（鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂;鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂）的染色体。结果表明：两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组由150条染色体组成,按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为四组,每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。其中鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂回交的染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=234,其核...     

两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体核型分析及比较

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射制备两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼（鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂;鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂）的染色体。结果表明：两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组由150条染色体组成,按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为四组,每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。其中鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂回交的染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=234,其核型公式为：3n=60m＋24sin＋36st＋30t;鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂回交染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=258,其核型公式为：3n=63m＋45sin＋12st＋30t。     

鲫鲤杂交的初步试验

最近几年,我们遵照伟大领袖毛主席的教导:“有了优良品种,即不增加劳动力、肥料,也可获得较多的收成”。开始进行鱼类杂交试验,实践证明,鲫(♀)×鲤(♂)杂交这个新品种,具有以下优点:     

彩鲫与建鲤杂交 F1代形态特征研究

采用全红体色日本彩鲫（ Carassius auratus）与青灰色建鲤（ Cyprinus carpiovar Jian）杂交,对所获得鲤鲫F1（建鲤♀×彩鲫♂）和鲫鲤F1（彩鲫♀×建鲤♂）两个杂交群体的个体及其父母本的外形特征进行研究,从而了解建鲤与彩鲫正反交后代的形态特征。试验分别从大学实验室随机取样50尾,对体型指数、可量性状、可数性状和肥满度分析比较。在体型指数体长/全长中,鲫鲤F1偏向母本,而在体高/体长中,鲤鲫 F1偏向母本;头高/体高、头高/头长、尾柄长/尾柄高都偏向建鲤,头长/体长这一体型指数处于亲本之间,属于杂交性状。进而推测生长性能出现离散现象,控制体色的基因来自母本。     

RAPD and microsatellite analysis of diploid gynogens from allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus)×common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Genetic variation was comparatively analyzed between the artificially induced diploid gynogen population from F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (♀) (Carassius auratus red var., 2n=100)×common carp (♂) (Cyprinus carpio L., 2n=100) and the normal F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population used as the control, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay and microsatellite analysis. The specific 600-bp fragment for diploid gynogen population was detected by S45 and the specific 900-bp fragment for allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrid population was detected by S134. The results from RAPD assay and microsatellite analysis were in agreement with each other, that is to say, the diploid gynogens presented lower level of polymorphism than allotetraploid F₁₀ hybrids. Furthermore, as expected, microsatellite analysis revealed more detailed information on genetic diversity than RAPD assay. The mean percentage of polymorphic loci (12.71%) and Shannon's index of phenotypic diversity (0.25) from RAPD data for diploid gynogen population were significantly lower than those (30.69% and 0.63, respectively) for F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The mean number of alleles per microsatellite locus (1.73) in diploid gynogen population was considerably lower than that (2.55) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The average observed (0.36) and expected heterozygosity (0.26) in diploid gynogen population were lower than those (0.58 and 0.40, respectively) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population, indicating that the diploid gynogens presented lower genetic diversity than the allotetraploids. In addition, the mean effective number of alleles at 11 microsatellite loci (1.60) in diploid gynogen population was lower than that (1.88) in F₁₀ allotetraploid hybrid population. The significant differences between two populations in the average observed and expected heterozygosity, mean number of alleles and effective number of alleles, suggested that the effect of gynogenesis resulted in rather higher genetic homogeneity in diploid gynogens. The comparative RAPD analysis of diploid gynogens and their parents was performed with 34 primers. The identical RAPD pattern was detected between diploid gynogens and their female parent, however, some clear specific RAPD bands were detected between diploid gynogens and their male parents, but not detected in their female parent. The result indicated that heterologous genetic material had incorporated into diploid gynogenetic fish (G₁).     

Molecular cytogenetic study of genome ploidy in the German mirror carp Cyprinus carpio

We examined the polyploidy of Cyprinus carpio, the German mirror carp. Specimens were collected in the field in Hulan, China, and treated with phytohemagglutinin and colchicine before the chromosome spreads and the karyotype of kidney cells were examined using silver staining, chromomycin A₃ (CMA₃)/distamycin (DA)/4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a 5.8S + 28S rDNA probe. One to twosilver stained (Ag) nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) were detected during metaphase and interphase events, with 80 % of the metaphase spreads and 69 % of the interphase nuclei showing two Ag-NORs signals. One CMA₃ signal was detected on the terminus of the short arm of each submetacentric chromosome 8 (SMC8) homolog (n = 2). The 5.8S + 28S rDNA probe hybridized at the terminus of the short arm of each SMC8 homolog (n = 2). The results of the Ag-NORs, CMA₃/DA/DAPI, and 5.8S + 28S rDNA FISH analyses were consistent with regard to the total number and location of the SMC8 NORs in the chromosome spreads and karyotype, indicating that, at the molecular cytogenetic level, the German mirror carp is an evolutionary tetraploid with two sets of chromosomes after diploidization.     

湘云鲫、湘云鲤消化道的组织学研究

采用石蜡切片法和显微测量法研究了新型三倍体鱼－湘鱼鲫（Carassius auratus Triploid)，湘云鲤（Cyprinus carpio Triploid)消化道的组织结构，并探讨了消化道组织结构和食性之间的关系，结果表明：湘云鲫，湘云鲤食道和肠道壁均由粘膜层，粘膜下层，肌层，浆膜层4层组成，缺乏粘膜肌，二者消化道的组织结构与其各自的食性一致，二者食道粘膜上皮由单层柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成，这与其它鱼类的不同，湘云鲫比湘云鲤具有对食物更强的消化吸收能力；／湘云鲫，湘云鲤肠道可分为前肠，中肠，后肠3段。     

Induced diploid gynogenesis and polyploidy in crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch), x common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., hybrids.

Abstract. Results of a 16 year (1977–1992) study of hybrids obtained from crossing two cyprinid fish, crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) (bisexual form), and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., are presented. The ability to produce diploid eggs in F₁ females (resulting from chromosome endoreduplication in early oogenesis) was responsible for the high yield of spontaneous diploids in gynogenetic progenies of F₁ females and for triploidy in hybrids from back-crosses of F₁ females with males of the parent species. Different types of hybrids, including diploid and triploid gynogenetic, tetraploid (amphidiploid) and androgenetic progenies, were obtained. Diploid and some triploid hybrids (females only) were reproduced inter se by induced gynogenesis in several subsequent gynogenetic generations. Amphidiploid hybrids were obtained by crossing triploid F₈ females with diploid common carp males or by crossing diploid gynogenetic females with diploid inverted hybrid males producing diploid sperm. Results of cytogenetic investigations and fish culture properties in hybrids are presented. The scientific and practical significance of the data obtained are discussed.     

红鲫(♀)×湘江野鲤(♂)F2和F3的染色体研究

采用血细胞培养制片法和肾脏细胞直接制片法对红鲫(♀)×湘江野鲤(♂)杂交种F2和F3代的染色体数目和核型进行了比较分析，得出F2代染色体数目为100条，染色体组型为22m＋34sm＋22st＋22t，NF＝156；F3代染色体数目为4n＝200，染色体组型为44m＋68sm＋44st＋44t，NF＝312。为证明红鲫×湘江野鲤杂交后代由异源二倍体转变为异源四倍体发生于F2与F3代之间提供了直接证据。     

Colouring ornamental fish (Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus) with microalgal biomass

Koi carp and goldfish value increases with intensity of skin colour, which is an important quality criterion. Fish cannot fully synthesize their own carotenoid colourings and these must therefore be included in their diet. Two trials were undertaken to investigate skin colour enhancement in ornamental species (i.e. three chromatic varieties of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), namely Kawari (red), Showa (black and red) and Bekko (black and white) and goldfish (Carassius auratus)) by feeding a dietary carotenoid supplement of freshwater microalgal biomass [Chlorella vulgaris, Haematococcus pluvialis, and also the cyanobacterium Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina)], using a diet containing synthetic astaxanthin and a control diet with no colouring added for comparison. In the first trial, five homogeneous duplicate groups of 25 juvenile koi carp (C. carpio) (initial mean body weight 24.6 ± 0.7 g) were fed, for 10 weeks, one of the four diets containing 80 mg colouring/kg diet. In the second trial, this procedure was repeated for five homogeneous duplicate groups of 25 goldfish (C. auratus) (initial mean body weight of 0.9 ± 0.1 g). Initial and final samples of skin along the dorsal fin were withdrawn, from five fish per group, for subsequent analysis of total carotenoid content (spectrophotometric analysis), and red hue (colorimetric analysis, CIE (1976) L* a* b* colour system). Growth and feed efficiency were not significantly different between groups administered by the various dietary treatments. In both trials, dietary carotenoid supplementation increased total skin carotenoid content. The more efficient colouring for koi carps was found to be C. vulgaris biomass, providing both maximum total carotenoid deposition and red hue for the three chromatic koi carp varieties studied, and particularly for the kawari variety. For goldfish the best colouring obtained, as ascertained by total carotenoid content, was also achieved using C. vulgaris biomass, and red hue was maximum when using H. pluvialis biomass.     

The long-term effect of serotonin on the thermoregulatory behavior in juvenile cyprinidae (Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus)

The effect of serotonin after intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections in dosage of 0.3 and 0.15 μg/g of the body weight on the thermoregulatory behavior in juvenile carp Cyprinus carpio L. and goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) has been studied in two experiments of 10- to 11-day duration. It has been found that ICV injection of serotonin in dosage of 0.3 μg/g caused the initial decrease in preferred temperatures (PT) (2–3 days) followed by their further increase (4–8 days after the administration) in carp. ICV injection of serotonin in dosage of 0.15 μg/g caused more durable initial decrease in PT (2–8 days) followed by the increase of once (9–11 days of observation) in goldfish. The values of the ultimate preferred temperature in fish of the experimental group exceeded that in control specimens by 4.1 °C at the first experiment and by 3.1 °C in the second experiment. The data for the first time demonstrated long-term effect of a single ICV injection of serotonin on the thermoregulatory behavior in two closely related species of teleosts.     

彭泽鲫(♀)与黑龙江野鲤(♂)的杂交利用研究

以彭泽鲫为母本、黑龙江野鲤为父本进行杂交，将杂交一代(F1)的生长速度、抗病力、群体产量、经济效益、同工酶、生物学性状等与双亲进行对比试验。结果表明，杂交一代(F1)具有明显的优势，其生物学性状及同工酶谱与母本彭泽鲫相似。     

Plasma vitellogenin levels in male common carp Cyprinus carpio and crucian carp Carassius cuvieri of Lake Kasumigaura

In order to investigate the possible influence of estrogenic environmental endocrine disruptors on the reproductive activity of fish in Lake Kasumigaura, plasma levels of vitellogenin (VTG), a biomarker of estrogen exposure, were measured in wild and cultured male common carp Cyprinus carpio and wild crucian carp Carassius cuvieri . Testicular histology and plasma steroid hormone levels were also examined. Fish were collected from June 1998 to August 1999. Plasma VTG levels in most fish examined were below a detection limit (40 ng/mL) throughout the sampling period, and a small amount of VTG (43.5 ng/mL–1680 ng/mL) compared to that in females was detected in some fish. Active spermatogenesis in the testis and increased levels of plasma sex steroids were observed in most of the fish examined. Thus, no marked influence of estrogenic chemicals was detected in the reproductive activity of male common carp and crucian carp in Lake Kasumigaura collected from the sampling sites in the present investigation.